洪湖沉积柱中重金属的历史分布特征及来源

为了解历史上洪湖重金属的含量水平及来源,于2014年12月在洪湖中心位置采集了沉积柱,分析了沉积柱中4种重金属（Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb）的含量,并结合¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb定年技术得到沉积物中重金属高分辨率年代沉积序列.结果表明：洪湖沉积柱中4种重金属总量介于67.86~189.57mg/kg之间,4种重金属含量的高低为Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd.地累计指数表明Cu和Zn未达到污染级别,而Pb为无污染到中度污染级别,Cd为中度污染到强污染级别.沉积物中重金属含量受洪水和围湖造田的共同影响,新滩水闸建成前,洪水会导致沉积物中重金属含量先降低,随后升高.水闸建成后,洪水会导致洪湖出现内涝致使沉积物中重金属含量升高;围湖造田导致沉积物中重金属含量升高.源解析研究表明,沉积物重金属来源于非点源农业污染、交通活动以及工业废水和生活废水排放.     

中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究

文章主要研究中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究,利用文献调查法和综合分析法,分别从中国山洪灾害造成概况、特点与危害、诱因与影响因素、主要表现形式以及防御措施几个方面进行研究.结果表明:首先研究小流域山洪灾害的特点、影响因素及其诱因对于制定具有针对性的防御措施至关重要;其次科学合理的山洪灾害应对措施能够极大的降低山洪灾害造成的损失;最后制定科学合理的山洪灾害预案、恢复生态平衡、加强小流域综合治理是防御山洪灾害的有效途径.     

基于Z指数的昆明市洪涝研究

本文基于昆明市12个气象站点1963～2013年逐月降水量数据,采用Z指数的方法,得到旱涝等级评定结果,对昆明市洪涝的时空分布特征及成因进行了深入分析与研究,在此基础上提出防洪减灾对策.研究结果表明:时间分布上,昆明市在1963～2013年间,降水量经历了上升-下降-上升下降的波动状态,51年内共出现了8次重涝,3次大涝,10次偏涝,洪涝类型以重涝和偏涝为主,洪涝主要集中出分布在60年代中期至70年代中期、80年代末至21世纪初.空间分布上,昆明市的主城区昆明及其下风方向的嵩明地区降水较多,洪涝程度最为严重,呈贡、东川地区的降水较少,洪涝程度最轻.影响因素上,影响降水量最大的自然因素是相对湿度,其次是蒸发量及总云量;最大的人为因素是城市人口,其次是SO2排放量、建成区面积及道路面积.     

Assessing river flood risk and adaptation in Europe—review of projections for the future

Flood damages have exhibited a rapid upward trend, both globally and in Europe, faster than population and economic growth. Hence, vigorous attempts of attribution of changes have been made. Flood risk and vulnerability tend to change over many areas, due to a range of climatic and nonclimatic impacts whose relative importance is site-specific. Flooding is a complex phenomenon and there are several generating mechanisms, among others intense and/or long-lasting precipitation, snowmelt, ice jam. Projected climate-driven changes in future flood frequency are complex, depending on the generating mechanism, e.g., increasing flood magnitudes where floods result of heavy rainfall and possibly decreasing magnitudes where floods are generated by spring snowmelt. Climate change is likely to cause an increase of the risk of riverine flooding across much of Europe. Projections of flood hazard in Europe based on climatic and hydrological models, reviewed in this paper, illustrate possible changes of recurrence of a 100-year flood (with probability of exceedance being 1-in-100 years) in Europe. What used to be a 100-year flood in the control period is projected to become either more frequent or less frequent in the future time horizon of concern. For a large part of the continent, large flooding is projected to become more commonplace in future, warmer climate. Due to the large uncertainty of climate projections, it is currently not possible to devise a scientifically-sound procedure for redefining design floods (e.g. 100-year flood) in order to adjust flood defenses. For the time being, we recommend to adjust design floods using a “climate change factor” approach.     

新疆叶尔羌河突发性洪水初步研究

叶尔羌河发源于昆仑山和喀喇昆仑山区,是新疆第三大河。近30年,每2—3年发生一次突发性洪水,给下游人民造成很大灾难。 本文阐述了该洪水的特性,时空分布、演进情势及峰量变化,加之分析气象资料、地质地貌条件,首次提出突发性洪水成因于冰川阻塞湖泄洪,其策源地位于克勒青河上游的克亚吉尔特索湖和特拉木坎力湖。随着冰川的衰退,阻塞湖将逐渐缩小。     

河南水旱灾害危险性时空特征研究

河南省地处南北气候过渡带,水旱灾害频发。综合利用灾害数据资料及信息扩散模型,从致灾和承灾两个层面对河南省水旱灾害进行风险评估与时空特征研究,为加强水旱灾害的风险评估和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:①1988-2007年间发生水灾的年份主要是2003、2000、1998、1996、 2005,旱灾年份是1997、2001、1999、1992、1988;②当降水距平百分率为20%、30%、40%时,发生水灾的概率分别为0.10、0.06、0.04,当降水距平百分率为-20%、-30%、-40%时,发生旱灾的概率分别为0.13、0.07、0.03;③水灾在5%、10%和15%受灾率时的风险概率分别为0.81、0.54、0.35,即1~3 a一遇之间,当受灾率大于20%时,风险概率为0.22,大约4.5 a一遇;而旱灾在5%、10%、15%、20%、25%受灾率时的风险概率分别为0.87、0.72、0.58、0.47和0.38,即1.2 a、1.4 a、1.7 a、2.1 a和2.6 a一遇;④旱灾发生频率大于水灾,空间上具有较大的区域差异,水旱灾害高风险区主要是驻马店、南阳、平顶山一带,旱灾大于水灾的区域主要是三门峡、洛阳、郑州、焦作、安阳、许昌,水灾大于旱灾的区域主要是信阳、漯河、开封、商丘、周口、濮阳,水旱灾害均较小的是济源和鹤壁。     

太子河流域水库建设对河流水文情势的影响

水库建设所导致的河流水文情势变化是造成河流生态系统退化的重要原因之一.在河流水文指标生态学意义分析的基础上,建立了反映基流量、断流、高流量及涨退水率等特征的指标体系,提出了各类指标的计算方法.利用太子河53 a的日流量数据,计算并分析了水库建设前后水文指标的变异,反映水库建设对河流水文情势乃至生态系统的影响.结果表明:①太子河流域水库建设改变了河流的基流过程,减少了汛期基流,增加了汛前基流;②增加了辽阳河段断流的频率和历时;③减少了汛期洪水的发生次数,增加了汛后中小型脉冲流频率和历时.太子河水库建设导致了显著的水文变化,具有负面生态效应.      

Historical assessment of Chinese and Japanese flood management policies and implications for managing future floods

Floods are among the world's most devastating natural disasters, causing immense damage and accounting for a large number of deaths world-wide. Good flood management policies play an extremely important role in preventing floods. It is well known that China has more than 5000 years of experience in flood management policy beginning with the reign of DaYu and Gun. Although culturally related, Japanese flood management developed differently from that of China. Under rapid development of civil engineering technology, flood management was achieved primarily through the construction of dams, levees and other structures. These structures were never adequate to stop all floods, and recent climate change driven extreme events are ever more frequently overwhelming such infrastructure. It is important to take a historical perspective of Japanese and Chinese flood management in order to better manage increasingly frequent extreme events and climate change. We present insights taken from an historical overview of Japanese and Chinese flood management policies in order to guide future flood risk management policy.     

Experimental floods: A new era for Spanish and Mediterranean rivers?

The provision of human-designed floods in regulated rivers is still an incipient worldwide practice. However, these floods have already been shown to have relevant effects on the ecogeomorphic integrity of rivers altered by flow regulation. In Spain, experimental floods were legally established in 2008 and were stipulated in two subsequent Basin Management Plans as compulsory practice for improving the functioning of strategic river reaches. Since that time, a number of flooding events have been carried out in rivers of Mediterranean condition. This paper reviews the main consequences of experimental flood releases in three Spanish river sites downstream of major hydraulic infrastructures. In each case, the ecologic and geomorphic effects of the releases are analysed in parallel with their causes and consequences, thereby providing a detailed understanding of the dynamics of each scenario. The Spanish examples and the lessons learned from them are contrasted with examples of experimental floods from other countries (U.S.A., Switzerland, Australia). Lastly, recommendations are proposed to improve the implementation of future experimental floods in Spain and other Mediterranean countries.     

新疆塔里木河流域洪水发生率非平稳性特征及气候变化影响研究

新疆洪水灾害近年来有加剧趋势,但其特征与机理尚未有深入探讨。论文利用核估计和Bootstrap方法深入分析新疆塔里木河（塔河）流域洪水发生率的非平稳性及不确定性,同时采用广义可加模型（GAMLSS）构建洪水发生频率与协变量（大气环流因子、降水和气温指标等）的关系并定量辨识主要影响因子。研究表明：1）塔河流域洪水在1960年代左右和1990年代左右两个时期高频发生,两个洪水高发期之间洪水发生次数多为2或3次,且与极端降水发生次数较为吻合;2）洪水发生率呈现显著非平稳性,从1990年左右洪水发生次数持续上升,并达到峰值,表明洪水发生频率及强度呈加剧趋势;3）冬季AMO和AO是影响新疆塔河流域洪水发生的重要因子,而冬季NAO和SOI则是影响塔河流域5个州的洪水发生次数最为显著的大气环流指标。论文研究可为新疆塔河流域洪灾预测与预警及流域洪水管理提供关键理论依据。     

北京城区典型内涝积水原因诊断研究——以上清桥区域为例

近年来城市暴雨频发导致内涝灾害广受关注,系统分析城市内涝原因是当前城市水文研究的热点和难点。论文以北京市典型积水点上清桥易积水区为例,基于排水管网、地形、下垫面、河道边界等数据构建研究区精细化洪涝模型,并以2012年“7·21”和2016年“7·20”两场典型暴雨的实测积水深度验证模型的适用性。结果表明,上清桥区域管网现状排水能力小于1 a一遇,当发生1 a一遇及以上设计降雨时上清桥有发生积水的风险。引起研究区积水频发主要有四方面因素,按主次关系排列：局部地势因素>管网因素>下垫面因素>河道顶托,最后基于分析结果系统提出解决上清桥区域积水的改造方案。     

长江口污染物累积运移规律的初步研究

对长江口九段沙和崇明东滩潮滩水体及表层沉积物进行分析,结果表明:①南槽水体受到近岸排污的影响,在近岸形成NH4+-N和溶解态总磷(STP)含量很高的污染带,是远岸水域的2～3倍;悬浮颗粒吸附态磷(PP)作为P的主要形态,随着SS的增加,占总磷(TP)的比例从45%左右增加到90%左右。②南槽水体的总重金属分布态势主要取决于水体中SS的浓度,各元素之间及其各元素和SS相关性显著,主要吸附于SS中。③九段沙和崇明东滩在高低潮时受到不同水体的控制,低潮水体中重金属、TP和KN含量是高潮水体1 3～24 7倍,崇明东滩比九段沙变化更加显著。④受排污和水动力作用影响,低潮时悬浮物中重金属含量高于高潮时;悬浮物中重金属含量高于表层沉积物;高潮滩沉积物重金属含量高于低潮滩。      

Analyzing flood risk and related impacts to urban communities in central Vietnam

This study aims at understanding flood risks and their impact on a community, in order to enhance communities’ resilience and adaptive capacity to these threats. It also investigates the possibility of looking at and handling risk from a resilience point of view. Therefore, while a conventional risk management process is employed in this study, social, physical, economic, and institutional dimensions of resilience are also included in order to grasp the extent of risks and the ways in which communities face, cope with, and recover from flooding. Findings showed that there was no significant difference in the perception of flood risk among household heads educated up to secondary school level, suggesting that they believe floods are purely natural events. Those with a higher level of education (high school and above) (82.7 % of respondents) were aware that flood disasters are the result of hazard and vulnerability combined. In addition, social dynamics were apparently strengthened by such disasters, which resulted in cohesion and mutual help following floods in some wards. Also, households with more sources of income and more savings appear to recover faster than others after a flooding event. With regard to governance and networks, greater efforts have to be made by local institutions to ensure basic functioning during and after disaster events and to invest more into risk reduction activities. However, further studies need to be conducted to clarify the understanding of the impact flood disasters have on the environment and community lives and livelihoods in general, as traditional coping strategies, although still practical, no longer suffice in the face of changes in climate and environment.     

1950-2009年洞庭湖流域农业水灾演变特征及分异规律

洞庭湖流域为我国重要农业生产区,而农业水灾却一直是制约农业可持续发展的最大障碍因素。以1950-2009年水灾统计资料为依据,用定性与定量相结合的方法,系统分析了该流域农业水灾演变特征及区域分异。结果表明:①年年发生流域性或区域性的农业水灾,其中重灾、特大水灾频率呈增大趋势;②在长时间尺度演变过程中,受灾率异常指数岀现2个波峰期和4个波谷期,成灾率异常指数岀现3个波峰期和3个波谷期,且水灾受灾率与成灾率大体上呈同步变化,但短时间內受灾率与成灾率却呈反向波动;③农业水灾具有突变性,但总体演变呈增加趋势;④受孕灾环境、洪涝致灾因子及经济发展水平组合差异的制约,农业相对灾情与绝对灾情在空间上的分布均呈明显的南北分异与东西分异。     

Using participatory geographic approaches for urban flood risk in Santiago de Chile: Insights from a governance analysis

Studies based on information acquired by participative geographic approaches have sought to cope with emergency situations and disasters such as floods. However, the impact of these approaches to flood risk governance systems in order to understand these types of events as a complete risk cycle is still not clear. This paper focuses on analysing the governance possibilities of using participative geographic information like volunteered and public participatory geographic information for flood risk reduction in the case of Santiago de Chile, a city which regularly experiences urban floods during rainy seasons. Based on in-depth interviews and document analysis, our study indicates that a relevant part of the current information used for flood risk reduction efforts is provided to local and regional authorities by the affected population. Though, local actors are not recognized by central agencies as valid agents for the production of official information. Moreover, there are neither instances of communication or deliberation with the community, which reduces the capacity of local actors to discuss possible solutions. Participative geographic instruments are seen as potential mechanisms to strengthen work relations among local actors and authorities, by enhancing new logics for producing and sharing information. The impacts for the current risk governance system though can be diverse depending on the participants' level of commitment of participants and the political relations between actors and agencies. Considered as merely data acquisition and analysis mechanisms, participative instruments reproduce the existing hierarchical top-down structures. Furthermore, local-based approaches can enhance local work, support local diagnostics and increase the decision capacity of citizens.     

An interactive simulation and visualization tool for flood analysis usable for practitioners

Developing strategies to mitigate or to adapt to the threats of floods is an important topic in the context of climate changes. Many of the world’s cities are endangered due to rising ocean levels and changing precipitation patterns. It is therefore crucial to develop analytical tools that allow us to evaluate the threats of floods and to investigate the influence of mitigation and adaptation measures, such as stronger dikes, adaptive spatial planning, and flood disaster plans. Up until the present, analytical tools have only been accessible to domain experts, as the involved simulation processes are complex and rely on computational and data-intensive models. Outputs of these analytical tools are presented to practitioners (i.e., policy analysts and political decision-makers) on maps or in graphical user interfaces. In practice, this output is only used in limited measure because practitioners often have different information requirements or do not trust the direct outcome. Nonetheless, literature indicates that a closer collaboration between domain experts and practitioners can ensure that the information requirements of practitioners are better aligned with the opportunities and limitations of analytical tools. The objective of our work is to present a step forward in the effort to make analytical tools in flood management accessible for practitioners to support this collaboration between domain experts and practitioners. Our system allows the user to interactively control the simulation process (addition of water sources or influence of rainfall), while a realistic visualization allows the user to mentally map the results onto the real world. We have developed several novel algorithms to present and interact with flood data. We explain the technologies, discuss their necessity alongside test cases, and introduce a user study to analyze the reactions of practitioners to our system. We conclude that, despite the complexity of flood simulation models and the size of the involved data sets, our system is accessible for practitioners of flood management so that they can carry out flood simulations together with domain experts in interactive work sessions. Therefore, this work has the potential to significantly change the decision-making process and may become an important asset in choosing sustainable flood mitigations and adaptation strategies.     

FloodProBE: technologies for improved safety of the built environment in relation to flood events

The FloodProBE project started as a FP7 research project in November 2009.Floods, together with wind related storms, are considered the major natural hazard in the EU in terms of risk to people and assets. In order to adapt urban areas (in river and coastal zones) to prevent flooding or to be better prepared for floods, decision makers need to determine how to upgrade flood defences and increasing flood resilience of protected buildings and critical infrastructure (power supplies, communications, water, transport, etc.) and assess the expected risk reduction from these measures.The aim of the FloodProBE-project is to improve knowledge on flood resilience and flood protection performance for balancing investments in flood risk management in urban areas. To this end, technologies, methods and tools for assessment purposes and for the adaptation of new and existing buildings and critical infrastructure are developed, tested and disseminated.Three priority areas are addressed by FloodProBE. These are: (i) vulnerability of critical infrastructure and high-density value assets including direct and indirect damage, (ii) the assessment and reliability of urban flood defences including the use of geophysical methods and remote sensing techniques and (iii) concepts and technologies for upgrading weak links in flood defences as well as construction technologies for flood proofing buildings and infrastructure networks to increase the flood resilience of the urban system.The primary impact of FloodProBE in advancing knowledge in these areas is an increase in the cost-effectiveness (i.e. performance) of new and existing flood protection structures and flood resilience measures.     

1960—2013年北京旱涝变化特征及其影响因素分析

基于1960—2013年北京及其周边34个气象站点逐日降水数据,利用标准化降水指数(SPI),辅以小波分析、滑动平均和相关分析等气候诊断方法,论文分析了近54 a北京旱涝变化特征,探讨了城市化和大气环流异常与旱涝变化的关系。结果表明:1近54 a北京轻微旱涝事件呈减少趋势,极端旱涝事件逐渐增多;2在年代变化上,20世纪60—80年代SPI值呈稳定波动,80年代中后期SPI值呈下降趋势,涝灾逐渐减少,旱灾逐渐增多,1999—2008年形成10 a连旱的降水偏少期;3快速城市化对北京旱涝变化影响明显,但是并未改变旱涝宏观变化趋势;4 ENSO与北京旱涝变化关系存在不稳定性,El Nio事件并非严格对应旱灾,La Nia事件并非严格对应涝灾;副热带高压位置和东亚夏季风强弱与北京旱涝变化关系相对稳定。当副热带高压明显北移、东亚夏季风偏强时,北京多发生干旱;反之,则北京明显偏涝。     

Differential Impacts of Flood Hazards Among the Street Children,the Urban Poor and Residents of Wealthy Neighborhoods in Metro Manila,Philippines

This paper presents thedifferential impacts of flood hazards amongstreet children, the urban poor andresidents of wealthy neighborhoods in MetroManila, Philippines. It argues that beingpoor is not the only reason why certainsectors are more vulnerable to floods orany environmental hazards – spatialisolation and lack of participation indecision making intensify their presentand future vulnerability, as well. Archival research, interviews, focusedgroup discussion, participant observationand surveys of populations at risk areemployed to delineate the flood experiencesand coping strategies of street childrenand residents of poor urban settlements andwealthy neighborhoods in Metro Manila atthe household and community levels. Theconcept of entitlement, the ContextualHazards Model, and the Access Model areused in the data analysis andinterpretation. Several policyrecommendations on hazard management anddisaster mitigation are identified toreduce flood losses in Metro Manila.     

长江洪水与生态建设

１９９８年长江流域的特大洪水带来了重大的灾难并引起全国人民的关注。文章试图对洪水的原因进行分析。１９９８年的洪水是多种因素造成的,其中既有自然因素,又有由于人类的不合理的活动,诸如滥伐森林、过牧、围湖造田等造成的。文章对生态重建提出了一系列建议,包括要对流域的土地利用和土地覆被进行综合考察和评价；在流域可持续发展的总体框架下制定生态恢复计划；生态重建工作包括对上游地区森林的严格保护,封山育林,建立防护林体系,发展非木质产业,在高海拔、干旱河谷和不宜造林的地方发展畜牧业等