兴隆湖水生态修复工程对水质影响的研究

近年来，以生物方法为核的水生态修复技术已经越来越多的被应用到城市湖泊治理工作之中。为了评价兴隆湖水生态综合提升工程对湖区水体水质的修复治理效果，本研究对湖区3个点位开展了持续的水质监测，分析工程实施前后水体中总氮、总磷等指标浓度变化情况，采用富营养化状态指数法对比分析湖区富营养化程度变化情况，并对采样点位和水质指标间的关系开展相关性分析。结果如下：相比于治理前，治理后1号点和3号点的TP、NH₃-N、COD浓度值均降至Ⅰ类标准，TN浓度值从Ⅲ类标准降至Ⅱ类，治理效果显著。营养状态评价结果表明，治理后三个点位的营养化等级仍处于“中营养”水平，营养指数变化率分别为15.5%、12.53%、17.01%。相关性分析结果表明，各点位间的水质指标表现出一定的相似性。根据数据分析结果，本工程的实施可显著改善水体水质，治理后的水质指标较治理前基本上都得到了较大的提升，为大型城市人工湖全湖开展水生态修复建立了工程示范，并为日后相关工程的建设提供了经验参考。     

唐山南湖春季潜在性富营养化评价与防控分析

针对唐山南湖富营养化问题,对南湖补给水源及湖体水质进行监测与评价。监测结果表明:春季南湖水体中TN、TP含量均超过《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的Ⅴ类水质标准;Chla(叶绿素a)浓度呈增长趋势;补给水源对南湖水体营养物质的贡献大。富营养化评价结果表明:南湖水体水质在春季期间富营养化程度严重,应及时采取有效的生态修复工程措施对唐山南湖外源和内源加以防控,避免藻华暴发。     

再生水景观河道生态修复水体净化效果研究

天津某再生水景观河道生态修复工程采用了生态修复处理技术以净化和保持河道水质。本文通过对该生态示范工程运行期间的水质净化效果的研究，为盐碱地区同类型景观河道的建设和水体富营养化的防治提供了工程经验和理论依据。     

城市浅水湖QQD耦合模型的构建及其应用研究

为了更有效地治理城市浅水湖的水环境污染问题,通过构建"水量-水质-水动力学"耦合模型(Water Quantity-Water Quality-Water Dynamic Coupling Model,QQD耦合模型),并以位于四川大学江安校区内的明远湖作为算例。根据2016年4月上旬~9月下旬对钙镁离子、NH3-N、TP和DO共4个水质指标的跟踪监测数据,利用QQD耦合模型模拟得到湖内水体流场以及各种水质污染物在流场中的分布范围,进而分析并明确了污染物的主要来源和影响程度,同时还提出综合整治湖内水污染治理对策与措施的建议。此外,还利用SPSS软件将实测的水质污染数据拟合出多元线性回归方程进行了验证。结果表明,采用文中所建立的QQD耦合模型可以适用于类似的城市浅水湖水质污染情况模拟计算。     

郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量调查和评价

为研究郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量，对郪江干流和8条支流开展了现场调查和定期监测。采用内梅罗综合污染指数、断面类别比例法和水环境质量指数对流域水质进行了综合分析。利用综合营养状态指数对水源地水体富营养化进行了评价。结果表明：郪江流域遂宁段水质不能够达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准要求，水质为轻度污染，枯、平水期水质优于丰水期。支流水质较差，加重了干流水体负荷。流域部分饮用水源地为Ⅳ类水质，同时表现为轻度富营养化。研究成果为水质改善提供理论依据和水生态环境质量稳定达标提供技术支撑。     

神龙湖水质现状及综合评价

2016年7月—12月对神龙湖开展了水质调查,并采用综合营养状态指数和内梅罗指数对神龙湖的水环境质量进行评价。结果表明,监测期间TN和TP平均质量浓度分别为1.71mg/L和0.07 mg/L,分别是GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类标准的1.71倍和1.4倍。富营养化状态为中营养,各营养指标对富营养化贡献依次为TPTNSDchlaCODMn。重金属指标内梅罗指数评价结果为轻度污染,重金属污染较轻。     

奥运湖不同补水方案营养状态趋势分析

规划中的奥运湖位于奥林匹克公园，运行中将采用人工补水方式。为保证未来奥运湖的正常景观生态功能，源水经奥运公园中人工湿地处理后再引入湖中。在规划设计阶段，提出三种补水方案：（1）清河再生水厂出水经湿地处理后入湖，（2）清河河水经湿地处理后入湖，（3）经湿地处理达地表水环境标准中的Ⅳ类水要求后入湖。为了考察不同水源补水方案对奥运湖的水质保障程度，本研究对不同方案下奥运公园湖水质的时间、空间变化过程予以模拟，分析评价奥运湖可能出现的富营养化状况，并对各个补水方案带来的富营养化风险和基本成因予以推断，为奥运湖的设计运行提供技术依据。结果表明，方案3的富营养化风险最小、水质保障程度最高。结合三种补水方案水质特点，推断磷是主要限制因子，所以控制磷的浓度是保证水质安全、降低富营养化风险的重要途径。     

城市景观水体的生态修复技术研究

城市景观水体对于城市发展和居民生活具有重要意义,当前城市景观水体污染问题尤其是富营养化现象比较突出,影响了水体生态环境和城市景观。文章综述了近年来景观水体的生态治理技术及其机理,重点介绍了人工浮岛、生物操纵等技术在景观水体修复中的应用和发展,以期对景观水体的治理和修复有一定的借鉴作用。     

构建草型湖泊生态系统对城市景观湖水体营养盐和浮游植物群落的影响

通过对锦城湖3、4号湖实施草型湖泊生态系统构建技术,水质由原来的富营养化水体降低为中营养水平。锦城湖由藻型湖泊转变为草型湖泊,湖泊生态系统的自净能力和自我恢复能力得到大幅度提升。通过对监测数据分析,结果表明锦城湖营养盐指标和水体透明度均有明显的“修复点”。湖泊生态修复对锦城湖的浮游植物群落造成很大的影响,其中生物量、平均藻细胞数和细胞重量大幅降低,藻类群落由原来的绿藻(Chlorophyceae)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)为优势种群转变为蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyceae)为优势种群,水体富营养化问题得到有效解决。     

湖泊水环境预测及污染的综合治理措施

湖泊水环境污染问题是世界性的环境问题，本文根据湖泊水的特点及水污染的现状，主要论述了湖泊水体的污染评价方法，及水环境预测方法在湖泊水体治理中的重要作用，并综合分析了富营养化的湖泊水治理措施。     

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ON THE TRUCKEE RWER IN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The Truckee River is a vitally important water source for eastern California and western Nevada. It runs 100 miles from Lake Tahoe to Pyramid Lake in the Nevada desert and serves urban populations in greater Reno-Sparks and agricultural users in three Nevada counties. In the 1980s and 1990s, a number of state and local groups initiated projects which, taken collectively, have accomplished much to improve watershed management on the Truckee River. However, the task of writing a management plan for the entire watershed has not yet been undertaken. Key players in state, federal and local government agencies have instead chosen to focus specific improvement efforts on more manageable, achievable goals. The projects currently underway include a new agreement on reservoir operation, restoration of high priority sub-watersheds, public education and involvement, water conservation education, and water resource planning for the major urban population centers. The approach which has been adopted on the Truckee River continues to evolve as more and more people take an interest in the river's future. The many positive projects underway on the watershed are evaluated in terms of how well they meet the definition of the ambitious water resources strategy, “integrated watershed management.”     

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF WATER QUALITY CONTROLS IN URBANIZING RIVER BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Urbanizing river basins in the west are encountering serious water quality degradation resulting from the expanded water utilization. In order to avoid aggravating such conditions, water quality controls need to be implemented. The important questions are, therefore, where and how to impose such constraints on the urban and agricultural sectors to achieve the desired level of pollution control. An application of the model developed to address such questions is made in the Utah Lake drainage area of Central Utah as a test of the model's utility. The region is subdivided into five major sub-basins containing both municipal and agricultural water demands. A submodel of each sub-basin is developed which optimizes the water quality control strategies by linking the urban to the agricultural uses and then evaluating the levels of control for each sector. From these results, a cost-effectiveness function for each sub-basin is generated. By jointly considering the cost-effectiveness relationship for each sub-basin, an optimum policy for the entire basin is determined.     

太湖流域上游典型水体中氮、磷动态变化特征研究

本研究在太湖流域上游的太湖与湖间的区域内，选择了25个监测点，对6种典型水体中TN、TP含量进行了为期1年的动态监测，分析了不同类型水体中氮、磷动态变化特征。其结果表明，畜禽养殖厂周围水体TN、TP含量在4～8月份相对较低；水产养殖场周围水体和居民区周围水体TN含量在1～6月份高于其他时间段，水产养殖场周围水体TP含较低的月份在5～8月，而居民区周围水体TP含量变化无明显规律；农田周围水体TN、TP含量较高的月份在12月至次年5月期间，最大值出现在3～4月；入湖河流与湖水TN含量变化趋势与农田周围水体基本一致，入湖河流TP含量在6～10月期间明显低于其他时间段，而湖水中TP含量变化则无明显规律。     

南四湖流域水污染防治存在的问题及对策

南四湖通过采用"治、用、保"并举的流域污染综合治理措施,把污染治理与水资源循环利用相结合,取得了明显的成效,但仍面临工业结构性污染严重、城市基础设施建设滞后、面源污染突出等问题。根据南四湖实际情况,可从加大资金筹措力度、继续实施流域综合治理、整合现有港口资源、开展生态养殖、加强执法等方面入手,解决流域水污染防治存在的问题。     

Confronting limitations: new solutions required for urban water management in Kunming City

Despite continuous investment and various efforts to control pollution, urban water environments are worsening in large parts of the developing world. In order to reveal potential constraints and limitations of current practices of urban water management and to stimulate proactive intervention, we conducted a material flow analysis of the urban water system in Kunming City. The results demonstrate that the current efficiency of wastewater treatment is only around 25% and the emission of total phosphorous from the city into its receiving water, Dianchi Lake, is more than 25 times higher than its estimated tolerance. With regard to the crisis of water quantity and quality, the goal of a sustainable urban water environment cannot be attained with the current problem-solving approach in the region due to the technical limitations of the conventional urban drainage and treatment systems. A set of strategies is therefore proposed. The urban drainage system in Zurich is used as a reference for a potential best-available technology for conventional urban water management (BAT) scenario in terms of its low combined frequency of sewer overflow.     

AN IMPLICIT APPROACH TO PRICING AGRICULTURAL WATER TRANSFERS TO URBAN USES1

ABSTRACT: The increased agricultural efficiency of the American farmer has been a substantial impetus to this nation's rapid urbanization. In many western regions where total water supplies are limited, urbanization has required the transfer of heretofore agricultural water rights to the urban use. A major problem in such transfers has been the value or price of the water. A management level model of a typical urban water system was developed to optimize water supply, distribution, and wastewater treatment alternatives. The values of agricultural transfers were determined as the cost advantages of increasing allowable reuse levels of urban effluents which imply the use of a downstream right. This procedure is justified by the economic theory of alternative cost. Results for a test application to the Denver, Colorado area indicate values on the order of $1,000 per acre-foot of transferable water depending on effluent water quality restrictions and operational policies.     

IN-LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A RECREATIONAL LAKE IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS1

Johnson Sauk Trail Lake remains highly eutrophic, even though the watershed has long been returned to an undisturbed condition with permanent vegetative cover and with little or no land disturbance in the watershed. Internal regeneration of nutrients has been identified as the major source of nutrients to the lake. Lake destratification, selective harvesting and removal of weeds, and control of algal blooms using chelated copper sulfate application followed by potassium permanganate application have all been chosen as management techniques for improving water quality conditions in the lake. These in-lake techniques are considered not as palliative measures, but as necessary tools in enhancing the lake's water quality characteristics.     

Review of Urban Stormwater Quality Models: Deterministic,Stochastic, and Hybrid Approaches1

Abstract: The growing impact of urban stormwater on surface‐water quality has illuminated the need for more accurate modeling of stormwater pollution. Water quality based regulation and the movement towards integrated urban water management place a similar demand for improved stormwater quality model predictions. The physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect stormwater quality need to be better understood and simulated, while acknowledging the costs and benefits that such complex modeling entails. This paper reviews three approaches to stormwater quality modeling: deterministic, stochastic, and hybrid. Six deterministic, three stochastic, and three hybrid models are reviewed in detail. Hybrid approaches show strong potential for reducing stormwater quality model prediction error and uncertainty. Improved stormwater quality models will have wide ranging benefits for combined sewer overflow management, total maximum daily load development, best management practice design, land use change impact assessment, water quality trading, and integrated modeling.     

Integrated urban water management modelling under climate change scenarios

The concept of integrated water management is uncommon in urban areas, unless there is a shortage of supply and severe conflicts among the users competing for limited water resources. Further, problem of water management in urban areas will aggravate due to uncertain climatic events. Therefore, an Integrated Urban Water Management Model considering Climate Change (IUWMCC) has been presented which is suitable for optimum allocation of water from multiple sources to satisfy the demands of different users under different climate change scenarios. Effect of climate change has been incorporated in non-linear mathematical model of resource allocation in term of climate change factors. These factors have been developed using runoff responses corresponding to base and future scenario of climate. Future scenarios have been simulated using stochastic weather generator (LARS-WG) for different IPCC climate change scenarios i.e. A1B, A2 and B1. Further, application of model has been demonstrated for a realistic water supply system of Ajmer urban fringe (India). Developed model is capable in developing adaptation strategies for optimum water resources planning and utilization in urban areas under different climate change scenarios.     

EFFECTS OF INTERBASIN TRANSFERS UPON WATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN CENTRAL UTAH1

ABSTRACT. Most of Utah's rapid population and industrial expansion is taking place along the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, with consequent increases in water demand. As a part of Utah's “Developing a State Water Plan,” a foundation investigation of the Utah Lake drainage area, which is at the Southern end of the Wasatch Front, was completed which delineated the quantity and quality of the water resources, present water uses, and opportunities for further water conservation. To prepare water budgets, land use data was collected to delineate all areas using water in excess of normal precipitation, which includes agricultural croplands, phreatophytes, open water surfaces, industrial areas, and urban areas. The water budgets were prepared for the time base 1931-1960, but adjusted to physical conditions existing in 1960. The Initial Phase of the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project is presently under construction, with costs expected to exceed 300 million dollars. The principal feature of this project is the exportation of waters from the Colorado River Basin into the Utah Lake drainage area (Great Basin). This importation provides a large number of alternatives for allocation, reallocation of present supplies, and exportation. The possible effects of the Central Utah Project for realizing some of the above alternatives is delineated. Fortunately, the features of this project allow a wide latitude for water management in Utah, thereby facilitating its corporation into a “State Water Plan.”