重组基因酵母检测环境类雌激素污染物

介绍了利用重组基因酵母细胞检测环境类雌激素污染物的生物测定方法,并利用这种方法测定污泥、土壤、底泥、飘尘和家庭炉灶燃烧过程中排放的污染物中的雌激素活性,研究了样品不同的纯化方法对雌激素活性的影响.结果表明,重组受体基因/报道基因的酵母检测技术是一种筛选和定量分析环境样品中雌激素类污染物的快速、有效方法.酵母检测应结合分离纯化步骤,除去样品中的非活性和对酵母细胞有毒性的干扰物质.     

某市河流中雌激素活性物质浓度及生态风险

采用固相萃取-衍生化-气相色谱质谱方法,研究了江苏省某城市河流中雌激素活性物质的浓度分布特征。研究发现,河水中的雌激素活性物质浓度处于ng/L水平,其中双酚A浓度为100~900 ng/L,雌酮和雌三醇浓度为ND~200 ng/L,辛基酚、17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇浓度为ND~20 ng/L。受纳未处理污水的河流中雌激素活性物质浓度高于其他河流的。生态风险评价结果表明,各种雌激素活性物质的生态风险顺序为雌酮>17α-雌二醇≈17β-雌二醇>雌三醇>双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚。其中,雌酮的风险商约为1~64,约有20%~30%的样品17α-雌二醇和17β-雌二醇的风险商为1~20。因此,该城区河流中应优先控制雌酮、雌二醇等类固醇雌激素。     

污水处理流程中几种典型酚类化合物的分布

研究了辛基酚、壬基酚和双酚A等典型酚类雌激素在污水处理流程中的分布.采集于天津某污水处理厂的7个污水样品中的辛基酚、壬基酚和双酚A用二氯甲烷液液萃取,经三氟乙酸酐衍生后进行GC MS SIM定量检测.结果表明,污水样品中辛基酚、壬基酚和双酚A的浓度分别在44 3～110 7,260 5～1657 5和28 6～506 0ng·L-1之间.在污水处理流程中,污染物主要产生于厌氧消化处理过程中,以壬基酚为主要产物.     

天津典型河流沉积物潜在毒性的离体生物效应评价

采用成组离体生物效应标记方法,包括鼠肝癌细胞H4IIE 测试、双杂交酵母测试和SOS/umu 测试,对天津地区的北塘排污河、永定新河和大沽排污河沉积物样品进行潜在的生物毒性筛选和评价.结果表明,3 条河流沉积物中芳烃受体效应以2,3,7,8-四氯代二毒性当量(TEQ)表示为19~1227ng/kg;类雌激素效应以17β-雌二醇当量表示为40~6203ng/kg;直接、间接遗传毒性以诱导率表示分别为1.1~3.7 和1.0~2.2.与国内外相关研究比较发现,3 条河流均存在芳烃受体活性物质、类雌激素物质和遗传毒性类物质相当水平的累积,重点污染河段为北塘排污河出口闸、永定新河的唐津高速路桥河段、大沽排污河的巨葛庄和唐港桥2 个河段.同时,永定新河的上游和北塘排污河的上游分别存在较高的芳烃受体效应和类雌激素效应.     

不同终点检测5种双酚A类化合物对MCF-7的细胞毒性

双酚A(BPA)及其类似物作为聚碳酸酯的主要合成原料,一直是环境污染的重要问题.其雌激素效应是当今科学研究的重点,而毒性效应研究甚少.为评估环境中BPA类物质的毒性效应,实验采用四唑盐(MTS)比色法检测5种双酚A类化合物对人雌激素受体缺失乳腺癌细胞MCF-7(ER-)增殖活性的影响,2,4-二硝基苯肼法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)露出率,单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测DNA损伤.用非线性最小二乘法对MTS实验结果拟合剂量-效应曲线,表明所有的剂量-效应曲线(DRC)均能用Weibull或者Logit函数有效表征.以模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(pEC50)评估5种化合物的毒性大小依次为:BPB>BPC>TDP>BPE>BPA.LDH检测以及SCGE检测受试化合物对MCF-7(ER-)的损伤作用表明,在效应浓度EC20下,细胞核DNA轻微损伤,细胞增殖受轻微抑制;在效应浓度EC40下,细胞核DNA损伤严重,细胞增殖受到显著抑制,从而导致细胞膜通透性显著改变,使LDH大量露出.     

双酚A体外类雌激素活性评价及其作用机制的初步研究

采用体外MCF-7细胞增殖试验检测了双酚A(BPA)的类雌激素活性，并用生长曲线分析、细胞周期分析、他奠昔芬拮抗试验和凋亡检测对其作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果显示BPA有明显刺激MCF-7细胞增殖的类雌激素活性；细胞周期分析BPA组细胞增殖指数均明显高于溶剂对照组；BPA刺激MCF-7细胞增殖的类雌激素活性可被Tam拮抗：BPA能明显抑制MCF-7细胞凋亡的发生。结果提示BPA刺激MCF-7细胞增殖的类雌激素活性作用机制可能是BPA与雌激素受体结合后，影响细胞增殖及细胞凋亡过程，从而产生一系列生物效应。     

酚类化合物雌激素效应的比较研究

采用重组人雌激素受体基因片段(hER)及共激活因子(GRIP1)双杂交酵母检测体系,检测9种酚类物质的类雌激素和抗雌激素效应.结果表明,所检测的化合物中有3种同时表现出雌激素诱导与抑制活性;2种只表现出雌激素诱导活性;1种只表现出雌激素抑制活性;3种均没有雌激素诱导与抑制活性.结构分析表明:酚类中产生雌激素活性的物质具有取代基位于对位且邻位没有大的取代基团的结构;烷基在对位的酚类物质也能显示出雌激素拮抗活性.所采用的双杂交酵母检测体系适用于外源物质的雌激素活性检测,具有较高的灵敏度;结合外源物的雌激素诱导与抑制活性,用于分析污染物的体内作用方式.     

沉积物中雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A的测定

近些年来雌激素及烷基酚类化合物由于其对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用越来越受到广泛关注.沉积物作为环境中有机污染物的重要储存库,研究目标物在其中的浓度分布对于探明此类物质在环境中的迁移转化具有重要意义.但沉积物中基质组成复杂而雌激素又痕量存在,这增加了前处理的难度.本研究从雌激素及烷基酚类化合物的理化性质入手,采用碱液提取、液液萃取和LC-MS/MS分析测定沉积物样品中的雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A.结果表明,经过优化的方法对7种目标物的回收率介于61.9%～93.7%之间.该方法能有效去除沉积物中那些不溶于强碱和既溶于酸又溶于碱的有机污染物,同时操作简单、成本低,但回收率高、检出限低,可广泛适用于河流沉积物样品及土壤样品的前处理.     

环境激素双酚A的毒理学研究进展

环境雌激素双酚A(BPA)在环境中广泛存在,具有剂量小、潜伏期长、接触频繁等特点,是危害极大的一类环境污染物。文章综述了BPA对生物生殖系统、组织器官、免疫系统、生长发育的毒理学效应,重点阐述了复合污染体系BPA与其他物质的联合毒效应等方面国内外研究进展。并对其影响内分泌系统、雌激素受体(ER)介导的通路、拮抗雄激素受体(AR)介导的通路以及影响组织内的酶等作用机制进行了扼要的阐述。提出了下一步的研究方向:寻找和探索有效的生物降解物种,找到高效、经济合理的消除路径去除环境介质中残留的BPA及其代谢产物,建立有效预防体系。     

环境雌激素的环境化学行为及其污染防治的探讨

环境雌激素是指一类外源性化合物,具有类雌激素活性,干扰体内正常分泌物质的合成、释放、运转、代谢、结合等过程,对生物和人体的内分泌机能造成影响,有关环境雌激素的研究在整体上尚属起步阶段.本文从环境雌激素的检测方法、环境化学行为以及污染控制方法与技术等方面综述了环境雌激素的研究进展,并为预测环境雌激素的污染状况及其发展趋势以及选择最佳修复技术提供重要的参考依据,就该类化合物在今后的污染防治方面提出了一些建议.     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

北京市城市污水雌激素活性的研究

采用重组酵母雌激素筛检法(YES法)对北京市3个城市污水处理厂工艺流程污水样品的雌激素活性进行了评价,并采用GC/MS分析了样品中8种内分泌干扰物(EDCs),以进一步阐明城市污水雌激素活性的变化.结果表明,污水处理厂能较好地降低污水雌激素活性,降低率为82.2%～97.0%,但出水仍具有一定的雌激素活性,雌二醇(E2)当量浓度(EEQ)为2.6～16.0 ng/L.GC/MS检测显示,污水处理厂并不能完全去除目标化合物,出水中平均浓度最低的是17α-E2,为13.5 ng/L,最高的是BPA,为106.4 ng/L;出水的雌激素活性主要来自类固醇雌激素.污水厂的出水排放具有潜在的环境风险,在污水处理过程中,应特别关注对类固醇雌激素的去除.     

长江江苏段饮用水源地3种雌激素污染特征

分析了丰、平、枯不同水情下长江江苏段28个集中式饮用水源地中雌激素的污染水平和时空分布特征,评价了水源地雌激素活性.研究结果表明,长江江苏段水源地雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、双酚A(BPA)的浓度处于ng·L~(-1)水平,各雌激素总浓度的均值分别为(1.00±1.72)、(0.65±1.49)、(4.41±5.29)ng·L~(-1),BPA的检出率和平均浓度水平均高于E1和E2,不同水情下浓度差异表现为丰水期枯水期平水期.水源地E1、E2、BPA的活性分别为(0.25±0.43)、(0.65±1.49)、(0.00062±0.00074)ng·L~(-1)(以雌二醇当量计,下同).考虑到雌激素对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用,需在今后的水源地水质安全评价指标体系中加强雌激素监测.     

我国淡水水体中双酚A(BPA)的生态风险评价

双酚A(BPA)对水生生物有多种毒性效应,其中雌激素作用尤为显著.本研究依据BPA对水生生物是否有雌激素效应,把数据分为两类,并通过商值法、安全阈值法、商值概率法以及联合概率曲线法评价了我国淡水水体中BPA对水生生物的风险程度.结果表明,采用4种评价方法得出的结果相近,我国淡水生物对BPA的雌激素效应较BPA对水生生物的其他毒性作用更为敏感;安全阈值法较商值法、商值概率法、联合概率风险评价法误差较小,评价结果更为可信.用安全阈值法评价结果表明,以BPA的雌激素作用为效应终点时,水生生物长期暴露于我国淡水环境中,我国64.70%的淡水水体有导致超过5%的水生生物受到雌激素作用的风险,BPA安全浓度上限为15.72 ng·L-1;而水生物种短期暴露于我国淡水环境中,我国20.43%的淡水水体有导致超过5%的我国淡水生物受BPA雌激素作用的干扰,此时BPA安全浓度上限为2.24×102ng·L-1.     

Determination of estrogens and estrogenic activities in water from three rivers in Tianjin, China

Studies on estrogenic disrupting compounds(EDCs) occurrence and identification of main responsible compounds in river water discharged into the sea are of significance.In the present research,we screened estrogenic activities of 10 river water samples from 3 main rivers discharged into Bohai Sea in Tianjin using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay and chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity,with 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) of raw water ranging from 5.72 to 59.06 ng/L.Six most concerned EDCs in the river water samples including estrone,17β-estradiol,17α-ethinylestradiol,estriol,diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerate were determined,with their concentrations up to 50.70,31.40,24.40,37.20,2.56,and 8.47 ng/L,respectively.Through causality analysis by comparing the EEQ values of yeast assay and chemical analysis,17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol were identified as the main contributors to the estrogenic effects of the river samples,accounting for the whole estrogenic activities(62.99% to 185.66%),and estrogen antagonistic compounds might presented in the heavy polluted water samples.The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and bioassay could be used for identification and evaluation of the estrogenic activity of EDCs in river water.     

Assessment of estrogen disrupting potency in animal foodstuffs of China by combined biological and chemical analyses

Food has been documented as one of major routes for human exposure to environmental estrogens（EEs）, but information on the occurrence of EEs in animal foodstuffs is still scarce.This study analyzed estrogenic activity in 16 types of animal foodstuffs（n = 142） collected from four cities（Wuhan, Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Yantai） of China by combined yeast estrogen screen（YES） bioassay and chemical analysis. By bioassay, all samples＇ extracts were found to induce estrogenic activities and the bioassay-derived 17β-estradiol equivalent（EEQbio） ranged from 8.29 to 118.32 ng/g. In addition, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for further chemical analysis. 17β-Estradiol was found in all samples in this survey at levels of 0.44 to 15.04 ng/g.All samples had 33.1% detection rate of 17α-ethinylestradiol（EE2）, and the maximum concentration was 2.80 ng/g. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenols were detected in 83.8% and83.1% of samples, with concentrations up to 12.56 ng/g and 35.76 ng/g, respectively.However, the concentrations of estrone, diethylstilbestrol and 4-t-octylphenol were found to be below the limit of detection. A comparison of EEQbiomeasured from the YES assay and EEQchemcalculated from chemical analysis showed good correlation（R2= 0.84）. Based on the results, the YES assay can be used as a rapid pre-screening method for monitoring the levels of estrogenic activity in large numbers of animal foodstuffs, and chemical analysis used in combination can be used for the identification of specific EEs.     

污水中基于酶活性分析的硫酸雌酮雌激素效应

在污水处理厂尾水中,雌酮（E1）和硫酸雌酮（E1-3-S）分别是赋存浓度最高的自由态雌激素和结合态雌激素.E1-3-S难以被生物降解且雌激素效应有限,但环境条件适宜时可在芳基硫酸酯酶（AryS）作用下通过水解释放出具有雌激素效应的E1.本论文提出了一种利用AryS活性值和E1-3-S酶促水解动力学参数计算E1-3-S半寿期的方法.根据现场取样分析得到了重庆市某污水处理厂生物处理构筑物内混合液,合流制管道溢流口与尾水受纳水体底泥中在冬、春、夏3个季节的AryS活性值,其均值分别为417.41~941.14,91.55~179.42,28.11~59.64μg对硝基酚/（g·h）.在20℃的实验室条件下,E1-3-S的酶促水解遵循一级动力学模式（P<0.01）,且水解速率K_d与AryS活性呈线性正相关（R²=0.9774）.根据春季的AryS活性数据和实验室条件下E1-3-S水解速率与酶活性的线性回归方程推算,得到了在污水处理厂生物构筑物内、合流制管网溢流口和污水厂尾水排放点附近水体中E1-3-S在对应环境温度条件下通过酶促水解的半寿期分别为33.5,153.0,410.0h.该方法可用于评估硫酸型结合态雌激素在水环境中的雌激素效应释放风险.     

Determination of estrogenic activity in the river Chienti (Marche Region, Italy) by using in vivo and in vitro bioassays

Environmental estrogen-like compounds (i.e. xenoestrogens) are a variety of pollutants, ranging from synthetic to natural occurring molecules, that are found in surface and waste waters over a wide range of concentrations. In aquatic environment, the overall estrogenic activity is often due to the presence of a mixture of chemicals and their degraded products which can induce synergistic effects. Current strategies for monitoring estrogen-like chemicals are based on the use of a battery of in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicological tests. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to carry out a bio-monitoring study for testing estrogenicity of the Chienti river (Marche Region, Italy) by using both an E-screen and a vitellogenin (Vtg) induction assay in juvenile goldfish. Three sites were used for analysis, localized at the mouth (sampling point 1), in the middle (sampling point 2) and at the origin (sampling point 3) of Chienti river. For most of the water samples (i.e. samples collected at sampling points 2 and 3), clear estrogenic activity was detected in the E-screen assay suggesting different proliferation activities in function of the collecting site. In contrast, the Vtg ELISA demonstrated that water samples collected from each sampling point were estrogenic. Overall, we showed for the first time that the estrogenic activities in water samples from the Chienti river were significant in both in vivo and in vitro; we also observed a different sensitivity between bioassays.     

Simultaneous determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Guanting Reservoir using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring

The wide occurrence of estrogenic compounds 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A in surface water of Guanting Reservoir was successfully determined. The target compounds in water samples were preconcentrated by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, derivatized by trifluoroacetic anhydride, and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring(SlM). In the selected seven sampling sites(S1-S7), the concentration of NP in sample S7 was significantly higher than the other in reservoir. The status of pollution in S3 and S7 were much more serious. The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA were in the range of 44.5-48.8, 221.6-349.6 and 30.2-82.7 ng/L, respectively. The pollutants were mainly inputted from the upper river and released from sediments in Guanting Reservoir.