Controlling cyanobacterial blooms by managing nutrient ratio and limitation in a large hypereutrophic lake: Lake Taihu, China

Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading of aquatic ecosystems is a leading cause of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms worldwide, and reducing nutrient levels in water has been a primary management objective. To provide a rational protection strategy and predict future trends of eutrophication in eutrophic lakes, we need to understand the relationships between nutrient ratios and nutrient limitations. We conducted a set of outdoor bioassays at the shore of Lake Taihu. It showed that N only additions induced phytoplankton growth but adding only P did not. Combined N plus P additions promoted higher phytoplankton biomass than N only additions, which suggested that both N and P were deficient for maximum phytoplankton growth in this lake (TN:TP = 18.9). When nutrients are present at less than 7.75-13.95 mg/L TN and 0.41-0.74 mg/L TP, the deficiency of either N or P or both limits the growth of phytoplankton. N limitation then takes place when the TN:TP ratio is less than 21.5-24.7 (TDN:TDP was 34.2-44.3), and P limitation occurs above this. Therefore, according to this ratio, controlling N when N limitation exists and controlling P when P deficiency is present will prevent algal blooms effectively in the short term. But for the long term, a persistent dual nutrient (N and P) management strategy is necessary.     

海洋浮游植物对磷限制的响应机制

海洋浮游植物是全球初级生产力的重要贡献者,它们的生物量主要受到氮、磷、铁等营养元素的限制。磷元素作为浮游植物所必需的元素,在寡营养海域的真光层海水中十分缺乏,是浮游植物生长的限制因子。磷元素的缺乏不仅直接影响浮游植物的生长繁殖及物种演替,还对海洋碳、氮生物地球化学循环产生深远影响。全球变暖加剧海水层化,进而减少垂直混合带来的营养盐补充。面对不断变化的海洋环境,浮游植物通过减缓细胞生长、加强磷吸收和储存、分解有机磷、磷脂替代、降低细胞对磷酸盐的依赖等方式,应对海洋环境中的磷限制。本文总结了近年来海洋浮游植物应对磷限制响应机制的最新研究进展,主要从生理响应和生态效应方面综述了海洋磷限制对浮游植物的影响以及浮游植物响应海洋磷限制的策略,希望对海洋浮游植物和海洋环境科学相关研究具有借鉴意义。     

Modification on the conventional procedure to measure AOC in drinking water

Additional phosphorus will be introduced to water sample if the conventional procedure is used to measure assimilable organic carbon(AOC) in drinking water. It has been shown that there are the cases that phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for microbial growth in drinking water. The measured value of AOC would not be able to indicate appropriately the regrowth potential of bacteria in this case. The conventional procedure used to measure AOC was modified to avoid the introduction of additional phosphorus to water sample in this study. It was shown that it was feasible to measure AOC in water using the modified procedure. Furthermore, the measured value of AOC determined by the modified procedure could indicate appropriately the regrowth potential of bacteria in drinking water despite either organics or phosphorus was the limiting nutrient for bacterial regrowth.     

富营养化水体的营养盐限制性研究综述

水体富营养化是全球目前以及今后相当一段时期内的重大水环境问题。氮、磷作为浮游植物生长所必需的营养盐,是水体富营养化的主要限制因子。通过对近年来水体富营养化受氮、磷营养盐限制的研究进行综述,研究了营养盐来源及其对浮游植物生长的影响,总结了营养盐限制性差异的影响因素,分析了缓解富营养化的营养盐主控因子。分析表明:营养盐的来源主要分为外源和内源,受外界环境及人类活动影响显著;浮游植物的生长受N/P比值及其绝对浓度的共同作用;在不同的水文、气候和人类活动强度下,水体富营养化主要营养盐限制因子存在差异,并且存在限制性转换和共同限制的情况;缓解水体富营养化措施的提出应在综合考虑多种因素的前提下进行。     

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus.The biofllter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher CODM, removal than the control filter. Thesere sults suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.     

Human impact on current environmental state in Chinese lakes

Anthropogenic and natural disturbance to inland aquatic ecosystems displays a notable spatial difference, yet data to measure these differences are scarce. This study encompasses 217 lakes distributed over five lake regions of China and elucidates the environmental factors determining the spatial variability of the water quality and trophic status. A significant correlation between human modification index in surrounding terrestrial systems (HMT) and trophic status of lake ecosystems (TSI) was found, and the regression slope in each region was similar except in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. It was further noted that the pattern of environmental factor network (EF network) differed among freshwater and saline lakes. The EF network was complex for freshwater lakes in less human-influenced areas, but intensive man-made influence disrupted most relationships except for those between total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and water turbidity. As for regions including saline lakes, correlations among water salinity and organic forms of carbon and nitrogen were apparent. Our results suggest that HMT and EF network can be useful indicators of the ecological integrity of local lake ecosystems, and integrating spatial information on a large scale provides conservation planners the option for evaluating the potential risk on inland aquatic systems.     

氮磷胁迫下藻-菌群落的变化研究

近年来,由于水体富营养化而导致的蓝藻水华在我国太湖与滇池等淡水湖泊频繁爆发,已成为严重的环境问题,而氮、磷则是引起水体富营养化的重要营养因子。文章通过藻细胞计数、细菌群落的DGGE监测,以及典型对应CCA分析,系统研究了不同的氮磷浓度、N/P比对藻-菌群落结构的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,氮磷浓度和N/P比均会影响藻类生长,其中,氮磷浓度较N/P比对藻类生物量的影响更大;N/P=12为藻类生长的最适条件,氮限制(N/P=3)和磷限制(N/P=48)均会抑制藻类生长;添加外源氮磷可促进细菌的生长,提高其多样性,但随着N/P比的提高,其种群多样性呈逐渐下降趋势;细菌群落主要由β-proteobacteria类细菌组成,其次是α-proteobacteria,然后是Bacteroidetes和γ-proteobacteria。与氮、磷营养盐相比,藻类群落对细菌群落的影响更大。     

春季青岛鳌山湾沿岸海水水质状况分析与评价

本文根据2019年春季的调查资料,运用污染指数评价法对鳌山湾沿岸的海水环境质量进行评价,分别使用相对和绝对限制法确定营养盐限制因子,采用营养状态质量指数法和富营养化指数法评价其营养现状,并分析化学需氧量与浊度的相关性。结果表明:（1）春季鳌山湾沿岸海水属Ⅰ类水质,化学需氧量、溶解无机氮和溶解无机磷污染程度较低;（2）鳌山湾沿岸海水出现硅限制和磷限制现象,无氮限制现象;（3）鳌山湾沿岸未出现富营养化现象;（4）鳌山湾沿岸海水的化学需氧量与浊度呈显著正相关性。     

Strategies of adaptation to extreme conditions in aquatic microorganisms

Aquatic ecosystems include the two extremes: constant environmental conditions in the main bodies of water, and unstable fluctuating conditions in the shallow margins of the aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic microorganisms living in the main oceans can thus be characterized by a single prototype being moderately halophilic, psychrophilic, to some extreme barophilic and all must be oligotrophs managing to survive and multiply in extremely low nutrient concentrations. On the other hand those populating the shallow margins must be adapted to rapidly fluctuating environments and thus have multipotential metabolic patterns. Oscillatoria limnetica can serve as a model for this being capable of shifts from oxygenic to non-oxygenic photosynthesis, having multiple dark energy generating systems, fixing nitrogen anaerobically and capable of induction of resistance mechanisms to overcome oxygen toxicity.     

滇池和洱海湖滨带水生植被状况与水质的关系研究

在滇池和洱海的湖滨带各设置了6个具有不同水生植被状况的采样点,于2010年8月-2011年5月对水温、pH、ORP、电导率、营养盐(总氮和总磷)、叶绿素a及3种DNA病毒等水质指标进行了现场或采样分析。结果表明,两湖泊中营养盐含量高的湖滨带(滇池草海和洱海沙坪湾),由于水生植物覆盖度高,湖水保持了叶绿素a含量低的状态。对洱海湖滨带的水质分析结果表明,洱海水质有较明显的季节性变化。分析表明,与水温相比,营养盐浓度可能是影响藻类生物量的更重要的因素。3种DNA病毒检测结果初步表明,水生植物不仅能控藻,而且对病毒也有抑制作用。     

西太湖典型河口区湖滨带表层沉积物营养评价

测定了典型西太湖入湖河口区湖滨带中表层沉积物的有机质、总氮、总磷的含量,平均含量分别为2.417%、1.049mg/g、0.402mg/g,其分布都是沿湖滨带水向辐射带、水位变幅带、陆向辐射带呈逐渐增大趋势。底泥中C/N值为12.4。底泥中有机质及营养盐来源于湖中藻类和高等水生植物。利用有机指数和有机氮评价表层沉积物,整个区域属于尚清洁范畴。     

长荡湖近15年营养状态评价及限制因子研究

采用综合营养状态指数法以及时间序列分析法、箱线图、Pearson相关分析等统计分析方法对长荡湖近15年的氮、磷、Chl a等监测数据进行分析,研究长荡湖的水质现状、营养物时空分布和变化规律及藻类生物量与氮磷营养盐的关系.结果表明:自2001年以来长荡湖富营养化呈加剧趋势,近15年来的透明度呈现下降趋势,Chl a浓度则以每年5.5μg/L的速率不断攀升,长荡湖随时都可能爆发大规模的蓝藻水华;长荡湖东部出水口(北干河口区)的水质好于湖体区(湖北区、湖南区、湖心区);TP为长荡湖浮游藻类生长的限制因子.     

生态浮床对千岛湖水体氮磷净化效果研究

为探索生态浮床对较清洁型湖水的氮磷去除效果,以华东地区最大深水水库千岛湖为例,选取浮叶植物黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi.)、沉水植物绿色狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、挺水植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus)为材料,采用氮磷浓度相对较高的库尾湖湾湖水进行生态浮床静态模拟试验,测定浮床植物生长及水体氮磷浓度变化,并利用膜接口质谱仪测定水体溶解性氮气(N₂)含量,研究浮床植物体内吸收、反硝化脱氮等综合脱氮除磷能力. 结果表明:①浮床植物的氮磷净化能力存在明显的季节性差异,春季浮床植物长势、氮磷去除效果、反硝化脱氮能力均高于秋季;②不同水生植物间的氮磷去除能力差异显著,试验水体中黄花水龙和绿色狐尾藻的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)去除效率分别为2.22、0.07和2.89、0.08 mg/(kg·d),绿色狐尾藻体内吸收氮、磷最多,植物干质量的氮、磷含量分别为12.44~15.57和0.96~1.95 g/kg;③植物的生长大大增强了水体的反硝化脱氮能力,黄花水龙、绿色狐尾藻、菖蒲与空白对照组溶解性N₂差值（净脱氮差）分别为0.16~22.35、?4.14~24.63、?0.26~15.74 μmol/L,水生植物生物量是影响浮床系统反硝化作用的最关键因素. 研究显示,生态浮床是较清洁型湖水氮磷削减的一种可行技术,浮床植物组合方案设计应充分考虑不同植物的季节生长特性和反硝化脱氮能力.      

磷元素在饮用水生物处理中的限制因子作用

应用细菌生长潜力(BGP)法,考察了磷元素在淮河流域某地面水厂饮用水生物处理工艺中的限制因子作用原水添加50μg·L^-1KH₂PO₄-P后,BGP可以提高54%,添加其它无机元素和添加磷元素对BGP的影响没有显著差异;原水添加20mg·L^-1C₆H₁₂O₆对BGP的影响要小于添加50μg·L^-1KH₂PO₄-P的影响;原水添加磷后生物滤池对COD_Mn的去除率比对照生物滤池提高了7.5%,其出水明显表现为碳限制型,对照生物滤池出水则为磷限制型.结果说明磷元素是该水厂饮用水生物处理的限制因子,且限制作用强于碳元素,可以通过外加磷源的方法提高饮用水生物处理工艺对有机物的去除效率.     

Phytoremediation of engineered nanoparticles using aquatic plants: Mechanisms and practical feasibility

Certain plants have demonstrated the capability to take up and accumulate metals, thus offering the potential to remediate metal-contaminated water and sediment. Several aquatic species have further been identified which can take up metal and metal oxide engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). It is important to evaluate if aquatic plants exhibiting potential for metal phytoremediation can be applied to remediation of metallic ENPs. Understanding the interactions between ENPs and aquatic plants, and evaluating possible influences on metal uptake and phytoremediation processes is therefore essential. This review article will address the feasibility of green plants for treatment of ENP-affected aquatic ecosystems. Discussion will include common types of ENPs in current use; transformations of ENPs in aquatic systems; the importance of microorganisms in supporting plant growth; ENP entry into the plant; the influence of microorganisms in promoting plant uptake; and recent findings in phytoremediation of ENP-affected water, including applications to constructed wetlands.     

营养盐比例对硅藻水华优势种小环藻生长和生理的影响

近年来,一些淡水水体如河流、水库等暴发了以小环藻为优势种的硅藻水华,对水生态系统健康产生了不利影响.为探究不同营养盐水平下营养盐结构对小环藻生长的影响作用,研究了不同N/P（N与P质量浓度之比,下同）、Si/P、Si/N下小环藻培养物的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在试验所设定的营养盐浓度范围内,随着N/P、Si/N的升高,小环藻的藻细胞密度和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,在N/P为30、Si/N为5.0的环境中有较好的生长潜力.小环藻在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L的水体中,生长潜能与Si/P呈正相关,最适Si/P为100;在磷浓度为0.30 mg/L条件下,最适Si/P为50.综合对比分析,水体Si/P对小环藻生长的影响最为显著.在保持水体营养盐比例不变的条件下,营养盐浓度的变化对小环藻生长亦有明显的影响.当水体氮浓度高于6.0 mg/L、磷浓度高于0.10 mg/L时,硅是小环藻的主要限制元素,其最适浓度为15 mg/L.此外,在初始磷浓度为0.03 mg/L,氮浓度低于0.6 mg/L、硅浓度低于1.5 mg/L时,小环藻生长较为缓慢,光合活性低,因此,若实际水体营养盐浓度低于此水平,将能有效控制硅藻水华的暴发.研究显示,小环藻生长最适N/P为30、Si/N为5.0;最适Si/P与初始磷浓度有关,在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L时,最适Si/P为100;磷浓度为0.30 mg/L时,最适Si/P为50.总体而言,小环藻生长受Si/P的影响最为明显.      

洪湖营养盐时空分布特征及成因分析

洪湖是江汉平原重要的淡水水体.为了揭示洪湖营养盐时空分布特征和原因,开展了对洪湖为期一年的采样调查,连续采集12个月水样和一次沉积物样品,测定样品中营养盐含量.结果表明:(1)洪湖水体营养盐污染水平较高,除氨氮(NH4+-N)外,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)难以达到Ⅱ类.(2)空间上有机物污染...     

千岛湖大气氮磷干湿沉降特征及周年入库负荷

大气氮磷沉降是湖库营养盐输入的重要途径,深刻地影响着湖库水体营养盐平衡及生态系统演化进程. 为了解山区大型水库大气氮磷沉降对水体的贡献,于2020年11月—2021年10月在千岛湖街口和淳安县城2个监测站点开展了大气氮磷干湿沉降周年观测,分析千岛湖大气氮磷沉降特征及入库负荷. 结果表明:千岛湖街口监测点大气总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)沉降量分别为1 774.83和34.11 kg/(km2·a),淳安县城监测点大气TN、TP沉降量分别为1 799.73和34.44 kg/(km2·a). 大气TN沉降以湿沉降为主,街口和淳安县城监测点TN湿沉降分别占总沉降的92%和88%;两个监测点大气TP沉降的组成差异较大,其中街口监测点湿沉降占53%,淳安县城监测点干沉降占60%. 气象条件(降雨)叠加人类活动(施肥等农业活动和旅游等城市活动)能够显著增加大气营养盐沉降量,全年85%的TN沉降和71%的TP沉降集中在降雨期. 观测期间,千岛湖大气TN、TP干湿沉降入湖负荷分别估算为1 041.98和20.04 t/a,分别占千岛湖河道TN、TP输入的9.4%和8.3%. 研究显示,千岛湖大气氮磷沉降量显著低于长三角地区其他水体,但农耕、旅游等人类活动仍造成千岛湖大气营养盐沉降量明显升高.      

太湖不同湖区夏季蓝藻生长的营养盐限制研究

采集太湖6个湖区水样,利用营养盐添加,现场培养实验研究了水华蓝藻在不同湖区水体中生长的氮、磷限制情况和蓝藻的生长潜力.结果表明,梅梁湾水体只有氮、磷同时添加才对蓝藻生物量具有显著的促进作用,表明该湖区水华蓝藻的生长不仅存在磷限制,而且存在明显的氮限制.在太湖西部河口区、竺山湾和贡湖湾,蓝藻对单独的氮添加没有反应,而单独磷添加和氮磷同时添加对蓝藻生长具有同样的促进作用,表明磷是这些区域藻类生长的主要限制因子.东太湖水体不论氮磷单独还是同时添加对蓝藻生长均没有促进作用,表明存在氮磷以外的限制因子.氮磷供应充足的情况下,梅梁湾和西部河口区水体培养的蓝藻生长速率最高,表明这两个水域蓝藻的生长潜力最大,氮磷输入极易刺激蓝藻大量增殖,这在一定程度上解释了为什么蓝藻水华在这两个区域更为严重.蓝藻在贡湖湾和胥口湾水体中生长速率较低,在东太湖水体中的生长速率最低,因此这些水域的蓝藻增殖潜力较低.     

水稻种植对中亚热带红壤丘陵区小流域氮磷养分输出的影响

以湖南省长沙县的脱甲流域(高水稻种植面积比例)和涧山流域(低水稻种植面积比例)为研究对象,对比研究红壤丘陵地区典型农业流域水稻种植对河流水体氮磷浓度和输出强度的影响.连续16个月的监测结果表明,脱甲和涧山流域河流水体均存在比较严重的养分污染,尤其是氮污染;对比两个流域,脱甲流域河流水体的氮磷浓度水平和水质恶化程度均高于涧山流域.从养分组成来看,脱甲流域河流水体中氮以铵态氮为主(占总氮的58.5%),而涧山流域主要是硝态氮(占总氮的76.1%).脱甲流域中可溶性磷占总磷比例为47.1%,高于涧山流域的37.5%.从养分浓度变化的时间动态而言,两个流域河流中各形态氮素水平在1~2月和7月较高,而可溶性磷和总磷在5~6月和10~12月出现两个峰值.由于两个流域河道径流主要集中在水稻种植期间的4~10月,脱甲流域河流中较高的氮磷养分浓度意味着潜在的氮磷流失风险.脱甲流域月平均总氮输出通量为1.67 kg·(hm2·月)-1,总磷为0.06 kg·(hm2·月)-1,均高于涧山流域的0.44 kg·(hm2·月)-1和0.02kg·(hm2·月)-1.考虑到两个流域的气候、地形地貌、土壤类型、农田耕作方式相似而只是水稻种植面积比例不同,因此,在该地区传统的水稻栽培管理模式下,较高面积比例的水稻种植对流域河流水体环境存在潜在威胁.