自动控制悬浮填料序批式反应器脱氮除磷的研究

选用球形多孔悬浮填料,利用序批式生物膜反应器对模拟城市污水进行试验研究,确定可以以氧化还原电位作为工艺主要控制参数。稳定运行时COD、TN、TP的平均去除效率分别达到97%、83%、94%,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级A标准。     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

Nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

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SBR双颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷性能研究

以模拟废水为研究对象,对SBR双颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除磷性能进行了考察.试验结果表明,A₂N双颗粒污泥系统能使硝化菌和聚磷菌分别在各自最佳的环境中生长,有利于系统脱氮除磷的稳定和高效运行,可控制性也得到了提高.在COD为300 mg·L^-1条件下,系统对COD的平均去除率达到78.8%,大部分COD被聚磷菌用来合成PHA;当溶解氧控制在3.55~4.90 mg·L^-1和5.60~6.60 mg·L^-1之间时,硝化SBR对氨氮的去除率分别为87.0%和94.5%.除磷SBR仅设置缺氧段时,磷去除率为72%;增设后曝气段后,磷去除率增至85%.NO_x^--N(NO₂^--N+ NO₃^--N)的去除主要发生在缺氧段,在反硝化除磷时作为电子受体被去除,平均去除率为90.6%.     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

序批式生物膜法的脱氮特性及机理研究

对序批式生物膜法工艺中所表现出来的脱氮特性进行了探讨，并提出了过量储存－SND脱氮作用机理。厌氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜对含碳氮有机物的过量储存作用；好氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜的SND作用，反硝化的有机碳源主要为生物膜中在厌氧段过量储存的有机碳源。     

静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器（SBR）脱氮除磷效果研究

以静置段代替传统厌氧段,采用后置缺氧方式,考察了静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R1)的生物脱氮除磷(BNR)性能,并与传统厌氧/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R2)进行对比.两反应器进水乙酸钠、氨氮(NH+4-N)及磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度均分别为350 mg·L-1(以COD计)、40 mg·L-1及12 mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h.研究结果表明,R1长期运行中磷的去除率与R2相当,分别为92.4%和92.1%,而总氮(TN)去除率则较R2高,分别为83.5%和77.0%.R1静置段省去搅拌但仍能起到厌氧段的作用,为好氧快速摄磷奠定了基础,同时R1缺氧段发生反硝化摄磷,使出水磷降至0.91 mg·L-1.好氧段内R1发生了同步硝化-反硝化(SND),贡献了18.0%的TN去除量,R2也存在SND,但脱氮贡献率较少,仅为9.8%.R1和R2后置缺氧反硝化均以糖原驱动,反硝化速率分别为0.98、0.84 mg·g-1·h-1(以每g VSS产生的N(mg)计),出水TN分别为6.62、9.21 mg·L-1.研究表明,静置段代替传统厌氧段后,可获得更好的脱氮效果,且工艺更为简化.     

pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响

在2个序批式反应器(R1、R2)中,以合成废水为对象,研究了不同pH值(R1:pH 8±0.2; R2:pH 7±0.2)对单级好氧生物除磷的影响;并通过比较周期中主要储能物质的变化,探讨了产生不同除磷效果的原因.结果表明,R1与R2均具有较高除磷性能, R1与R2中的平均去除率分别为94.9%,83.5%,pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷有一定的影响.导致R1具有较高除磷性能的原因是其对聚磷的依赖程度更大.好氧段R1糖原积累量低于R2(R1为1.42mmol/g, R2为1.55mmol/g),但降解量却高于R2(分别为1.41,1.19mmol/g);静置期,R1中糖原无明显变化,R2中则观察到明显的糖原降解.R1与R2均有明显的释磷现象, R1释磷量高于R2(释磷量分别为9.65,7.33mg/L).整个周期中,R1中PHA 无明显变化,而R2中则在好氧段有少量减少,静置期有少量上升.     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

低温对CANON型序批式生物膜反应器脱氮的影响

探究了4种低温水平下基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮（CANON）型序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）的运行效果及其氮素转化机制.结果表明,当CANON型SBBR在不同的低温水平下稳定运行后,其脱氮微生物优势菌群发生了不同程度的变化,随之改变了系统的氮素转化途径及其脱氮性能.当温度>15℃时,SBBR中AOB和anammox菌的丰度与活性未受到明显抑制,CANON作用始终是系统脱氮的主要途径,SBBR对TN的平均去除率亦较为理想;而当温度<15℃时,anammox菌的丰度与活性在10,5℃下分别出现不同程度的降低,进而改变了SBBR的氮素转化途径,使其脱氮性能出现不同程度的恶化.在10℃时,NOB的增殖及其活性的提高使硝化/反硝化作用取代CANON作用成为SBBR脱氮的主要途径,此时系统对TN的去除率骤降至（16.87±4.79）%;在5℃时,反硝化过程中第1步还原反应的停滞与反硝化菌对NO₂^--N利用率的提高使SBBR中氮素的去除依赖于CANON作用和短程硝化/反硝化作用的协同,系统对TN的去除率为（54.83±3.68）%.     

吸附-厌氧序批式反应器对有机物的去除

用全脂奶粉配制废水,研究了吸附-厌氧序批式反应器(AB-ASBR)对有机物的去除效果和特性,并与普通厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)进行了比较.结果表明,AB-ASBR 能显著提高出水水质,当原水COD 为2000mg/L 时,其出水COD 在100mg/L 以下,COD 总去除率可达95%~96%.A 段进水后30min 内对COD 的去除率可达90%,以厌氧颗粒污泥对非溶解性COD 的初期快速吸附作用为主.B 段的半饱和常数(Ks)仅为5.4mg/L,厌氧颗粒污泥对COD 具有很好的亲和性,使B 段出水COD 低于普通厌氧序批式反应器.     

Nitrous oxide production during nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater in lab-scale sequencing batch reactor

The production of N2O during nitrogen removal from real domestic wastewater was investigated in a lab-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor with a working volume of 14 L. The results showed that the total N2O-N production reached higher than 1.87 mg/L, and up to 4% of removed nitrogen was converted into N20. In addition, N20 led to a much higher greenhouse effect than CO2 during aerobic reaction phase, this proved that N2O production could not be neglected. The N2O-N production during nitrification was 1.85mg/L, whereas, during denitrification, no N2O was produced, nitrification was the main source of N2O production during nitrogen removal. Furthermore, during denitrification, the dissolved N2O at the end of aeration was found to be further reduced to N2. Denitrification thus had the potential of controlling N2O production.     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

Mechanism studies on nitrogen removal when treating ammonium-rich leachate by sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The nitrogen removal mechanism was studied and analyzed when treating the ammonium-rich landfill leachate by a set of sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs), which was designed independently. At the liquid temperature of (32 ± 0.4)°C, and after a 58-days domestication period and a 33-days stabilization period, the efficiency of ammonium removal in the SBBR went up to 95%. Highly frequent intermittent aeration suppressed the activity of nitratebacteria, and also eliminated the influence on the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria and nitritebacteria. This influence was caused by the accumulation of nitrous acid and the undulation of pH. During the aeration stage, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was controlled at 1.2–1.4 mg/L. The nitritebacteria became dominant and nitrite accumulated gradually. During the anoxic stage, along with the concentration debasement of the dissolved oxygen, ANAMMOX bacteria became dominant; then, the nitrite that was accumulated in the aeration stage was wiped off with ammonium simultaneously. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(1): 55–60 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Zn2+对SBR单级好氧模式生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸盐为单一外加碳源,通过比较进水中不同Zn2+浓度(0,1,5,10,20mg/L)下单级好氧模式下序批式反应器(SBR)的除磷效果,考察进水Zn2+浓度对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响,并通过分析各反应器中典型周期内磷及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响机理.当进水Zn2+浓度为0和1mg/L时,除磷率分别高达96.84%和97.90%.当进水Zn2+浓度为5,10,20mg/L时,系统除磷率分别为89.32%,76.43%和57.29%,说明较高浓度Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷有抑制作用.结果表明,较高浓度Zn2+可抑制COD的降解,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯好氧合成及磷酸盐激酶活性,并促进GAOs的代谢,使聚磷合成和水解量减少,从而降低系统的除磷性能.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

甲醇和乙醇对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响研究

分别以甲醇(SBR1#)和乙醇(SBR2#)作为碳源,研究了其对单级好氧生物除磷的影响.结果表明,稳定运行条件下,SBR1#磷的平均去除量为6.56mg/L,平均去除率为52.63%.SBR2#中磷的平均去除量为11.22mg/L,去除率为90.34%. SBR1#和SBR2#一个周期运行中好氧吸磷速率分别为1.62mg/(g×h)(以PO43--P计)和5.31mg/(g×h)(以PO43--P计),其中SBR2#出水磷的浓度低于检出限,SBR2#的储能物质总累积量比SBR1#多.相比之下,乙醇是作为除磷碳源效果较好.静置期,由于SBR2#中聚磷菌生物活性较SBR1#高,代谢旺盛,其释磷量高于SBR1#.     

序批式生物膜法反硝化除磷特性及其机理

探讨了序批式生物膜法反硝化除磷特性及其机理.采用³1P-NMR谱图,说明序批式生物膜在缺氧条件下与在好氧条件下相同,无机磷酸盐被转化成聚磷酸盐而贮存,证实了反硝化除磷的机理;在缺氧段反硝化吸磷速率较好氧吸磷速率明显降低,约为好氧吸磷速率的1/6;优势菌依顺序为假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、微球菌属.     

磁性纳米Fe3O4@C对SBR脱氮除磷性能及其微生物种群组成的影响

为探究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@C对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)污水处理系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了2个相同的SBR(编号分别为0号和1号),其中,0号反应器未投加任何磁性材料(对照组),1号反应器中投加0.5 g·L^-1的Fe₃O₄@C(实验组),并采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR(qPCR)技术对2个反应器内生物种群结构及关键脱氮除磷功能菌群进行分析.结果表明:(1)Fe₃O₄@C对SBR除污性能有显著影响,其中,1号反应器化学需氧量(COD)的去除性能得到增强,24 d后去除率稳定在90%左右;0号和1号反应器总氮(TN)平均去除率分别为35.83%和52.18%;从第43 d起,1号反应器除磷性能明显高于0号反应器,运行70 d后,0号和1号反应器对总磷(TP)的平均去除率分别为47.52%和56.33%.(2)添加Fe₃O₄@C材料后,反应器内变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的...