连续微滤用于钢铁厂废水处理的生产性测试

采用国产连续微滤膜(CFM)系统对多源进水条件下钢铁污水处理厂生物处理出水进行深度处理,通过现场实测其进出水水质和性能参数,分析了该系统对钢铁废水生化二级出水的水质处理效果及其运行状况,结果表明:连续微滤膜(CFM)系统运行稳定,具有较强的耐污能力,对水中COD平均去除率约为19.6%,SS平均去除率约为72.7%,总氮和总磷的去除率随进水水质变化波动较大,通过该系统膜的截留作用可有效去除水中COD、悬浮物、胶体和有机颗粒,能够使水质满足多用途回用和反渗透预处理要求。河流划分为容量型、点源污染型、农业面源型和混合型等四种类型。建议对不同类型河流应采取不同控制对策,点面结合,综合防治。系统每3～5周左右进行化学反洗后,膜通量与跨膜压差等膜性能参数可基本恢复至起始水平。     

MBR法处理选矿药剂——黄药废水的试验研究

为了寻找经济适用、无二次污染的选矿药剂废水的处理方法,首次采用MBR技术对辽宁某选矿药剂厂的黄药废水进行处理。研究了MBR系统启动与驯化过程中污泥的变化特性,并利用已运行稳定的MBR系统处理黄药废水,考察其处理效果。试验结果表明:当废水水样的黄药质量浓度为353.5～487.0 mg/L、ρ(COD)为1135.5～1486.9 mg/L、pH为9左右时,MBR系统在外加C源无水乙酸钠为0.5g/L、HRT为24 h、反应温度为(28±2)℃时处理该废水,系统连续运行12 d,其出水COD去除率均高于94.5%、黄药去除率均高于99.8%。该研究结果为选矿药剂———黄药废水的处理提供了一条新途径。     

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current(≤1A)and soluble electrodes(mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes)was studied.Compared with aluminum electrodes,mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide,with a removal efficiency of over 90%.But during the treatment process,black color precipitate typical to iron(Ⅱ)sulfides was produced.While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent,the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%.The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes(mild steel and aluminum electrodes)were discussed in detail.In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes,the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes,the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority were 68.0%,43.1%,55.1%,96.7% and 84.3%,respectively,with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L,223.4 mg/L,1000.4 mg/L,112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times,respectively.The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.     

石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极电吸附处理含盐废水的研究

高盐废水是目前水处理领域的难点,作为一种新型的除盐技术,电吸附技术具有众多优点.本文研究了一种新型碳基复合材料,石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极,并考察了其应用于电吸附的影响因素和除盐效果.在电压为1.6 V,停留时间为60min,极板间距为1 cm时电吸附装置的除盐效果最优.用其分别对精制棉黑液和叶绿素铜钠废水进行了处理.电极对数为8对时对经酸析处理后的精制棉黑液的电导率和COD的去除率分别达到58.8%和75.6%;电极对数为6~8时对叶绿素铜钠生产废水的电导率的去除率能超过50.0%,COD的去除率约为13.5%.     

凤眼莲净化印染废水过程中根系微生态系统的作用

当用凤眼莲净化印染废水,且停留时间为4天时,根部灭菌的凤眼莲的氧化缸和无凤眼莲的氧化缸对COD的去除分别为13％、15％。相比之下,未灭菌的凤眼莲氧化缸靠其根部微生态系统的协同净化作用,对COD的去除率可达35％,当废水停留时间为8天时,此项去除率达46％。三者对PVA、表面活性剂、印染废水中常见的几种染料的去除率也与上述情况相似。不能为凤眼莲直接吸改的有机物,特別是易礙聚的污染物首先被粘附、吸着、固定到根部,然后由根系微生态系统的强大净化作用降解。     

基于升流式厌氧污泥床反应器的微生物燃料电池的研究

构建了一种基于升流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）的微生物燃料电池（MFCs）,利用UASB高效去除COD能力及连续进样方式,获得稳定电能输出。考察了水力停留时间、进液方式、电极材料、离子交换膜种类、溶液离子强度等因素对于MFCs性能的影响。实验结果表明：在水力停留时间6h、连续进液、高纯石墨板电极以及均相阳离子交换膜条件下,连续运行3个月,放电功率稳定在145mW／m^2,开路电压0．78V,放电电流最高可达321mA／m^2。     

UNITANK工艺运行效果研究分析

以广州市猎德污水处理厂二期工程UNITANK工艺为例,研究分析了近三年来的运行效果。UNITANK工艺应用于城市污水处理具有良好的运行效果:COD、BOD5去除率稳定在88%以上;在没有内回流的情况下TN去除率在40%～60%之间;增加以液态硫酸铝为投加剂的化学除磷设备后,TP去除率稳定在86%以上,各项出水指标均在排放限值以下,达到国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B标准。UNITANK工艺在进水浓度较低的大型城市污水处理厂的应用是可行的。     

膜化学技术在造纸废水深度处理中的应用研究

采用膜化学反应器对造纸废水的二级生化出水进行了实验 ,讨论了废水通过膜化学反应器时 ,温度、pH值、氧化剂AK的剂量、曝气量等主要影响因素对废水CODCr去除率的影响 ,结果表明 ,最佳工艺条件下CODCr、色度的去除率达 87 1%、95 % ,出水CODCr<10 0mg L ,出水完全可以回收利用。     

Study on the effect of landfill leachate on nutrient removal from municipal wastewater

In this study, landfill leachate with and without pre-treatment was co-treated with municipal wastewater at different mixing ratios. The leachate pre-treatment was achieved by air stripping to removal ammonia. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of landfill leachate on nutrient removal of the wastewater treatment process. It was demonstrated that when landfill leachate was co-treated with municipal wastewater, the high ammonia concentration in the leachate did not have a negative impact on the nitrification. The system was able to adapt to the environment and was able to improve nitrification capacity. The readily biodegradable portion of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the leachate was utilized by the system to improve phosphorus and nitrate removal. However, this portion was small and majority of the COD ended up in the effluent thereby decreased the quality of the effluent. The study showed that the 2.5% mixing ratio of leachate with wastewater improved the overall biological nutrient removal process of the system without compromising the COD removal efficiency.     

化学沉淀法处理高盐含磷废水

高盐含磷废水具有盐含量高、污染物成分复杂和生物处理难等特点。生产鸟粪石后的浓海水因添加过量的Na₂HPO₄及NH₄HCO₃等诱导剂和稀释剂,其上清液中会有PO3-₄-P残留。针对其上清液磷含量超标的问题,使用化学沉淀法进行除磷实验。选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、FeCl₃、Ca (OH)₂、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为实验药剂,研究了反应时间、单一药剂添加量和药剂复配等因素对除磷效果的影响,筛选出2种满足出水磷含量要求(0.5 mg/L)的工艺条件。方案1:添加n (Ca)/n (P)=4.5的Ca (OH)₂,处理后溶液PO3-₄-P含量为0.2 mg/L;方案2:添加n (Al)∶n (P)=0.5的PAC+n (Ca)/n (P)=4.0的Ca (OH)₂+0.5 g/L PAM,处理后溶液PO3-₄-P含量为0.4 mg/L。综合分析,方案1操作方便,方案2有助于固液分离,二者均可以用作废水处理方案,研究结果为高盐含磷废水处理提供了一个切实可行的思路。     

丛枝菌根强化型生态浮床处理煤化工模拟含盐废水

针对缺乏经济有效的中低盐废水脱盐技术问题,本试验利用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌增强植物抗盐胁迫能力,搭建AM强化型生态浮床,既探索新的中低盐废水处理技术,又解决普通浮床植物耐盐胁迫能力差、除盐效率低的问题.结果表明,AM真菌(Glomus etunicatum)与浮床植物美人蕉(Canna indica L.)建立了良好的共生关系,且侵染不受盐胁迫的影响.接种AM真菌提高了生态浮床处理含盐废水的能力,21 d内TDS、COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了36. 1%、74. 4%、57. 6%和59. 1%,比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了79. 2%、36. 4%、32. 7%和37. 6%.从具体盐离子来看,21 d内水体中Na、K、Ca和Mg离子的去除率分别达到了34. 4%、61. 3%、57. 4%和51. 9%,相比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了11. 4%、37. 1%、18. 3%和24. 6%.从植物对盐的吸收来看,AM的存在促进了美人蕉对Na离子的吸收和向地上部的转移,这可能是AM强化型生态浮床功能得到提升的主要原因之一.本研究表明AM真菌可增强生态浮床修复水体污染的能力,提高脱盐效率.     

Treatment of phosphate-containing oily wastewater by coagulation and microfiltration

The oily wastewater generated from pretreatment unit of electrocoating industry contains oils, phosphate, organic solvents, and surfactants. In order to improve the removal efficiencies of phosphate and oils, to mitigate the membrane fouling, coagulation for ceramic membrane microfiltration of oily wastewater was performed. The results of filtration tests show that the membrane fouling decreased and the permeate flux and quality increased with coagulation as pretreatment. At the coagulant Ca （OH）2 dosage of 900 mg/L, the removal efficiency of phosphate was increased from 46.4% without coagulation to 99.6%; the removal of COD and oils were 97.0% and 99.8%, respectively. And the permeate flux was about 70% greater than that when Ca（OH）2 was not used. The permeate obtained from coagulation and microfiltration can be reused as make-up water, and the recommended operation conditions for pilot and industrial application are transmembrane pressure of 0.10 MPa and cross-flow velocity of 5 m/s. The comparison results show that 0.2 μm ZrO2 microfilter with coagulation could be used to perform the filtration rather than conventional ultrafilter, with very substantial gain in flux and removal efficiency of phosphate.     

典型城镇污水处理厂碳源智能投加控制生产性试验

乙酸钠、甲醇等药剂是污水处理厂为保障反硝化脱氮效果所投加的外碳源,然而污水处理厂存在碳源实际投加量与反硝化碳源需求量不匹配的问题。针对污水生物处理过程反硝化碳源的动态需求,研究提出了基于在线实时监测的碳源投加智能控制算法,开发了污水处理碳源智能投加控制系统,以克服人工调控碳源投加存在的过量加药、调控滞后、碳排放量高以及工艺稳定性问题。在污水处理厂进行了4个月的生产性试验,结果表明:控制系统正式运行以来出水水质稳定达标,日均乙酸钠投加量与2020年同期相比降低了21.2%,月均节省乙酸钠药剂费用4.72万元。该项技术可在保障污水处理工艺稳定的前提下实现对碳源投加的精准控制,为污水处理厂自动化运行和减污降碳提供技术和装备支撑。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液中氯离子的去除研究

开展了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗液处理的实验研究,先通过加入氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)_2)、偏铝酸钠(NaAlO_2)初步去除水洗液中的Cl~-,再利用反渗透膜分离技术,探究了浓淡比、操作压力、pH、Cl~-浓度对Cl~-去除效果的影响.结果表明,化学沉淀法初步处理能去除水洗液中约50%的Cl~-,膜分离对经初步处理水洗液中Cl~-的去除率高达93.5%.经过两级处理后,飞灰水洗液中Cl~-的去除率高达96.74%,Cl~-的含量满足排放标准的要求.     

污水再生处理微滤-反渗透工艺药剂使用及费用分析

在微滤/超滤-反渗透(MF/UF-RO)工艺运行过程中,需要投加多种药剂,以保障反渗透系统的正常运行.系统分析了北京市某再生水厂MF-RO工艺的药剂使用情况.结果表明,该MF-RO工艺投加了杀菌剂、阻垢剂、还原剂、非氧化性杀菌剂、中和剂、清洗剂等,在产水量约为7000m3/d时,药剂总投加量为3347.3kg/周,每吨产水的平均耗药量为68.32g/m3.该厂每周药剂总费用约为19,120元,每吨产水的药剂成本为39.02分/t,其中阻垢剂费用占药剂成本的比例最大,达47.44%.     

United membrane biological reactor in the treatment of wastewater

The united membrane biological reactor(UMBR) was studied for the treatment of some simulate and municipal wastewater. The removal efficiency for COD and turbidity are greater than 80% and 99% respectively. Effluent COD is less than 100 mg/L while turbidity less than 5. The removal of LAS in bath wastewater is greater than 70%. In treatment of dinning-hall wastewater, removal of fatty oil is greater than 90%, and its concentration in effluent is less than 5 mg/L. The match of biological reactor and the membrane separation component were calculated. The stable performance of wastewater treatment can be maintained by the optimization of operation conditions and the eleanout of membranes.     

影响一体式好氧膜生物反应器膜清洗周期的几个因素

一体式好氧中空纤维膜生物反应器不同操作条件下处理生活污水的试验结果表明,在膜通量１０．４Ｌ／ｍ＾２．ｈ）污泥龄２０ｄ,污泥去除负荷（ＣＯＤ／ＶＳＳ）为０．２２ｋｇ（ｋｇ．ｄ）的正常稳定运行条件下,该系统可在整个膜寿命期限内（３－５ａ）不同洗燕得到优质出水;ＣＯＤ〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,无色无味透明,未检出大肠杆菌,其中,污泥去除负荷,系统运行稳定状况和反应器流态是影响膜清洗周期     

SPG膜表面润湿性对膜污染和化学耐受性的影响

SPG膜微气泡曝气系统可应用于废水好氧处理,SPG膜污染以及其对化学清洗的耐受性是影响其应用的重要因素.本研究在采用在线化学清洗的微气泡曝气生物膜反应器中,考察了SPG膜表面性质对膜污染及化学耐受性的影响.结果表明,在长期运行过程中,SPG膜表面润湿性对膜污染和化学耐受性具有明显影响.膜表面污染层主要是有机污染,而疏水性膜抗有机污染能力较强.使用在线化学清洗时,碱性次氯酸钠溶液对亲水性膜腐蚀严重,膜孔径和孔隙率显著增大.疏水性膜抗碱性次氯酸钠溶液化学腐蚀能力较强,膜孔结构仅有轻微改变,但是疏水性膜表面疏水官能团易被氧化,使得膜表面润湿性下降.同时,疏水性膜在氧传质、污染物去除和降低能耗等方面具有优势.因此,疏水性SPG膜适用于微气泡曝气废水好氧生物处理.     

连续管式微滤+RO膜过滤技术在PCB行业重金属废水回用中的应用

采用管式微滤+RO膜过滤技术对PCB厂重金属废水进行处理回用。运行结果表明:回用处理系统总的脱盐率>99%,COD去除率为98.6%,Cu2+去除率为99.97%;该系统产水完全达到业主要求,且耐冲击负荷强。     

应用水解+A/O工艺治理化工废水的工程实践

兰州石化公司应用水解(酸化)+AO工艺组合治理化工废水。化工废水经水解(酸化)处理后,BOD5CODCr比值从<0.2提高到0.37,提高了化工废水的可生化性。该工艺利用兼氧和好氧微生物对高浓度化工废水处理后,CODCr的去除率达85%以上,NH3N的去除率达95%以上。