TiO2@酵母复合微球固定床吸附荧光增白剂-VBL的研究

研究了Ti O2@酵母复合微球在固定床中吸附阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)的特性,考察了溶液p H(2.0~8.0)、床层高度(1~3 cm)、进水浓度(20~80 mg·L-1)和进水流速(5~11 m L·min-1)等因素对固定床吸附特性的影响.结果表明在溶液p H为2.0,床层高度为1 cm,进水浓度为80 mg·L-1和进水流速为5 m L·min-1时,吸附剂的最大吸附量为223.80 mg·g-1.BDST、Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型均能很好地描述不同条件下动态吸附行为,相关系数均大于0.980.同时,Ti O2@酵母复合微球具有很好的再生性能,可以重复利用4次.     

有机物多相光催化降解反应中催化剂固定化技术研究

以ＴｉＣｌ４和异丙醇为原料,通过化学反应将钛组分以键合方式引入载体多孔硅胶颗粒的表面,经高温处理提高活性,制备出的催化剂以甲基检溶液的脱色反应有很好的光催化活性,与相同量的粉末ＴｉＯ２作用相比,活性升高,经分析测定催化剂颗粒上有３１．０５％的钛成分且表面仍保持硅胶颗粒的骨架结构,具有大比表面和高分散性的优点,利用该方法即可以制备大颗粒载体型ＴｉＯ２催化剂,也可能进一步解决用于实际太阳光废水处理装置     

A new semi-dry desulfurization process using a powder-particle spouted bed

A new semi-dry desulfurization process was tested in this study. The process uses the so-called powder-particle spouted bed (PPSB) as the reactor in which coarse medium particles, usually silica sand of several hundred micrometers in size, are fluidized with hot flue gas. A slurry of fine SO_x sorbent, such as slaked lime or other alkaline powder, is continuously supplied into the bed of coarse particles. As a consequence, both the desulfurization reaction and slurry drying take place simultaneously in the single reactor. By using a model flue gas, SO₂–air, and the sorbent Ca(OH)₂ in a laboratory-scale reactor, the removal efficiency of this process was examined with respect to major operating parameters in this study. It was demonstrated that SO₂ removal in excess of 95% can be achieved at Ca/S=1.2, while spent sorbent appears in the form of dry powder. The optimal temperature of flue gas treated with this technique was shown to be approximately 420 K. In comparison with wet desulfurization scrubbers, this PPSB semi-dry process appears to have lower cost, less complicated configuration and simpler disposal of used sorbent.     

铁矿石烧结NOx排放的实验和数值模拟

为了探明铁矿石烧结过程中影响氮氧化物排放的主要因素,采用烧结杯实验和数值模拟方法对铁矿石烧结过程中的氮氧化物排放进行了研究,实验通过变化焦炭配比和二元碱度,分析了不同焦炭配比和碱度下焦炭氮转化率.结果发现,焦炭对氮氧化物的还原作用比较大,焦炭质量分数每提高0.5%,则焦炭氮转化率减少3%左右,而碱度的作用主要体现在烧结矿的下层,在烧结床下层,应适量添加熟石灰.将焦炭颗粒按照粒径分为粘附颗粒和核心颗粒,通过建立制粒模型,对3个工况的氮氧化物排放进行了分析.烧结程序计算结果说明,粘附层的成分对焦炭氮转化率的影响也是比较大的,如果粘附层含有较多的矿石,则会降低氮氧化物和焦炭的气化反应,减少NO_x还原.     

多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床光催化降解双酚A

悬浮浆态光催化反应体系具有固-液接触面积大、过程效率高和处理量较大的优点,但存在浆态体系中纳米催化剂难于分离回收的问题,为解决这一难题,提出了在废水污染物光催化降解过程中使用易于沉降分离的微米级颗粒光催化荆,并与新设计的多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床相结合组成的光催化反应体系.以微米级颗粒Gd-TiO2为光催化剂,...     

水蒸汽流化下煤气化气态污染物释放研究1.污染物生成与脱硫实验研究

在一个连续给煤下排料的实验室规划的流化床煤气化实验台上，对不同煤种，不同温度情况下主要污染物硫化氢，氨，氰化氢的产量进行了测量，分析了各种操作条件对污染物流量的影响，并通过平行实验的比较，考察了在水蒸汽存在的还原气氛中不同温度，不同钙硫比条件下石灰石的脱硫效率。     

水蒸汽流化下煤气化气态污染物释放研究2.污染物生成与脱硫过程综合模型

将蒸汽流化下煤气化污染物生成及脱硫这一复杂物理化学过程分解为３个基本过程；流态化过程，煤热解及污染物生成过程，焦气化及脱硫过程，并在已有的对单一过程研究的基础上建立起基于煤种和实验条件的综合过程模型；模型参数通过预测值与实验值的比较加以确定，将参数估计的结果应用于综合模型，预测值与实验数据基本符合。     

TiO2/SiO2催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B的表观动力学

采用多孔硅胶为载体的TiO₂/SiO₂光催化剂,建立了三相内循环流化床光催化氧化体系,并以罗丹明B染料为典型污染物,研究其降解规律.通过对罗丹明B降解过程的表观动力学研究,发现在该体系中罗丹明B的降解并不符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应动力学模型.实验表明,其降解反应动力学符合双曲型模式,即降解率的倒数1/X和时间的倒数1/t成线性关系.反应速率常数与反应物初始浓度无关,与光源强度和相对体积能量吸收速率成正比.将不同实验条件下的罗丹明B的降解率实测值与模型计算值相比较,二者能很好吻合,平均相对偏差仅为3.25%.     

Pollutant emission characteristics of rice husk combustion in a vortexing fluidized bed incinerator

Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ⁻-N/g VSS·d, respectively. __________ Translated from Environmental Engineering, 2007, 25(6): 2, 7–10 [译自: 环境工程]     

污泥与煤在循环流化床混烧过程中的汞排放特性

在密相床截面积为0.23m×0.23m、高度为7 00m的循环流化床燃烧试验装置上进行了含汞污泥与煤的混烧试验.测试并分析讨论了污泥与煤混烧过程中汞的分布,探讨了Ca/S摩尔比、脱硫剂种类、过量空气系数等运行参数以及烟气成分对汞在烟气、飞灰和炉渣中形态分布的影响规律.结果表明,大部分汞进入烟气,且元素汞是混烧烟气中的主要存在形态.钙基脱硫剂对烟气中氧化态汞有较强的吸附脱除作用,CaO对汞的脱除效果要好于CaCO3.随着烟气中SO2、NOx浓度的增大,烟气中二价汞所占份额呈上升趋势.过量空气系数对烟气和灰渣中汞的浓度和形态分布有较大的影响.     

生物滴滤塔净化多组分废气的研究

通过生物滴滤塔(biotrickling filter,BTF)净化硫化氢(H2S)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二氯甲烷(DCM)混合废气,研究其挂膜启动和稳定运行条件下的降解性能.结果表明,混合废气H2S、THF、DCM浓度分别为200、100和100 mg·m-3,空床停留时间(empty bed retention time,EBRT)50～20 s的条件下,H2S和THF的去除率分别能够维持在99%和60%左右,而DCM的去除率随EBRT的缩短从90%逐渐降低至37%左右.利用Michaelis-Menten动力学模型分析得到,理论降解效果为H2S>THF>DCM.     

铁氮共掺杂生物炭对二级水溶解性有机物的吸附特性与长效性评价

为经济高效地去除污水厂二级水中溶解性有机物(DOM),采用铁氮共掺杂生物炭材料(Fe-N-C)作为新型吸附剂,系统分析了该新型碳材料对于二级水DOM的吸附性能、动力学过程、选择性和作用机制.此外,通过固定床吸附装置深入考察了该吸附材料的长效性和重复利用性.结果表明,Fe-N-C对于二级水DOM具有突出的吸附性能,投加量...     

人工湿地净化工业区含菲污染降雨径流的效果研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区工业区降雨径流的水质特征,采用水平潜流式人工湿地对工业区降雨径流进行模拟净化研究,分析径流主要污染物于湿地床体内的空间变化规律.本研究主要考察了湿地系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP及菲的空间分布特征,以及湿地系统上层多酚氧化酶(PPO)、硝酸盐还原酶(NR)酶活性的变化规律;同时监测湿地系统DO、pH、ORP及水温这4项理化指标,并分析它们对系统中污染物去除效能及酶活性的影响.结果表明,DO、pH、ORP及水温均表现为横向降低趋势,COD、TP及菲的吸附去除在床体前端1/4处已基本完成;纵向,上层DO、ORP均显著高于底层,水平潜流系统总体处于缺氧、厌氧状态,上层COD、TP、TN、NH4+-N及菲去除率分别为底层的1.17～1.36、2.04～2.11、1.40～1.92、1.37～2.30、1.07～1.36倍,净化效能的差异纵向强于横向.NR活性与NO3--N浓度显著正相关,横向上NR、PPO活性差异不明显.     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using an integrated system of a new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor and micrometer Gd-doped TiO2 particles

A new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor (GLSCFBPR) with internally placed multi-layered UV lamps was developed. Micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles and commercial nanometer P25-TiO₂ were chosen as the photocatalysts, and the hazardous substance bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the model pollutant to investigate the performance of this new photocatalytic system. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles was similar to that of the nanometer P-25 particles at their respective optimum dosage but the former could be easily separated out by gravity. After investigating the effects of process parameters on the photocatalytic BPA degradation, the response surface method (RSM) was further used for process optimization. The interactions among process parameters, i.e., TiO₂ concentration, superficial gas velocity and superficial liquid velocity were discovered and a related analysis was carried out to explore the underlying mechanism. A quadratic mathematic model was established and performed satisfactorily when used for prediction. The optimum conditions for this new process were as follows: TiO₂ concentration 4.5 g/L, superficial gas velocity 7.83 × 10^-3 m/sec and superficial liquid velocity 8.65 × 10^-3 m/sec.     

Benzene conversion by manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma

Non-thermal plasma technologies have shown their promising potential specially for the low concentration of volatile organic compound control in indoor air in recent years. But it is also high energy consuming. So, to improve the energy efficiency, adding catalysts which enhance the plasma chemical reactions to plasma reactors may be a good selection. Therefore, in this study the manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma was developed for benzene conversion at a relatively high energy efficiency. The results show that MnO₂ could promote complete oxidation of benzene with O₂ and O₃ produced in the plasma discharge zone. The energy efficiency of benzene conversion with MnO₂ was two folds as much as that without catalysts. It was also found that the site of MnO₂ in the reactor and the energy density had effects on benzene conversion. While the energy density was lower than 48 J/L, benzene conversion decreased with the increase in the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. Whereas when the energy density was higher than 104 J/L, benzene conversion had an optimal value that was governed by the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. The mechanism of benzene oxidation in plasma discharges and over MnO₂ is discussed in detail. __________ Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(6): 703–707 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

Bioreactor systems for thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production: evaluation and comparison of appropriate systems

Numerous different bioreactor systems are applied for hydrogen production by dark fermentation. Thermophilic fermentations are gaining an increased interest due to the high hydrogen yields associated with them. In order to reach the best thermophilic fermentation system, 2 types of bioreactors, a trickling bed and a fluidized bed system, were constructed and operated under similar conditions. Both systems were designed to meet the requirements of thermophilic fermentations, such as reduction of hydrogen partial pressure, system immanence as its best as well as increasing cell densities. For comparing the 2 systems, the extreme thermophilic organism Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis OL^T and a glucose-containing medium were employed. Parameters like hydraulic retention time, glucose concentration and stripping gas amount were varied. Each bioreactor system exhibited certain advantages; the trickling bed system enabled yields close to 3 mol-H₂ (mol-glucose)^?1 and productivities of 0.2 L L^?1 h^?1, but the application of stripping gas seemed to be obligatory. The fermentations in the fluidized bed system were characterized by slightly higher productivities (0.25 L L^?1 h^?1), but generally lower yields. However, operation of this system without stripping gas was possible.     

组合型生态浮床的动态水质净化特性

研究开发了一种由水生植物、水生动物及微生物膜构建的组合型浮床生态系统.通过中试研究,考察了该浮床对富营养化湖泊水体在动态条件下的净化效果.结果表明,水体交换时间为7d时TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别为53 .8%、86 .0%和35 .4%.污染物的直接净化主体为人工介质和水生植物单元,但在生态浮床中引入河蚬增加水生动物单元,通过食物链的“加环"作用,提高了颗粒性有机物的可溶化和无机化（氨化）以及可生化性,改善了植物吸收以及人工介质单元生物膜中微生物的基质条件,促进微生物的生长和活性,提高了浮床的净化效果.     

Electro-assisted regeneration of ion exchange resins

Electro-assisted regeneration (EAR) for the mixed bed of strongly acidic cation and weakly basic anion exchange resins with the Al(OH)3 suspension in a three-compartment cell was investigated. The desalination experiments were carried out to evaluate the characteristic of the regenerated mixed resins. Experimental results showed that the efficiency of resin regeneration was strictly dependent on the voltage, regeneration time, and feed regenerant flow rate. The amount of the effluent reached 50 times the volume of the resins bed, and the conductivity was less than 1.0 μs/cm. Compared to the conventional ER, the total effluent volume of EAR was about 1000 mL more than that of ER under the same conditions, and the outlet conductivity was significantly lower. The desalination and regeneration reaction mechanisms of the mixed resins indicated the regeneration efficiency of resin with Al(OH)₃ as the regenerant was much higher than that with H₂O.