液电等离子体处理有机废水

水中高压脉冲放电可引起物理和化学效应，物理效应形成紫外光和冲击波，化学效应主要促使活性物质的形成。利用这一技术处理废水具有高能电子、紫外线、臭氧等多因素的综合作用，是集光、电、化学氧化于一体的新型水处理技术，可大大增强处理效果。阐述了这一技术在有机废水处理方面的技术原理、电源、反应器类型，以及研究现状和发展趋势，并对这一技术在废水处理中的应用进行展望。     

硝基芳香烃废水处理技术研究进展

本文综述了硝基芳香烃废水处理技术的研究现状及在实际工程中的应用现状 ,这些技术的原理主要基于物理、化学、生物等方面的作用。同时本文还展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景 ,采用生物处理及其他多种处理方法协同作用已成为发展趋势。     

硝基节香烃废水处理技术研究进展

本文综述了硝基芳香烃废水处理技术的研究现状及在实际工程中的应用现状，这些技术的原理主要基于物理、化学、生物等方面的作用。同时本文还展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景，采用生理处理及其他多种处理方法协同作用已成为发展趋势。     

切削液废水处理技术研究进展

在机械加工和制造业中,切削液被广泛应用于工件的冷却、清洗、防锈和润滑,产生大量废切削液。切削液废水中含有大量乳化油、添加剂(表面活性剂、缓蚀剂、消泡剂),以及废油、粉尘和金属屑等杂质,排放前需经过严格的处理。切削液废水处理大致分为物理、化学和生物法3大类。不同的处理方法有各自的优缺点。物理法中的膜分离技术具有效率高、占地小、无二次污染等优点,是处理切削液废水的有效技术;但膜污染问题限制了膜过滤技术的大规模引用,开发机械强度高、亲水性的新型膜材料是重要的研究方向。传统的混凝法处理成本较低,然而混凝产生的大量矾花沉淀还需进行二次处理。氧化法能够将污染物矿化为无害无机物,但处理成本很高。由于切削液废水的成分复杂,具有生物毒性,无法对其进行单独的生物处理;可将生物处理单元与氧化过程联用,先通过氧化法提高废水的可生化性,再进行成本低廉的生物处理;这样既能够节约氧化剂用量,也可完成切削液废水的深度处理。本文在综述切削液废水处理技术的研究进展基础上,提出了现有处理工艺中存在的问题,探讨了解决的思路,可为切削液废水处理技术的发展提供参考。     

粉末活性碳-生物处理技术及工程应用

粉末活性碳—生物处理技术是一种强化生物工艺。介绍了该工艺的设计方法以及在不同化工废水处理中的应用实例。粉末活性碳—生物处理技术在废水处理中能提高废水的综合处理效果 ,而且运行成本不高 ,并可改善活性污泥的结构 ,技术和经济上均可行 ,在工业废水处理中有很好的应用前景。     

一种新的除磷工艺

北卡罗来纳的P·O·汉斯兰开发了一种新的废水生物处理专利技术,该技术可显著地降低废水中磷的水平.该废水处理系统自1992年运行,每天可处理1200万加仑废水.在运行的第一年,该系统在不投任何化学添加剂的情况下,可将废水中磷含量降至0.27毫克/升.要达到该处理水平,该系统的3个独立工序将共同运行.主流工     

电镀废水处理技术的应用现状探讨

对电镀废水进行回用和重金属回收,不仅能节约水资源,还能有效解决重金属对水体的污染问题。总结了电镀废水的来源与成分构成,并较系统介绍了目前常用的废水处理技术——物理法、化学法、物化法、生物处理法以及电化学法等的应用现状,最后对电镀废水处理技术发展进行了展望。     

固定化微生物技术及其处理废水机制的研究进展

固定化微生物技术利用物理或化学手段将具有特定生理功能的游离微生物固定于载体材料内部或表面,并加以有效利用。该技术具有微生物活性高、单位空间微生物密度高、耐受性好、抗冲击负荷能力强、处理效率高等优点,目前已被广泛应用于废水处理。综述了固定化载体、固定化方法、固定化装置,阐述了固定化微生物技术对废水中重金属、有机污染物及氨氮的去除机制,并展望了固定化微生物技术的发展趋势,为固定化微生物技术在废水领域的普遍应用提供了指导。     

药物合成废水处理工程

针对氯唑沙宗、枸橼酸莫沙必利化学原料药合成过程中产生的有机废水浓度高、成分复杂及处理难度大等特点(COD高达80000mg/L左右),采用催化氧化-生物化学方法,试验研究了药物合成废水处理。试验结果表明,该技术对合成废水的COD去除率可达98%,SS去除率可达96%,色度降到50倍左右,其去除率约为98%。该系统运行费用为0.4~0·5元/m3废水。经过3个月的工程运行,表明催化氧化-生物化学处理药物合成废水系统是一种高效率、低能耗、运行管理方便、经济可行的处理方法。处理类似制药废水这样的高浓度有机废液,上述废水处理工艺具有广阔的应用前景。     

高梯度磁分离技术在环保中的应用

一、在水处理中应用 (一)钢铁工业废水处理这是目前磁性分离技术应用最多也是最成功的领域。国内外都有许多实用的例子,用它取代老式的沉淀池—快滤池处理系统。这是由于钢铁废水均含有大量磁性粒于,SS整体显示磁性,直接通过HGMS就可获得很高的SS     

Fine Particulate Chemical Composition and Light Extinction at Meadview,AZ

Abstract

The concentration of fine particulate nitrate, sulfate, and carbonaceous material was measured for 12-hr day-night samples using diffusion denuder samplers during the Project Measurement of Haze and Visibility Effects (MOHAVE) July to August 1992 Summer Intensive study at Meadview, AZ, just west of Grand Canyon National Park. Organic material was measured by several techniques. Only the diffusion denuder method measured the semivolatile organic material. Fine particulate sulfate and nitrate (using denuder technology) determined by various groups agreed. Based on the various collocated measurements obtained during the Project MOHAVE study, the precision of the major fine particulate species was ±0.6 μg/m³ organic material, ±0.3 μg/m³ ammonium sulfate, and ±0.07 μg/m³ ammonium nitrate. Data were also available on fine particulate crustal material, fine and coarse particulate mass from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sampling system, and relative humidity (RH), light absorption, particle scattering, and light extinction measurements from Project MOHAVE. An extinction budget was obtained using mass scattering coefficients estimated from particle size distribution data. Literature data were used to estimate the change in the mass scattering coefficients for the measured species as a function of RH and for the absorption of light by elemental carbon. Fine particulate organic material was the principal particulate contributor to light extinction during the study period, with fine particulate sulfate as the second most important contributor. During periods of highest light extinction, contributions from fine particulate organic material, sulfate, and light-absorbing carbon dominated the extinction of light by particles. Particle light extinction was dominated by sulfate and organic material during periods of lowest light extinction. Combination of the extinction data and chemical mass balance analysis of sulfur oxides sources in the region indicate that the major anthropogenic contributors to light extinction were from the Los Angeles, CA, and Las Vegas, NV, urban areas. Mohave Power Project associated secondary sulfate was a negligible contributor to light extinction.     

Fine particulate chemical composition and light extinction at Meadview, AZ

The concentration of fine particulate nitrate, sulfate, and carbonaceous material was measured for 12-hr day-night samples using diffusion denuder samplers during the Project Measurement of Haze and Visibility Effects (MOHAVE) July to August 1992 Summer Intensive study at Meadview, AZ, just west of Grand Canyon National Park. Organic material was measured by several techniques. Only the diffusion denuder method measured the semivolatile organic material. Fine particulate sulfate and nitrate (using denuder technology) determined by various groups agreed. Based on the various collocated measurements obtained during the Project MOHAVE study, the precision of the major fine particulate species was +/- 0.6 microg/m3 organic material, +/- 0.3 microg/m3 ammonium sulfate, and +/- 0.07 microg/m3 ammonium nitrate. Data were also available on fine particulate crustal material, fine and coarse particulate mass from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sampling system, and relative humidity (RH), light absorption, particle scattering, and light extinction measurements from Project MOHAVE. An extinction budget was obtained using mass scattering coefficients estimated from particle size distribution data. Literature data were used to estimate the change in the mass scattering coefficients for the measured species as a function of RH and for the absorption of light by elemental carbon. Fine particulate organic material was the principal particulate contributor to light extinction during the study period, with fine particulate sulfate as the second most important contributor. During periods of highest light extinction, contributions from fine particulate organic material, sulfate, and light-absorbing carbon dominated the extinction of light by particles. Particle light extinction was dominated by sulfate and organic material during periods of lowest light extinction. Combination of the extinction data and chemical mass balance analysis of sulfur oxides sources in the region indicate that the major anthropogenic contributors to light extinction were from the Los Angeles, CA, and Las Vegas, NV, urban areas. Mohave Power Project associated secondary sulfate was a negligible contributor to light extinction.     

Treatment of mixed dairy and dye wastewater in anode of microbial fuel cell with simultaneous electricity generation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a green technology that converts the stored chemical energy of organic matter to electricity; therefore, it can be used...     

Hygroscopic organic aerosols during BRAVO?

The hygroscopic properties of the organic fraction of aerosols are poorly understood. The ability of organic aerosols to absorb water as a function of relative humidity (RH) was examined using data collected during the 1999 Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO). (On average, organics accounted for 22% of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) mass). Hourly RH exceeded 80% only 3.5% of the time and averaged 44%. BRAVO aerosol chemical composition and dry particle size distributions were used to estimate PM2.5 light scattering (Bsp) at low and high ambient RH. Liquid water growth associated with inorganic species was sufficient to account for measured Bsp for RH between 70 and 95%.     

多元多相光催化氧化反应器及其对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚有机污染物降解的研究

利用多元多相光催化氧化反应器 ,可更换不同氧化剂、光源、金属氧化物半导体催化膜、电子捕获器 ,进行化学氧化、光氧化、光化学氧化、光催化氧化和光化学催化氧化等 5种类型多种组合试验 ,处理水中难降解有机物效果明显。设备具有持久性、灵活性、捕电性、简易性 ,适用于科研、工程试验中 ,亦可作教学设备     

MBR在橡胶废水处理中的应用

橡胶废水具有含盐量高、色度高、有机污染成分含量高且难于生化降解等特点。膜生物反应器(MBR)技术的核心是生化处理加微滤膜过滤,通过将MBR技术应用于橡胶废水处理的实践表明,该技术对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率都达到了85%以上,再辅之以药剂处理后,降低了色度和难降解有机物含量,出水水质完全符合排放标准的要求,是一种解决橡胶污水处理难题的有效途径。     

Organic compounds in indoor air—their relevance for perceived indoor air quality?

It is generally believed that indoor air pollution, one way or another may cause indoor air complaints. However, any association between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations and increase of indoor climate complaints, like the sick-building syndrome symptoms, is not straightforward. The reported symptom rates of, in particular, eye and upper airway irritation cannot generally be explained by our present knowledge of common chemically non-reactive VOCs measured indoors. Recently, experimental evidence has shown those chemical reactions between ozone (either with or without nitrogen dioxide) and unsaturated organic compounds (e.g. from citrus and pine oils) produce strong eye and airway irritating species. These have not yet been well characterised by conventional sampling and analytical techniques. The chemical reactions can occur indoors, and there is indirect evidence that they are associated with eye and airway irritation. However, many other volatile and non-volatile organic compounds have not generally been measured which could equally well have potent biological effects and cause an increase of complaint rates, and posses a health/comfort risk. As a consequence, it is recommended to use a broader analytical window of organic compounds than the classic VOC window as defined by the World Health Organisation. It may include hitherto not yet sampled or identified intermediary species (e.g., radicals, hydroperoxides and ionic compounds like detergents) as well as species deposited onto particles. Additionally, sampling strategies including emission testing of building products should carefully be linked to the measurement of organic compounds that are expected, based on the best available toxicological knowledge, to have biological effects at indoor concentrations.     

Rates of production of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen from irradiated compost

The use of organic matter from compost to promote the catalytic photodegradation of micropollutants by solar light appears to be environmentally promising. However, quantitative evaluation of the photodegradation potential of the compost is needed. Our goal was to measure the formation rate of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, two strongly oxidant species, from irradiated compost organic matter. These two reactive species were photogenerated in all of our extracts regardless of the origin of the compost or the extraction procedure; however, their formation rates increased with composting time. Two herbicides and a fungicide were successfully photodegraded when irradiated with simulated or natural solar light in the presence of the compost organic matter or compost suspensions. For reasons of simplification and ease, the use of the latter is recommended in practice.     

Solar energy for electricity and fuels

Solar energy conversion into electricity by photovoltaic modules is now a mature technology. We discuss the need for materials and device developments using conventional silicon and other materials, pointing to the need to use scalable materials and to reduce the energy payback time. Storage of solar energy can be achieved using the energy of light to produce a fuel. We discuss how this can be achieved in a direct process mimicking the photosynthetic processes, using synthetic organic, inorganic, or hybrid materials for light collection and catalysis. We also briefly discuss challenges and needs for large-scale implementation of direct solar fuel technologies.     

Feasibility of soil dust source apportionment by the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method

This study tested the feasibility of using pyrolysis (Py)-gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) to obtain organic chemical species data suitable for source apportionment modeling of soil-derived coarse particulate matter (PM10) dust on ambient filters. A laboratory resuspension apparatus was used with known soils to generate simulated receptor filter samples loaded with approximately 0.4 mg of PM10 dust, which is within the range of mass loading on ambient filters. Py-GC/MS at 740 degrees C generated five times more resolvable compounds than were obtained with thermal desorption GC/MS at 315 degrees C. The identified compounds were consistent with literature from Py experiments using larger samples of bulk soils. A subset of 91 organic species out of the 178 identified Py products was used as input to CMB8 software in a demonstration of source apportionment using laboratory-generated mixtures simulating ambient filter samples. The 178 quantified organic species obtained by Py of soil samples is an improvement compared with the 38 organic species obtained by thermal desorption of soils and the four functionally defined organic fractions reported by thermal/ optical reflectance. Significant differences in the concentration of specific species were seen between samples from different sites, both geographically distant and close, using analysis of variance and cluster analysis. This feasibility study showed that Py-GC/MS can generate useful source profile data for receptor modeling and justifies continued method development.