健全和完善我国危险品安全评价制度的对策研究

本文通过阐述我国安全评价制度实施现状和危险品安全评价特点,剖析了当前危险品安全评价中存在的主要问题,探讨了危险品安全评价亟需改进和完善的内容,并从健全危险品安全评价制度和保证安全评价质量等角度提出了对策建议。     

基于证据理论的燃煤电站安全评价研究

针对燃煤电站生产过程复杂,运行安全难以准确评价的问题,提出了基于证据理论的安全评价方法.该方法充分考虑了电站安全评价证据的不精确性和不完全性.在构建燃煤电站安全评价多属性决策树的基础上,提出了定量和定性证据相结合的方法.分别给出了定性和定量两种安全决策知识的获取和转化方法.建立了决策树安全评价模型,给出了证据推理算法.将该方法应用于某2×600MW燃煤电站的安全评价,充分利用电站运行与维护数据、安全检查结果,确定了电站运行安全状态.结果表明,该方法可行有效,很好地解决了部分证据不精确和不完全的安全评价问题,评价结果为运行与维修决策和安全整改提供依据.     

安全评价工作在发展中应解决的问题

<正>近年来,为保障安全生产,全国范围内开展安全评价工作。安全生产监督管理部门把安全评价作为强有力的安全生产监管手段,企业把安全评价作为实现安全生产的重要前提之一;安全评价工作对于有效预防事故发生,减少财产损失,起到了重要作用,取得了良好的效果。为了进一步发挥安全评价对安全生产工作的功能和作用,本文分析和总结了安全评价发展中的问题,并提出改进或完善的措施建     

建设项目安全评价与职业病危害评价对比分析

建设项目的安全评价和职业病危害评价工作在我国的安全生产工作中占有重要地位。本文从评价的法律依据、评价分类、评价程序和评价方法等方面对建设项目安全评价和职业病危害评价进行了对比分析,探讨了建设项目安全评价与职业病危害评价的关系,两种评价工作在法律依据、评价内容等方面的联系和区别。安全评价和职业病危害评价的程序大体相同,评价方法的选择各有侧重。针对安全评价和职业病危害评价工作中存在的一些问题,如安全评价和职业病危害评价工作存在的交叉和重复问题、评价方法的选择以及评价报告评审规范化管理等提出建议。     

航空公司安全信息管理水平评价方法研究

分析了目前我国航空公司在安全信息管理和安全信息管理水平综合评价方面存在的问题.从航空公司安全信息管理的实际工作出发,结合安全管理体系(SMS)中对于安全信息管理的要求,建立了航空公司安全信息管理水平评价指标体系,并针对每个评价指标建立了4个等级的评价标准.基于主成分分析方法建立了航空公司安全信息管理水平综合评价模型.按照建立的指标体系和评价标准对5家航空公司进行了安全信息管理水平评分,并以此数据为基础,利用建立的综合评价模型对5家公司的安全信息管理水平进行了综合评价和排序,针对评价结果对各航空公司提高安全信息管理水平提出了具体的建议措施.     

浅谈安全评价

安全评价是实现安全生产的重要手段和基本程序.本文描述了安全评价的意义、类型、常用方法和评价基本程序,并且在回顾我国安全评价工作发展的基础上对我国安全评价工作存在的问题提出了一些建议.     

高校校园安全水平模糊综合评判指标体系建立

近年来高校校园安全问题日益严峻,为给高校校园安全工作提供一个可靠可行的方案,在调查分析的基础上,建立了具有可操作性的高校校园安全评判指标体系,确定了影响高校校园安全的安全设施现状评价、安全管理体系评价和安全保障体系评价3个准则,以及交通设施现状评价、治安管理体系评价、安全文化建设评价等13个安全评价指标,并运用层次分析法确定了各层次评价指标的权重,建立了多级模糊综合评判模型.最后,结合某高校的实际情况进行评判计算,验证了该指标体系的合理性和可行性.     

神经元网络在安全评价中的应用

利用人工神经元网络进行安全评价可以克服传统的安全评价方法的缺点,提高安全评价方法的精确度和可靠性。笔者在BP神经网络基本原理的基础上,利用机会约束的思想建立了综合安全评价模型;运用反向传播算法和遗传算法对神经元网络进行训练;进而就系统综合安全评价模型进行求解,并对运用神经元网络进行综合安全评价的优点进行了分析。最后,通过对实例进行综合安全评价,得出计算结果,同时也证明将人工神经元网络应用于安全评价的可行性     

论动态安全评价

指出了静态安全评价存在的问题 ,提出了动态安全评价的概念、思路、方法和步骤 ,给出了动态的组合危险值、工程量危险值、事故损失率和安全指数的表达式。动态安全评价可以克服静态安全评价的不足 ,还能发挥安全评价对风险预测、事故预防 ,提高安全管理水平的重要作用。     

我国安全评价机构现状与分析

安全评价机构作为安全评价工作的主体实施机构和连接政府和企业之间在安全管理工作上的桥梁,其组织管理和服务状况对安全评价工作的发展与完善有非常重要的影响。本文对截止2006年12月初国家安全生产监督管理总局批准的甲级资质安全评价机构和各省局批准并报总局备案的乙级资质安全评价机构的数量分布、业务范围分布等内容进行了统计、分析,并提出了安全评价机构发展的建议。     

改进BP算法在煤与瓦斯突出预测中的应用

为了正确预测煤与瓦斯突出的趋势与危险性 ,基于反向BP神经网络 ,笔者提出了一种改进的BP网络模型 :为了加快BP网络的收敛速度 ,增强其跳出局部极小点的能力 ,采用了自适应变步长法和改进模拟退火法 (SA法 )相结合的方法。实际应用表明 ,该模型收敛速度快 ,准确性高 ,具有较高的可靠性和实用性 ,是一种十分有效的煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测方法。     

水杨酸对镉、锌复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

在水培条件下,以辽春10号小麦品种为供试材料,研究了10-4mol.L-1、10-5mol.L-1、10-6mol.L-13种不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对1mmol.L-1Cd2+、5mmol.L-1Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组(未加SA处理的Cd2+、Zn2+复合污染)相比,经SA处理Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗地上及地下生物量都有明显增高,特别是10-4mol.L-1SA处理组分别增加23.78%和24.7%;10-4mol.L-1SA处理组小麦幼苗根系活力提高6.74%。在试验第6 d、11 d根系和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)分别达到峰值且以10-4mol.L-1SA处理组最高;在整个试验期间3个SA处理组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性始终高于对照,其中10-4mol.L-1SA处理组为对照组的146.6%;SA处理使丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,在试验第11 d,10-4mol.L-1SA处理组叶片和根系中丙二醛含量分别为对照组的85.5%和87.6%。但是在试验第14 d各组小麦幼苗叶片和根系中丙二醛含量全部有所回升。综合来看,不同浓度的SA处理均能提高小麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性且高浓度SA(10-4mol.L-1)处理效果最明显。这表明,水杨酸能够通过促进保护酶活性的升高,抑制活性氧含量的增加,从而有效缓解Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫对小麦的毒害。     

关于职工情境意识的研究综述

对情境意识的定义、活动机制、测量方法及强化方法等进行了述评。分析了关于情境意识研究的问题及趋势。     

SA8000与OHSMS试行标准

简要介绍了 SA80 0 0 (社会责任标准 )和 OHSMS(职业安全卫生管理体系 )试行标准的内容和要求 ;分析了两个标准的联系和区别 ;论述了实施 OHSMS试行标准的作用 ;提出了加强我国安全生产管理的建议。     

The impact of self-appraisals on reactions to feedback from others: the role of self-enhancement and self-consistency concerns

This study examined the usefulness of self-appraisal (SA) as a technique designed to enhance the motivational and developmental impact of feedback from others. Drawing from research on self-enhancement and self-consistency motives, it was hypothesized that individuals would agree with and incorporate feedback that is consistent with their SA, whereas they would be more satisfied and perform better if feedback is more favorable than their SA. A field study was conducted with 122 MBA students as participants. On average, students were 25 years old and had 1.8 years of work experience. Seventy per cent of students were male and 82 per cent were white. The findings supported all of the hypotheses except the hypothesis concerning satisfaction. Implications for improving the impact of performance appraisal feedback are discussed.     

“Everything was fine”*: An analysis of the drill crew's situation awareness on Deepwater Horizon

PurposeInvestigation reports into the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig disaster identified issues with the drill crew's situation awareness (SA). The aim was to (1) apply the Driller's Situation Awareness (DSA) model to the cognitive data extracted from accident reports from this event to determine if it could help to explain why the crew erroneously concluded that the well was stable, which would (2) provide a preliminary evaluation of the model's validity.MethodThe DSA model was used for a content analysis of the SA components in the accounts of the crew's actions during two Negative Pressure Tests (NPT), in the hours before the blowout.ResultsThe analysis provided (1) insight into the crew's likely cognitive processes before the blowout. In particular, it revealed issues with their interpretation and mental models of the well state, as well as possible influencing factors including expectation, distraction and experience, emphasising the impact that SA can have on process safety. The categorisation has (2) initially suggested that the DSA model does contain the appropriate components.LimitationsThere are limited first hand reports of this event and thus cognitive processes have to be inferred with a degree of caution.Practical implicationsThe findings give a preliminary validation of the DSA model for further use in training and in investigation of well control events. Recommendations based on the findings are offered for assisting driller SA and consequently, for supporting safe and efficient drilling operations. There is also the opportunity to adapt the DSA model and apply the recommendations from the analysis to similar monitoring positions, where SA is essential, within the process industries.     

The role of situation awareness in accidents of large-scale technological systems

In the last two decades, several serious accidents at large-scale technological systems that have had grave consequences, such as that at Bhopal, have primarily been attributed to human error. However, further investigations have revealed that humans are not the primary cause of these accidents, but have inherited the problems and difficulties of working with complex systems created by engineers. The operators have to comprehend malfunctions in real time, respond quickly, and make rapid decisions to return operational units to normal conditions, but under these circumstances, the mental workload of operators rises sharply, and a mental workload that is too high increases the rate of error. Therefore, cognivitive human features such as situation awareness (SA)—one of the most important prerequisite for decision-making—should be considered and analyzed appropriately. This paper applys the SA Error Taxonomy methodology to analyze the role of SA in three different accidents: (1) A runaway chemical reaction at Institute, West Virginia killing two employees, injuring eight people, and requiring the evacuation of more than 40,000 residents adjacent to the facility, (2) The ignition of a vapor cloud at Bellwood, Illinois that killed one person, injured two employees, and caused significant business interruption, and (3) An explosion at Ontario, California injuring four workers and caused extensive damage to the facility. In addition, the paper presents certain requirements for cognitive operator support system development and operator training under abnormal situations to promote operators’ SA in the process industry.     

Automation design in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants

This study evaluated the effects of levels of automation (LOAs) decisions in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants. Following advancements in design of digitalized human–system interfaces (HSIs), the roles of human operators have changed significantly. Negative performance and safety consequences may occur as a result of these changes. These problems are viewed as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problems. This study conducted an experiment to compare the effects of different LOAs under different operating procedures on operating performance. Experimental results indicated that blended decision-making (level 6 LOA) generates the lowest mental workload. Furthermore, the pattern of SA observed in this study is found better SA at intermediate LOA and poorer SA at low level of automation and full automation. Subjective rating results suggest that LOAs distribute the roles of option generation, and selection between human and/or computer servers which significantly impacts automated system performance. This study provides a direction for the HSI designers in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Additionally, based on results obtained by this study, the user interfaces of PCTRAN system and the alarm reset system should be improved to ensure safe operation of NPPs.     

环境风险评价的现状问题及建议初探

在介绍环境风险评价发展概况的基础上,简要探讨了环境风险评价存在的问题,包括环境风险评价与安全评价在技术方法上协调不足,环境风险评价与环境风险评估衔接不够到位,环境风险评价方法体系与国外尚存在差距,部分环境风险防范措施的标准指导有待完善。针对以上问题,建议不同职能部门加强沟通和合作,推动环境风险评价、安全评价技术标准和手段更好地统一;将环境风险评价和环境风险评估有效衔接或合并;加强相关基础研究和数据积累工作;在相关技术导则或评估指南中明确事故应急池等环境风险防范措施的设置依据。