江西省耕地土壤氮素空间变异特征及其影响因素

为定量探讨省域尺度下土壤氮素空间变异特征及其影响因素。以江西省2012年测土配方施肥项目采集的16 582个耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤样点数据,运用普通克里格、单因素方差分析与回归分析方法,对土壤氮素空间变异特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）江西省土壤全氮(TN)含量在026~375 g/kg之间,平均值为158 g/kg,变异系数为3101%;碱解氮(AN)含量值域范围为1160~39970 mg/kg,平均值为16431 mg/kg,变异系数为3460%;二者均呈中等程度的变异性。（2）经半方差分析,TN与AN的变程分别为31489和3030 km,TN的空间自相关范围大而AN较小。（3）在空间分布上,高值区主要分布在新余市、抚州市与景德镇市。（4）回归分析与单因素方差分析结果表明,地形因子、耕地利用方式、成土母质、土壤类型和秸秆还田方式对土壤氮素空间变异影响极显著(P<001)。秸秆还田方式对土壤TN与AN空间变异的独立解释能力最高,分别为271%与42%,是影响江西土壤氮素空间变异的主要因素。     

丰乐河流域表层土壤有机碳空间变异特征研究

土壤有机碳含量空间变异特征的研究对于区域土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。在ArcGIS技术的支持下对丰乐河流域表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳（SOC）含量的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：丰乐河流域SOC含量为1431±4.50 g·kg-1,不同土地利用类型下SOC含量差异显著（p<001）。其中,林地SOC含量的均值最大,为1558±593 g·kg-1;水田和旱地次之（分别为1539±309 g·kg-1、1146±304 g·kg-1）;园地最小(1109±348 g·kg-1)。流域SOC含量变异系数（CV）为3144%,属中等变异程度。其中,林地的CV为3806%,在4种土地利用类型中为最大;园地、旱地的CV分别为3138%、2652%;水田的CV最小,为2007%,表明人类活动影响表层土壤有机碳含量的变异程度。研究区表层SOC半方差模型为球状模型,块金效应小于25%,存在强烈的空间自相关性,且空间变异主要由结构性因素引起。SOC含量空间分布的各向异性显著,在南北方向上变异程度最为剧烈。SOC含量空间分布表现为东北部、西南部较高,西北部偏低,总体呈斑块状分布     

合肥老城区绿地土壤pH和氮磷的空间变异特征

基于地统计学和GIS方法研究了合肥主城区一环内绿地表层土壤（0～10 cm）的pH值和全氮、速效磷、全磷3种养分要素的空间变异特征,并应用半变异函数分析了pH和各养分要素的空间异质性程度。结果表明：土壤pH变化范围和变异系数分别为67~88和50%,全氮分别为292~3 789 mg/kg和475%,全磷为147～2 470 mg/kg和687%,速效磷为56～1064 mg/kg和657%;全磷含量的变异系数最大,其空间异质性主要由结构性因素引起,pH、全氮和速效磷的空间变异则由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用引起。土壤全氮与pH之间存在显著负相关,而土壤全磷与速效磷存在显著正相关。pH和速效磷的最佳拟合模型为球状模型,全氮和全磷的最佳拟合模型为指数模型;通过Kriging插值得到合肥市一环内土壤pH和各养分的空间分布特征     

丹江口水库表层沉积物不同形态氮的赋存特征及其生物有效性

为了揭示丹江口水库沉积物氮空间分布特征及其生物有效性,采用连续分级提取法研究了表层沉积物中可交换态氮(Exchangeable nitrogen,EN)、酸解态氮(Acid hydrolysable nitrogen,HN)及残渣态氮(Residue nitrogen,RN)的赋存特征,同时结合生物可利用态氮的含量,探讨了各形态氮对生物可利用态氮的贡献。结果表明,丹江口水库沉积物中总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)在425~5796 mg/kg之间,平均为1 319.32 mg/kg,其中EN、HN和RN的平均值相对比例为2.15∶1.95∶1,且各形态氮含量的空间分布呈入库河流大于库区开阔区域的特征,尤其在丹江、老灌河以及犟河-堵河入库口的含量较大。潜在矿化氮(Potential mineralized nitrogen,PMN)含量在40.20~1 468.95 mg/kg之间,平均为275.06 mg/kg,其中EN对丹江口水库沉积物PMN的贡献较大,比例在19.85%~90.80%之间,平均为63.47%。各形态氮在不同的水环境条件下发生迁移转化,保持着水-沉积物界面氮的动态平衡。     

区域土壤质量对土地利用变化响应研究——以土壤氮元素为例

选取长江三角洲典型地区--原锡山市作为研究区域,以1982和2005年土壤全氮和速效氮作为研究对象,探讨区域土地利用变化对土壤氮含量的影响。通过统计分析表明,20年来原锡山市土壤全氮含量降低016 g/kg,速效氮含量降低763 mg/kg。通过变异函数分析,20年来原锡山市全氮和速效氮的变异函数理论模型呈指数型,但块金方差与基台值的比值、自相关阀值发生了较大变化;Kriging插值分析结果表明,1982年全氮和速效氮分布较简单,2005年全氮分布较复杂,速效氮分布较简单,同时kriging插值分析还表明,20年来原锡山市土壤全氮含量降低,空间变异变化显著;土壤速效氮含量变化较小,空间差异变化明显。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤有机质及氮素空间分布特征

通过对鄱阳湖三个典型湿地植物群落带土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布特征的研究,结果表明：有机质和全氮在湿地土壤中的垂直分布规律具有一致性,表层含量显著高于下层,40 cm以下土壤养分含量基本稳定。表层土壤有机质和全氮含量不同植物群落间存在差异,有机质变化趋势为：刚毛荸荠群落带＜南荻群落带＜灰化苔草群落带;氮素含量的变化趋势为：南荻群落带＞灰化苔草群落带＞刚毛荸荠群落带。土壤碳氮比相对较低（10～23）;植物对养分的吸收能力、植被生长特征、湿地生态水文过程等影响着有机质和氮素含量的空间分布。
     

水布垭水库水体碳时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

为了评估大型水库对河流碳循环的拦截作用,选择清江流域最上游水布垭水库为典型案例,采用德国元素公司vario TOC分析仪对定期采集水样进行分析,研究新建大型水库水体碳时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,水布垭水库表层水体总碳、总无机碳、溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳平均含量分别为26.665、24.089、2.141和0.438 mg/L,在水库年内蓄水阶段呈现显著的峰值,其空间分布格局在支流库湾和坝前典型断面表现出显著的差异,在水体碳中总无机碳占据主导地位,与湖泊水体碳时空分布特征极为相似。由于受到人类活动和自然环境的双重影响,水体无机碳则与水体电导率指标具有较强的相关性,溶解有机碳则与水体温度具有直接的关系,而数量最少的颗粒有机碳则与水体叶绿素含量具有弱相关关系。研究成果可以为理解水库碳循环过程机制提供数据支持,对于开展大坝建设的河流碳循环影响评估具有重要参考意义。     

安徽省土壤氟含量及其赋存特征

氟是生态系统中一种重要微量元素,过量和不足都会影响人和动物健康,人体氟主要来自饮水和食物,土壤氟含量、形态以及土壤理化性质等影响着水和食物氟含量。以安徽省主要类型土壤为材料,采用连续化学提取的方法,测定了安徽省主要类型土壤全氟、水溶氟以及不同形态氟含量,分析了土壤氟形态与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：安徽土壤全氟含量1066～1 2367 mg/kg,平均为4852 mg/kg,全氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞潮土＞石灰土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞砂姜黑土＞黄红壤,成土母质是影响土壤全氟含量的主要因素。土壤水溶氟含量042～2248 mg/kg,平均为338 mg/kg,水溶氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞砂姜黑土＞潮土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞石灰土＞黄红壤,北高南低。土壤氟主要赋存形态是矿物态氟,占土壤全氟95%以上,水溶氟、交换态氟、铁锰氧化物结合态氟和有机结合态氟占土壤全氟5%左右。土壤水溶性氟含量与土壤pH呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0660 2和0353 9,土壤交换态氟与土壤小于0001 mm土粒含量和土壤阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0338 4和0345 8,有机结合态氟与土壤有机含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0526 8     

Concentration ratios for small mammals collected from the exposed sediments of a 137Cs contaminated reservoir

(137)Cs concentration ratios were computed for small mammals collected from the dried sediments of a partially drained, contaminated reservoir. Soil (137)Cs activity concentrations were heterogeneous on small and large spatial scales and had a geometric mean of 253 (range 23-2110) Bq/kg dry weight. Mean (137)Cs activity concentrations in composite cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus and cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus samples averaged 2480 (range 556-6670) and 471 (range 96-1000) Bq/kg whole body dry weight, respectively. About 50% of the variance in cotton rat tissue (137)Cs activity was explained by variation in soil (137)Cs activity. Soil-to-animal dry weight concentration ratios averaged 6.0 for cotton rats and 1.2 for cotton mice and were generally similar to (137)Cs concentration ratios for herbivorous, homeothermic animals from other contaminated ecosystems. In the RESRAD-BIOTA dose model, the default wet-weight concentration ratio for (137)Cs in terrestrial animals is 110 resulting in an estimate of internal and external radiation doses to terrestrial biota that is 44 times more than the dose calculated with the actual measured wet-weight concentration ratio for cotton rats (1.6). These results show that site-specific concentration ratios can significantly affect the estimation of dose.     

绵阳市代表性点位土壤多环芳烃剖面分布特征

通过挑选绵阳市有代表性的点位土壤柱，应用GC MS分析土壤柱垂直剖面中多环芳烃的含量水平，得出其垂直剖面分布特征。结果表明：5~20 cm深度中的PAHs含量最高，40 cm以下则含量锐减。由于表层（0～5 cm）土壤与大气之间的土气交换频繁，PAHs含量相对较低，而5~20 cm处土壤受到表层土壤的遮盖，PAHs富集较高，含量达到整个土壤柱最高值。多环芳烃总体垂直剖面分布特征表现出随深度增加含量减少的趋势。PAHs总含量以江油市点位(33024 ng/g)最高，其次是三台县点位(29989 ng/g)，最低是游仙区点位(11274 ng/g)。研究区主要污染物为Nap、Phe和Chr/y。其中不同的土质、种植物都能影响PAHs的富集和迁移速率，导致含量在不同深度上产生变化。此外，参照有关环境质量标准，发现PAHs总量上江油市点位与三台县点位属于轻微污染、游仙区点位则属于无污染。     

Accumulation of (137)Cs in Brazilian soils and its transfer to plants under different climatic conditions

The spatial distribution and behaviour of the global fallout (137)Cs in the tropical, subtropical and equatorial soil-plant systems were investigated at several upland sites in Brazil selected according to their climate characteristics, and to the agricultural importance. To determine the (137)Cs deposition density, undisturbed soil profiles were taken from 23 environments situated between the latitudes of 02 degrees N and 30 degrees S. Sampling sites located along to the equator exhibited (137)Cs deposition densities with an average value of 219Bqm(-2). Extremely low deposition densities of 1.3Bqm(-2) were found in the Amazon region. In contrast, the southern part of Brazil, located between latitudes of 20 degrees S and 34 degrees S, exhibited considerably higher deposition densities ranging from 140Bqm(-2) to 1620Bqm(-2). To examine the (137)Cs soil-to-plant transfer in the Brazilian agricultural products, 29 mainly tropical plant species, and corresponding soil samples were collected at 43 sampling locations in nine federal states of Brazil. Values of the (137)Cs concentration factor plant/soil exhibited a large range from 0.020 (beans) to 6.2 (cassava). Samples of some plant species originated from different collecting areas showed different concentration factors. The (137)Cs content of some plants collected was not measurable due to a very low (137)Cs concentration level found in the upper layers of the incremental soils. Globally, the soil-to-plant transfer of (137)Cs can be described by a logarithmic normal distribution with a geometric mean of 0.3 and a geometric standard deviation of 3.9.     

挺水植物水田芥对镉的积累特性研究

通过前期的初步研究发现,挺水植物水田芥(Nasturtium officinale R.Br.)地上部分镉含量超过了超富集植物的临界值(100mg/kg),可能是镉超富集植物。为进一步了解水田芥在不同镉浓度梯度条件下的镉积累特性,通过盆栽试验研究了不同土壤镉浓度(0、25、50、75、100mg/kg)对水田芥生长特性、镉耐性和镉积累特性的影响。结果表明:随土壤镉浓度的增加,水田芥根系和地上部分镉含量增大,分枝数量、根系生物量、地上部分生物量、抗性系数及叶绿素SPAD值均呈降低的趋势。当土壤镉浓度大于0mg/kg时,随着土壤镉浓度的增加,水田芥的根冠比呈增加的趋势。土壤镉浓度为50~100mg/kg时,水田芥地上部分镉含量均大于100mg/kg,最大值为214.84mg/kg(土壤镉浓度为100mg/kg),地上部分富集系数(BCF)大于1,但转运系数(TF)小于1。在土壤镉浓度为50mg/kg时,水田芥地上部分镉积累量达到最大值,为192.233μg/株。因此,水田芥是一种镉富集植物,适合用于土壤镉污染浓度在50mg/kg以内的水田修复。     

Long-term studies on transfer of 137Cs from soil to vegetation and to grazing lambs in a mountain area in northern Sweden

Studies were made during 1990-1997 on the transfer of 137Cs from soil to vegetation (herbage) and to grazing lambs on a mountain farm with an uncultivated grazing area of about 10 km2. The farm is situated in an area in Northern Sweden which was contaminated by the Chernobyl fallout in 1986. The mean concentration of 137Cs in the soil to a depth of 10 cm for eight sampling sites observed in the 8-year period was 14.51 kBq/m2, while in the cut herbage the average concentration was 859 Bq/kg d.w. and in lamb meat 682 Bq/kg w.w. A slow vertical migration of 137Cs in the 0-10 cm soil layer was indicated. Although the 137Cs concentration in herbage gradually decreased, the concentration in lamb meat varied from year to year. Soil ingestion by the lambs as a pathway for activity transfer was shown to be negligible, while ingestion of fungi with high concentrations of 137Cs was demonstrated to occur, as large numbers of fungi spores were counted in samples of the lambs' faeces. Fungi ingestion might therefore partly explain the varying mean yearly 137Cs concentrations in lamb muscle. The mean transfer parameters were as follows: for "soil to herbage" 61.3 Bq/kg d.w. herbage per kBq/m2 soil, for "herbage to lamb meat" 0.81 Bq/kg w.w. meat per Bq/kg d.w. herbage, and for "soil to lamb meat" 47.1 Bq/kg w.w. meat per kBq/m2 soil. A trend of decreasing values of the transfer parameter for "soil to herbage" indicated that 137Cs was becoming less available for root-uptake with time. The effective ecological half-life of 137Cs in soil, herbage and lamb meat was calculated to be 19, 7 and 16 years, respectively. It can be concluded that natural areas are vulnerable to 137Cs contamination, resulting in high concentrations in plants, fungi and lamb meat for a long time.     

Distribution characteristics of fluoride and aluminum in soil profiles of an abandoned tea plantation and their uptake by six woody species

Distribution characteristics of fluoride (F) and aluminum (Al) in soil profiles of an abandoned tea plantation in Hong Kong and their uptake by six woody species namely Camellia sinensis, Melastoma affine, Sterculia lanceolata, Ardisia crenata, Acacia formosa and Machilus thunbergii were investigated. C. sinensis accumulated both F (656 mg/kg in the leaves) and Al (8910 mg/kg in the leaves). M. Affine only accumulated Al (9932 mg/kg in the leaves), while S. lanceolata, A. crenata, A. formosa and M. Thunbergii were Al (26-115 mg/kg in the leaves) and F (20-25 mg/kg in the leaves) excluders. Water-soluble F and Al contents accumulated in surface soils (especially 0-3 cm) and decreased with depth along soil profiles: A layers (2.0 +/- 0.6 and 31 +/- 5.8 mg/kg) > B layers (1.5 +/- 0.2 and 27 +/- 3.5 mg/kg) > C layers (1.3 +/- 0.2 and 20 +/- 2.7 mg/kg), respectively. The water-soluble, NH4Ac-extractable and HCl-extractable F in soil profiles were significantly correlated (P < .01). F concentrations in all soil layers (n = 51) of soil profiles (n = 17) were significantly correlated (P < .01) to Al concentrations in terms of water-soluble Al/F, HCl-extractable Al/F and NH4Ac-extractable Al/F, due to the formation of Al-F complexes in soil. F contents extracted with deionized water (pH = 6.68), 1 mol/l HCl and 1 mol/l NH4Ac in soil could be used to predict F concentrations in the leaves, stems and roots of the six plants.     

绵阳市代表性点位土壤多环芳烃剖面分布特征

通过挑选绵阳市有代表性的点位土壤柱,应用GC MS分析土壤柱垂直剖面中多环芳烃的含量水平,得出其垂直剖面分布特征。结果表明：5~20 cm深度中的PAHs含量最高,40 cm以下则含量锐减。由于表层（0～5 cm）土壤与大气之间的土气交换频繁,PAHs含量相对较低,而5~20 cm处土壤受到表层土壤的遮盖,PAHs富集较高,含量达到整个土壤柱最高值。多环芳烃总体垂直剖面分布特征表现出随深度增加含量减少的趋势。PAHs总含量以江油市点位(33024 ng/g)最高,其次是三台县点位(29989 ng/g),最低是游仙区点位(11274 ng/g)。研究区主要污染物为Nap、Phe和Chr/y。其中不同的土质、种植物都能影响PAHs的富集和迁移速率,导致含量在不同深度上产生变化。此外,参照有关环境质量标准,发现PAHs总量上江油市点位与三台县点位属于轻微污染、游仙区点位则属于无污染。     

Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the environment of Burullus Lake: I. Soils and vegetations

The concentrations and distribution of gamma-ray emitting isotopes in Burullus Lake were investigated with the aim of evaluating the environmental radioactivity. Particularly in wetlands, natural properties of the environment can cause the actual inventory to be different from the activity originally deposited. The mean concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were 14.3, 15.5 and 224 Bq/kg, respectively, in the coastal soils. On the other hand, soil samples from the islands had mean concentrations of 13.5, 17.4 and 341 Bq/kg for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. Samples from coast and islands show evidence of possible transfer and accumulation of the (137)Cs radionuclide. The mean (137)Cs activity concentrations in the soil samples were 1.2 and 15.1 Bq/kg in the coast and islands, respectively. The vertical migration of (137)Cs was studied based on its content in the consequently located three soil layers down to 30 cm depth. The radium equivalent, dose rate in air and annual dose equivalent from the terrestrial natural gamma-radiation were evaluated. The mean activity concentrations of the gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in vegetation were relatively low.     

Spatial distribution of uranium and thorium in the surface soil around proposed uranium mining site at Lambapur and its vertical profile in the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

The understanding and evaluation of the possible interactions of various naturally occurring radionuclides in the world's third largest man-made dam, Nagarjuna Sagar located in Andhra Pradesh, India and built on river Krishna assumed significance with the finding of uranium deposits in locations near the dam. For the present work, surface soil samples from the mineralized area of Lambapur, Mallapuram, Peddagattu and sediment core samples from the Nagarjuna Sagar dam were analyzed for naturally occurring radionuclides namely uranium and thorium using gamma spectrometric technique. Also toxic elements lead and chromium were analysed by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) technique. Surface soil samples show a variation from 25 to 291 Bq/kg (2.02–23.5 mg/kg) for ²³⁸U and 32–311 Bq/kg (7.9–76.9 mg/kg) for ²³²Th. U/Th concentration ratio in surface soil samples ranged from 0.19 to 0.31 and was found comparable with the nation wise average of 0.26. The study of sediment core samples reflected higher U/Th concentration ratio of 0.30–0.33 in the bottom section of the core as compared to 0.22–0.25 in the upper section. The concentration ratio in the upper section of the core was similar to the ratio 0.23 found in the western Deccan Basalt region through which the river originates. A higher concentration of lead and chromium was observed in the upper section of the core compared to bottom section indicating the impact of river input on the geochemical character of dam sediment.     

Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils,crops and ground water--a case study

Long-term irrigation with sewage water adds large amounts of carbon, major and micro- nutrients to the soil. We compared the spatial distribution of N, P, K and other micronutrients and toxic elements in the top 0.6 m of an alluvial soil along with their associated effects on the composition of crops and ground waters after about three decades of irrigation with domestic sewage effluent as a function of distance from the disposal point. Use of sewage for irrigation in various proportions improved the organic matter to 1.24-1.78% and fertility status of soils especially down to a distance of 1 km along the disposal channel. Build up in total N was up to 2908 kg ha(-1), available P (58 kg ha(-1)), total P (2115 kg ha(-1)), available K (305 kg ha(-1)) and total K (4712 kg ha(-1)) in surface 0.15 m soil. Vertical distribution of these parameters also varied, with most accumulations occurring in surface 0.3 m. Traces of NO3-N (up to 2.8 mg l(-1)), Pb (up to 0.35 mg l(-1)) and Mn (up to 0.23 mg l(-1)) could also be observed in well waters near the disposal point thus indicating initiation of ground water contamination. However, the contents of heavy metals in crops sampled from the area were below the permissible critical levels. Though the study confirms that the domestic sewage can effectively increase water resource for irrigation but there is a need for continuous monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil, plants and ground water.     

铜绿山矿冶废弃地优势植物重金属的积累与迁移

通过野外调查和取样分析,研究了大冶铜绿山矿冶废弃地鸭跖草等5种优势植物对重金属的吸收累积与迁移特性,以期为矿区退化生态系统的植被恢复、重金属污染土壤的治理等提供依据。结果表明,鸭跖草等5种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr都有程度不等的高量积累,尤其是铜元素,其最高积累量出现在海洲香薷根部,达到844.65 mg/kg,是一般植物Cu含量（5~25 mg/kg）的33.8~1689倍;而在同样条件下,As在5种植物体内的含量为018~098 mg/kg,远远低于As在一般植物中的含量（＜10 mg/kg）,这说明这些植物对As可能具有某种规避机制。从植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转运能力综合考虑,鸭跖草等5种植物都不太可能是重金属Cu等6种重金属的超累积植物。但是,它们对重金属所表现出的耐性无疑对矿冶废弃地的植被恢复过程有重要意义。     

长江流域土壤相对湿度变化及其影响因素

以1992~2012年长江流域196个土壤观测站的旬土壤相对湿度资料为基础,通过线性趋势和Kriging插值等方法分析0~50 cm土层土壤相对湿度年际、年内时空分异和季节变化特征,并从气候和NDVI要素探寻其变化原因。结果表明:(1)长江流域年均土壤相对湿度自1992年以来整体上呈波动增加趋势,年际变化倾向率为0.26%/a。江源地区土壤相对湿度增幅大于其他地区。(2)土壤相对湿度表现为东南和西南部较高,东北和西北部较低的空间分布特点。(3)四季土壤相对湿度增加的强烈程度由大到小依次是秋季、冬季、夏季、春季。(4)土壤相对湿度增加的主要原因是潜在蒸发减少和NDVI增加。