5种植物的矿区生长及对底泥重金属富集特征

文章通过在云南省怒江州兰坪县来龙村一处铅锌矿废弃地构建人工湿地,研究了纸莎草(Cyperus papyrus L.)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum Maxim.)、美人蕉(Canna indica Linn)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)、再力花(Thalia dealbata Fraser)在高海拔重金属复合污染环境的生长适应性和重金属富集特征。结果表明,纸莎草和鸢尾的生物量相对生长率最大,其根系粗壮程度和不定根发达程度最高,而美人蕉和再力花在该环境条件下,生物量相对生长率最低,根系欠发达。鸢尾地上部分Cd、Pb、As含量最高,分别为10.27、815.17、24.78 mg/kg,纸莎草地下部分Cd、Pb、As的含量最高,分别为21.79、1 685.86、98.70 mg/kg。纸莎草对Cd、Pb、As的累积总量最高,分别为2.69、189.2、10.47 mg/株,具有较好的净化效果。研究表明,纸莎草在高海拔重金属复合污染环境下具有较好的适应性,对底泥中的Cd、Pb、As均有较好的富集效果,有利于对当地底泥中重金属的修复。     

表面流人工湿地中水生植被的净化效应与组合系统净化效果

以无植物空白系统为对照,通过批量盆栽试验探讨了表面流人工湿地中不同类型水生植被(苦草(沉水植物)、水葫芦(浮水植物)、芦苇(挺水植物))的引人对富营养化水体不同污染物净化效果的影响;根据不同污染物去除的阶段性特征设计了分段式表面流人工湿地(好氧塘-水葫芦湿地一苦草湿地),并通过示范工程探讨了富营养河流的原位净化效果.研究表明,批量盆栽试验中,与无植物空白系统相比,芦苇的引入显著增加了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(为无植物空白系统的1.5倍),而水葫芦和苦草的引入则显著降低了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(分别为无植物空白系统的80%和30%);3种水生植物的引入均显著促进了CODcr、TN、NH 4-N的去除(与无植物空白系统相比),其中水葫芦系统具有最好的CODcr和TN去除效果(起始CODcr和TN水平分别为35.8 mg·L-1和6.86 mg˙L-1时,去除率分别为58.91%、76.67%),而苦草的引入则显著地促进了水体中氧化态氮的形成与积累.分段式表面流人工湿地的原位净化研究表明,水力负荷为6.2cm.d-1时,分段式表面流人工湿地对CODcr的净化效果较好,水力负荷过高会影响分段式表面流人工湿地的净化效果.     

复合人工湿地系统对重金属的去除研究

水资源的日益短缺是当今世界的主要难题,这一问题在很大程度上限制了人类社会的可持续发展,因此在注重节约用水的同时,加大对污染水的治理至关重要。随着工业的发展,污水成分逐渐复杂,传统的工艺已不能满足去除此类污染物的需求,尤其是重金属污染、石油污染等。人工湿地最为一种原位污水净化系统,有投资小、能耗低等优点。大量研究表明湿地系统对重金属工业废水的去除有较好的作用。人工湿地系统通过基质、植物、微生物对重金属进行去除。该文研究5种由水平潜流、垂直潜流、表面流3种不同工艺组合成的复合人工湿地系统对Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的去除效果。结果表明:系列1~系列4复合型人工湿地对5中重金属都有去除效果。系列5除对Cu和Zn有显著释放现象外对Cd、Cr、Pb也有一定的去除效果。垂直潜流人工湿地对Cd、Cr、Pb的去除效果好于水平潜流和表面流人工湿地;多级复合型人工湿地对Cd、Cr、Pb的去除效果好于单级人工湿地;垂直潜流和水平潜流人工湿地对Cu的去除差异不大,垂直潜流人工湿地对Zn的去除效果优于水平潜流人工湿地。通过本研究结果,针对不同种类的重金属污染可对人工湿地系统的建设提供理论指导。     

人工湿地植物处理含重金属生活废水的实验研究

通过耐受浓度试验得出凤眼莲、水蕹、水花生和荇菜四种植物对含重金属生活污水中Cd2+的耐受范围值分别<5mg/L、0.5mg/L、0.2mg/L、0.2mg/L;凤眼莲和水花生对Zn2+的耐受范围值分别<10mg/L,水蕹和荇菜对Zn2+耐受范围值为<5mg/L和0.5mg/L。由植物对生活污水中锌\镉离子去除率试验可知,在Cd2+/Zn2+浓度分别为0.5mg/L和5mg/L时,与对照组相比,两种植物均能明显去除污水中的Zn2+与Cd2+,其中Cd2+去除率提高了65.3%,Zn2+去除率提高了43.7%。研究发现植物处理在前5d内为去除Zn2+/Cd2+的高效区间,这一时期内植物对Zn2+/Cd2+去除率的贡献可以达到40%～60%,表明在植物的耐受浓度范围内,湿地植物对生活污水中的Cd2+/Zn2+有较好的去除效果,根部为主要的富集器官。     

3种浮床植物及人工水草去除水中氮磷的研究

引种了能越冬的浮床植物黄菖蒲、西伯利亚鸢尾,采用维纶醛化丝制作平行排列式人工水革,与美人蕉进行水质改善比较研究.对SRP,TP,NH4+-N,TN的去除率分别为70.39%～99.22%,62.07%～94.98%,58.03%～99.26%,59.67%～91.06%.其中,黄菖蒲去除效果突出,对4种污染指标的去除速率分别达到98.42,88.98,1 118.87和1 668.06mg/(m2·d),其次为美人蕉、西伯利亚鸢尾,人工水草最弱.黄葛蒲对4种污染指标的去徐速率分别是美人蕉去除速率的2.93,2.82,3.63和5.31倍.黄菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾耐寒能力强,能越冬,管理工作量小,且西伯利亚鸢尾在冬季有较好的景观效果.推荐黄菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾作为城市水体生物浮床水质改善的主要植物.     

构筑根孔湿地中金属元素的来源、分布及其累积效应

石臼漾湿地是我国最大的饮用水源处理湿地,成为微污染水源水质改善的典范案例,已运行超过4年,主要运用人工湿地生态根孔技术、多级塘/植物床-沟壕系统协同净化技术来净化微污染水源.为了探明多级塘/植物床-沟壕系统对源水中常规金属K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe与重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb的累积效应,研究了嘉兴石臼漾湿地岸边带与植物床-沟壕系统中沉积物/土壤的金属分布与累积量.结果表明,沉积物中的金属(Mg除外)均发生了富集和累积(富集系数EF∈(1.5,10.5)1.5).湿地内重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI∈(24.7,128.9)150)基本处于轻微风险水平,其最高值出现在湿地前端约1/8处的预处理塘(RI=174.94150).总体而言,重金属风险指数随水力流程而逐步降低.在湿地前端的预处理河道、预处理塘内,重金属沉积通量(23.97~157.72 mg·m-2·d-1)较高,而植物床-沟壕系统的沉积通量((38.80±16.17)mg·m-2·d-1)相对较低.占湿地面积11.35%的预处理河道、预处理塘中沉积的重金属高达9941.65 kg,占全湿地沉积量的37.90%,是重金属沉积的关键区域.而占湿地面积57.23%的植物床-沟壕系统中截留的重金属高达10601.89 kg,占全湿地沉积量的40.41%,是重金属去除的重点区域.湿地对重金属的主要持留机制是沉积作用,在湿地中单位平均沉积通量高达32.19 mg·m-2·d-1.据估算石臼漾湿地可沉积重金属6558.40 kg·a-1,植物吸收重金属约13.16 kg·a-1.本研究证明,多级塘/植物床-沟壕系统协同净化机制能够有效持留微污染水源中的金属特别是重金属,从而有效降低石臼漾湿地净化后源水的潜在生态风险.     

化学预处理-人工湿地联合处理污泥中重金属

使用化学预处理联合人工湿地处理污泥重金属,考察了柠檬酸(CA)和谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)处理对人工湿地去除污泥重金属效果的影响。结果表明:与原污泥对照相比,人工湿地对化学预处理污泥重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的去除率分别增加了60. 19%、34. 29%、37. 22%和25. 51%。方差和差异性分析结果表明:预处理对重金属去除影响顺序依次为GLDA>CA>未处理,人工湿地对污泥重金属去除效果依次为Ni>Cu>Cd>Pb,CA和GLDA预处理系统中的植物量,在实验结束时较初始分别增长了158. 65%和172. 89%,大于对照组的89. 14%,说明化学预处理污泥有利于湿地植物生长,从而促进污泥重金属的去除。     

人工湿地系统中氮、磷迁移转化规律试验研究

基于美人蕉垂直流人工湿地装置,研究废水中不同形态的氮和磷在人工湿地中的迁移转化规律,探讨人工湿地在脱氮除磷过程中填料、植株与微生物之间的关系和作用.结果表明,湿地装置1#出水口中各种污染物的去除效率均优于其他出水口,处理效果总体上沿程下降;装置中的基质对废水中氮、磷的吸附能力在湿地运行初期最强;美人蕉对氮、磷的累积量地上部分为1 407.68 mg/m2和260.52 mg/m2,地下部分为460.76mg/m2和62.01 mg/m2.表明植物对氮、磷污染物的吸收主要集中在地上部分.     

三叶鬼针草等7种常见菊科杂草植物对重金属的集特征

超富集植物是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术最主要的内容,而超富集植物的筛选是植物修复技术的难点和重点.采用室外盆栽试验的方法,研究了我国北方较常见的7种菊科植物对重金属的超富集特征.盆栽筛选试验表明,蒲公英和三叶鬼针草对Cd单一及Cd-Pb-Cu-zn复合污染的耐性较强,植物地上部镉含量分别高于其根部镉含量,地上部镉的富集系数也均大于1,具备了镉超富集植物的基本特征.以这2种植物为试材的盆栽浓度梯度试验表明,当土壤中Cd投加浓度分别为25、50、100 mg·kg-1时,三叶鬼针草地上部生物量没有明显下降(P<0.05),Cd含量均大于其根部Cd含量,且其叶中Cd含量均大于100 mg·kg-1,达到了Cd超富集植物应达到的临界含量标准.而蒲公英在这3个处理条件下,其叶片中Cd含量均没有超过100 mg·kg-1.可见只有三叶鬼针草完全具有镉超富集植物的基本特征,是镉超富集植物.     

六价铬对薏米人工湿地净化生活污水的影响

利用湿生植物薏米构建垂直流人工湿地(CAW),各处理均有不种薏米的湿地为对照(NPW),研究不同浓度的Cr6+(0、20、40mg/L)处理对薏米人工湿地及不同水层区域污水中氮磷净化效果的影响。结果表明:处理31 d时,铬质量浓度为10 mg/L时促进薏米人工湿地对氨氮、总磷的去除;处理10 d、59 d时,铬质量浓度为10、40 mg/L时均表现为抑制。CAW、NPW对生活污水中氨氮、总磷的去除率均随铬处理时间延长而降低,且铬质量浓度为0、10 mg/L时NPW的降幅较大。薏米人工湿地对氨氮、总磷的去除效果优于无植物的对照(NPW),2种湿地均表现出湿地下层的去除率高于中层的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.