机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)热泵干燥的研究进展

干燥是物料中的水分吸收足够的显热和潜热而蒸发去除的过程。水分蒸发会消耗大量的热量,同时产生大量的二次蒸汽。根据MVR热泵的高效节能原理,若将采用机械蒸汽再压缩技术提高焓值的二次蒸汽作为干燥过程的热源,则可回收二次蒸汽的全部潜热,在系统内实现水分蒸发汽化潜热与凝结潜热的互换,节能效果显著。总结了MVR热泵干燥的应用概况,阐述了过热蒸汽作为MVR热泵干燥介质的优势,以及MVR热泵干燥器的设计和选用压缩机时应考虑的问题,指出了进出料环节应尽量减少不凝气体进入干燥系统,以避免不凝气体对干燥过程冷凝换热的影响。     

污泥过热蒸汽干燥单因素试验

为了研究污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥过程中各干燥因素对干燥性能指标的影响规律,研制了一套污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥试验装置。利用研制的过热蒸汽干燥试验装置进行了不同温度、污泥质量和蒸汽流量的干燥试验。试验结果表明:蒸汽温度在180~260℃,污泥质量在6~30 g,蒸汽流量在18~40 m~3/h时,随着过热蒸汽温度升高、蒸汽流量增大,相对单位能耗值均是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直增大;随着污泥质量增大,相对单位能耗是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直减小。     

污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥装置设计及试验

为了实现城市污泥高效、安全、节能的干燥处理,选用过热蒸汽作为干燥介质,辅助以机械搅拌,设计了1种污泥过热蒸汽搅拌干燥试验装置,并对污泥搅拌干燥装置的主要组件以及工作原理进行了介绍。利用该装置进行了主轴转速对污泥干燥效果影响的初步试验。试验结果表明:主轴转速越高,出料污泥的含水率越高。在200℃的过热蒸汽和10 kg/h的加料速度下,主轴转速为300,450 r/min时,含水率分别降低至29.91%和37.45%,已达到较好的干燥效果。从污泥表观形态可以看出:主轴转速越高,污泥颗粒越小,有利于成型,但在高转速时污泥破碎不充分,综合考虑主轴转速适宜取450 r/min。     

污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥装置设计及干燥试验

为了研究污水污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥特性,研制了一套污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥试验装置,并对常压过热干燥装置主要部件的工作原理及特点进行了介绍。在研制的常压过热蒸汽干燥试验上进行了厚度分别为4,6,10 mm,干燥温度分别为160,220,280℃的干燥试验。试验结果表明:在过热干燥初期出现污泥含水率增大的现象,导致干燥时间增加;但过热蒸汽温度越高、污泥的厚度越薄,干燥至同样含水率所消耗的时间越短,干燥速度也越快。     

焦炉上升管荒煤气余热利用技术

在焦炭的生产过程中,煤被焦炉中的隔离空气加热和蒸馏,产生焦炭并产生大量废气,这部分废气即荒煤气。650℃～800℃荒煤气蕴含大量的余热资源。本文介绍了焦炉荒煤气余热利用技术,以及两种上升管换热装置。将荒煤气的显热利用起来用于生产饱和蒸汽、过热蒸汽等,既实现了节能减排,又进一步提高了能源利用率,不仅为环境保护做出了贡献而且创造了可观的经济效益,符合国家的节能政策。     

蒸汽凝结水常压排放器在锅炉领域节能减排工作中显成效

<正>工信部下发关于"工业锅炉蒸汽减排行动计划"中,对涉及到的"研究凝结水显热回收利用、闪蒸汽回收利用及先进蒸汽疏水阀及攻关高效率长寿命疏水阀技术、提高蒸汽管网输送效率达到95%以上"等课题,已列入2017年前国家重点攻关项目。锅炉行业的节能减排将成为关注焦点。为此,本刊记者采访了单飞科技开发总经理王国际。记者:王总您好,当前我国工企业蒸汽热力系统存在的问题是什么?王总:蒸汽广泛用于工业企业生产、制造、加工的     

剩余污泥深度干燥的研究进展

剩余污泥的含水率较高,对污泥进行干燥处理可以极大程度地减少污泥的水分。首先分析了污泥的含水特性和干燥污泥机理,然后分析了主要的污泥干燥方法研究现状,如热风干燥、过热蒸汽干燥、间接干燥、低温热流干燥、热泵干燥、太阳能干燥等。此外,探究了新型的污泥干燥技术及污泥干燥过程中可能产生的污染物,并在此基础上,对污泥干燥技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

褐煤干燥乏气回收系统的节能给水特性研究

褐煤干燥技术是提高褐煤发电效率的主要手段之一,回收干燥乏气中的热量能够进一步提高褐煤综合能量利用效率。本文建立了某600MW机组发电系统、干燥乏气回收系统计算模型,计算结果表明,额定工况下通过回收干燥乏气热能加热回热系统凝结水,可以使系统煤耗率降低1.86 g/kW·h。     

石化装置蒸汽凝结水回用技术探讨

随着石化企业对节能、节水以及环保日益重视,蒸汽凝结水回收与利用无疑是节约资源的一项重要举措。文章介绍了石化装置蒸汽凝结水的回收及利用方法,并对应注意的问题进行阐述。     

三北地区中小型凝汽式机组乏汽余热回收供暖改造分析

本文主要介绍了汽轮机乏汽余热回收技术在CN25-8.83／540机组上应用。对三北地区乏汽余热回收供热必要性、可行性、安全性、经济性进行分析研究。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.