青岛市大气环境质量状况分析与评价

以青岛市2001年至2010年大气环境中的主要污染物二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的监测结果为依据,对青岛市大气主要污染物变化趋势进行了分析,并利用模糊综合评价模型对各年大气环境质量状况进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:近10年来青岛市大气环境质量处于尚清洁状况,且在不断改善;受工业扬尘和建筑扬尘的影响,青岛市主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物PM10;以煤炭为主的能源结构加之落后的工艺设备等原因使得大气中二氧化硫的浓度一直处于较高的水平;随着青岛市机动车保有量的增长,以氮氧化物为特征的机动车尾气的污染日趋明显,因此,冬季采暖燃煤利用、机动车尾气控制及城市扬尘抑制仍是青岛市未来大气污染的治理重点,强化燃煤脱硫技术和改善机动车尾气排放是青岛市大气环境质量改善的关键。     

青岛市大气环境质量状况分析与评价

对青岛市大气主要污染物变化趋势进行了分析,并利用模糊综合评价模型对各年大气环境质量状况进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:近10年来青岛市大气环境质量处于尚清洁状况,且在不断改善;受工业扬尘和建筑扬尘影响,青岛市主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物PM10;以煤炭为主的能源结构加之落后的工艺设备等原因使得大气中二氧化硫浓度一直处于较高水平;随着青岛市机动车保有量的增长,以氮氧化物为特征的机动车尾气污染日趋明显,因此,冬季采暖燃煤利用、机动车尾气控制及城市扬尘抑制仍是青岛市未来大气污染的治理重点,强化燃煤脱硫技术和改善机动车尾气排放是青岛市大气环境质量改善的关键。     

典型石油型城市大气环境质量影响因素的多元统计模型研究——以大庆市为例

为了揭示石油资源型城市大气环境质量变化的影响因素,本文以大庆市为例,以SPSS17.0为分析工具,对影响大气环境质量的工业排放、经济发展、能源消耗、污染防治和气象等众多因素进行主成分分析、相关分析和回归分析,结果证明:大庆市大气环境质量的影响因素主要包括3个因子:污染排放和工业生产影响因子、对大气环境质量有利的(在特定时期内)GDP增长及气象影响因子和对大气环境质量改善有益的环境生产影响因子;并通过回归分析建立了大气环境质量影响因素的回归方程模型,经显著性检验,建立的回归方程具有一定程度的适用性和可信性。本文的研究对促进大庆市大气环境改善和大气环境相关研究具有一定参考价值,对其他城市大气环境的相关研究有一定的促进作用。     

机动车尾气对人体健康的危害

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,机动车尾气已经成为影响我国城市大气环境的主要问题之一。本文以儿童和交通警察两类人群为例,分析了机动车尾气污染给人体呼吸系统、免疫系统、心脑血管系统等造成的危害。结果表明,由于儿童的呼吸带与机动车尾气排放带非常接近,交警在机动车尾气环境中暴露事件太长,导致这两类人群的呼吸系统极易遭到破坏,发生支气管炎等疾病的概率大大增加;而免疫球蛋白水平和血压发生改变导致了抵抗能力的下降。最后建议通过采取发展公共交通、加强城市交通管理、完善检查维修制度等有效措施加强机动车尾气治理,减少对人体健康产生的危害。     

保障空气质量 为奥运保驾——北京市机动车排放污染控制谈

随着城市的发展、人民生活水平的提高,机动车保有量也在快速增加,到2007年5月底北京市机动车保有量已经超过了300万辆,居全国第一位。机动车排放污染已成为影响大气环境质量的主要来源之一。由于机动车污染是低空排放,排放的氮氧化物、碳氢、     

秦皇岛市大气污染的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析方法对秦皇岛市大气环境质量的影响因素进行筛选,得出各项因素的主次关系。研究表明,煤炭使用量、港口吞吐量和机动车保有量的增加是影响秦皇岛市大气环境质量的重要因素。基于此,提出政府应大力发展清洁能源、加强港口煤尘治理和机动车污染防治等建议。     

天津市河东区空气质量状况分析及其污染防治对策

以相关空气质量数据为基础,对天津市河东区2016年空气质量状况进行了研究,分析大气环境中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3等污染因子的污染时间和污染来源,分析结果表明,河东区空气质量受季节性影响较为严重,工业扬尘和机动车尾气等构成了大气污染物的主要来源。据此,从政府、企业以及民众等角度提出污染防治对策。     

《机动车排放污染防治技术政策》附件：机动车排放污染防治技术指南

近年来,我国机动车保有量增长迅速,而且绝大多数机动车集中于城市。随着城市建设的发展、人口的集中及交通量的增长,机动车排放污染物对城市大气质量的影响日趋严重。造成机动车排放污染的一个重要原因,是以往机动车排放标准相对宽松,机动车排放控制技术相对落后。目前,我国绝大部分在用机动车的排放控制技术仅相当于国外七十年代左右的水平,机动车单车排放因子很大,且车辆自身与排放相关的组件技术水平差。目前,汽车行业和一些重点城市,正在开展汽车排放污染控制工作,因此,制订机动车排放污染控制技术指南,是为了指导各地更好地开展工作,达…     

南京市大气污染防治对策研究

南京市大气环境质量达标率不高,工业、机动车、扬尘等污染突出,区域复合污染特征明显。通过分析产生这些大气污染的根源,借鉴国内外大气污染防治经验,着重从完善法规政策、优化产业布局和能源结构、控制扬尘排放、强化监测预警与联防联控、完善环境经济政策和创新公众参与六大方面提出了针对性的对策建议,以期强化未来南京市大气污染防治,改善大气环境质量。     

基于IVE模型乌鲁木齐机动车大气污染物排放因子研究

本文通过对乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车车型、燃料和运行工况的信息调查,得到主城区机动车现状.在此基础上,采用IVE模型进行模拟,结合统计分析,计算得到了2010年乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车基于行驶里程的启动和运行排放因子.将有助于掌握乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车技术状况、车龄分布、年均行驶里程、在路行驶车型比例以及各型在用机动车排放状况,为制定主城区机动车排气污染管理措施,改善大气环境质量提供科学依据.     

柴达木盆地盐渍土的成因、性质与对公路危害及防治对策

文章通过对柴达木地区盐渍土形成的地质环境背景条件类型、特性等进行分析基础上,提出各类盐渍土对公路运营过程中的危害及防治对策,可作为实际工作的借鉴。     

石油降解菌的分离筛选及混合菌群的构建与优化

以河南濮阳油田超重质原油为研究对象,从污染井场土壤中分离并筛选出几株高效降解细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。由于不同类型微生物对碳源的利用目标和方式有所不同,而将3类不同类型菌种进行排列组合进行降解实验,最终优选出一组石油降解优势菌群。该文还利用正交优化法对降解菌的最佳添加量进行计算,结果显示,最佳接种量为X25：1．5％,Z3：1％,X18：1％,Z28：2％。利用该优化结果进行降解实验,石油的降解率在一定程度上提高了。在对濮阳、南阳和延长油田不同原油进行为期8d的降解实验中,显示了较高的降解效率,降解率分别为56．93％、65．66％、82．69％。实验证明,该降解菌群能不仅能有效够降解超重油,而且对重质原油和轻质原油表现出更好的降解能力。因此,该研究为石油污染物的降解提供了有效的菌种资源。     

改革开放40年来生态环境监管执法的回顾与展望

改革开放40年来,我国生态环境监管执法体系经历了从无到有,从以排污收费为核心内容,到以改善生态环境质量为根本目的,再到更加注重保护执法相对人合法权利的变迁和跨越。总体而言,环境监管执法队伍在全国各级政府不断建立,环境监管相关之事权与权责更加明晰,环境监管执法能力不断强化,环境行政管理体制不断理顺,环境法律制度体系更加优化,环境治理之主体和手段更加多元。     

Environmentalists and the computer

Summary The growth in the application of computers is one of the major developments of the last half of the 20th Century. There have already been substantial changes in society because of the computer, but even greater changes lie ahead. This paper defines some of the characteristics and applications of computers, as well as some of their limitations. It closes with comments on the implications of the development of ‘a new class of illiterates’—those who are unfamiliar with or even afraid of the computer as an aid in measurement, analysis, record keeping, communication and education. Robert C. Baron has over 25 years experience in the computer industry, as an engineer and as an executive. He was program manager for the Mariner II (Venus) and the Mariner IV (Mars) on board space computers. He was worldwide systems manager for Honeywell's minicomputer business. In 1972, he founded Prime Computer and was its first president. He is currently working as a writer, lecturer and consultant on the development and application of computer and communication technology. Mr. Baron is the author or contributor to six books and has written over 40 papers and speeches.     

Culture and the environment in the United States

The beliefs of Americans about the proper relationship between humans and their environment were profoundly affected by waves of immigration from Europe. Immigrants valued ownership of land, individuality, freedom, domination of nature, and technological development. These themes remain strong today as centerpieces of the American dominant social paradigm (DSP).That DSP has been reexamined and found wanting by an increasing proportion of Americans. This departure from the old DSP has progressed further among the public than among the elite who have a greater stake in preserving the status quo. Environmentalists constitute a vanguard trying to lead the people to a new, more environmentally oriented social paradigm. The beliefs of the old DSP and the new environmental paradigm (NEP) are contrasted in Table 2. Briefly, the NEP advocates stress love of nature rather than domination of it; compassion for other peoples, future generations, and other species; planning to avoid risk; limits to growth; fundamental social change; and a new structuring of politics.These two worldviews are likely to be in vigorous conflict for several decades in the USA. Social learning, spurred by deterioration of the old ways, is likely to lead Americans to a new perspective on their relationship to nature.With the advice and assistance of Barbara V. Fisher.     

Culture and the environment in the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union is one of the most physically and culturally diverse nations on earth. Its natural environment embraces a rich variety of resources and ecosystems, many of which, such as Lake Baikal, are of world significance. Culturally, it is comprised of over a hundred ethnic groups, belonging to eight major language groups and six major religions. However, two cultures are dominant: the Slavic group (which takes in 75% of the USSR population and 80% of its land area) and the Turkic-Islamic peoples who account for the large majority of the remainder. Owing to the highly centralized nature of the country's political-administrative system, however, the effect of culture or ethnic traditions in the resolution of national environmental issues is quite small. Major decisions regarding either specific conservation issues or basic environmental policies are made at the centralized level by ministerial, planning, and Communist Party officials, and are based on pragmatically refined ideological considerations, rather than on regional cultural attitudes. This pragmatic refining of ideological considerations will involve the weighing of specific economic and environmental imperatives, and deciding on appropriate trade-offs. To find cultural expression in environmental management, one would need to look closely at local projects and approaches in the various ethnic regions, particularly the non-Slavic ones.