华南地区农村生活污水处理的标准体系现状——以广东省为例

农村生活污水的有效处理是构建和谐农村人居环境的重要一环,十三五期间,广东省农村生活污水的治理进入了关键建设期,大量市县正在开展关于农村生活污水的前期工作、设计、施工和运行,故构建与之配套的排放标准、技术规程和运行维护的标准化体系,对提高工作效率、降低成本具有重要的意义。在梳理广东省已经出台的农村生活污水处理的标准化文件的基础上,通过分析其与城镇污水厂排放标准、广东省地方标准《水污染物排放限值》和国内其他地区标准的差异,探讨其在华南地区的适用性,并就标准自身存在的问题进行剖析并提供相关建议。     

人工湿地分散式污水处理系统的设计和运行

采用由预处理单元、水平潜流人工湿地单元、消毒单元和污泥干化单元组成的分散式污水处理系统对采油区生活点污水进行了处理和资源化利用。核心工艺单元水平潜流人工湿地单元的优化设计参数为:人工湿地宽20 m、长80 m,采用多段串联布置形式。分散式污水处理系统实际处理水量为92~136 m3/d,在5年的实际运行过程中,COD,BOD5,NH3-N,SS的平均去除率分别为75.9%,77.3%,96.0%,96.1%。处理后出水经消毒后的水质优于GB/T18920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准中绿化用水的水质,可作为绿化灌溉用水回用;干化后的栅渣和污泥可作为绿化肥料使用,能实现污水的资源化利用和处理系统的零排放。     

农村生活污水治理现状及对策研究——以长沙县为例

农村生活污水治理是农村人居环境治理的重点和难点任务之一。以长沙县为研究对象,回顾了长沙县农村生活污水治理历程,分析其存在的突出问题,探讨比较农村生活污水治理的方式和处理工艺,得出不同区域适宜的治理方式、治理设施及处理工艺,并针对性地提出对策,旨在形成可推广可复制的农村生活污水治理经验,为中部地区农村生活污水治理提供一定的借鉴。     

河北南部电网火电厂生活污水处理及回用措施分析

对河北南部电网火电厂生活污水处理现状及存在问题进行了分析，并通过对几种工艺的比较与分析，提出了河北南部电网火电厂生活污水处理及回收利用的措施与途径。     

宿州市某乡镇生活污水处理改造工程方案

宿州市某乡镇生活污水改造工程内容包括污水处理站现状的调查和分析,针对存在渗漏、淤塞等情况的管道进行修复、清通。集合当地实际情况和乡镇整体规划,对现有污水处理容量不足、现场无扩容空间等问题进行梳理解决,另选厂址新建污水处理站。结合工程实施的可行性,在原有工艺的基础上增设了污水处理一体化设备,以保证出水稳定达标。     

MFBR工艺处理农村生活污水的工程应用分析

针对当前农村生活污水低碳氮比现状和处理难题,研发了拥有自主知识产权的MFBR泥膜共生污水处理工艺,并形成了一套分散式农村生活污水处理一体化设备,该设备集缺氧池、厌氧池、移动床曝气池、固定床曝气池及沉淀池于一体。研究考察了MFBR一体化设备用于处理湖南省某村庄生活污水的性能,结果表明：稳定运行后出水水质均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级A标,运行成本根据处理量在0.25～0.4元/m3。该设备可根据项目要求增减化学除磷系统,设备结构简单,运行成本低,对低碳氮比的生活污水处理效率高。     

浅谈农村生活垃圾处理的现状及对策

通过对山东省莱州市乡镇的调查发现,当前农村生活垃圾问题严重。生活垃圾问题在农村普遍存在,而且垃圾的种类和数量逐年增多,处于无人管理的状态,村民垃圾分类意识淡薄。农村发展面临"先污染后治理"的严峻现实。政府首先应该承担起农村垃圾处理的责任,加强环保宣传,进行垃圾处理的有效行动,保证资金的投入,改善农民的生活环境。     

住房和城乡建设部等6部门关于进一步加强农村生活垃圾收运处置体系建设管理的通知(建村[2022]44号)

各省、自治区住房和城乡建设厅、农业农村(农牧)厅、发展改革委、生态环境厅、乡村振兴局、供销合作社,直辖市住房和城乡建设(管)委、城市管理委(局)、绿化和市容管理局、农业农村局(委)、发展改革委、生态环境局、乡村振兴局、供销合作社,新疆生产建设兵团住房和城乡建设局、农业农村局、发展改革委、生态环境局、乡村振兴局、供销合作社:为深入贯彻党中央、国务院关于实施乡村建设行动的决策部署,落实《农村人居环境整治提升五年行动方案(2021-2025年)》明确的目标任务,统筹县乡村三级生活垃圾收运处置设施建设和服务,进一步扩大农村生活垃圾收运处置体系覆盖范围,提升无害化处理水平,健全长效管护机制,现就有关事项通知如下。     

工业污废水处理用防腐蚀材料及结构

较详细地介绍了常见的工业污废水砼处理池的防腐蚀技术、防腐蚀材料、结构及施工要点，为腐蚀性工业污废水的处理提供一种可行的防腐途径。     

Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries

Municipal wastewater treatment results to the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper and environmentally accepted management before final disposal. In European Union, sludge management remains an open and challenging issue for the Member States as the relative European legislation is fragmentary and quite old, while the published data concerning sludge treatment and disposal in different European countries are often incomplete and inhomogeneous. The main objective of the current study was to outline the current situation and discuss future perspectives for sludge treatment and disposal in EU countries. According to the results, specific sludge production is differentiated significantly between European countries, ranging from 0.1 kg per population equivalent (p.e.) and year (Malta) to 30.8 kg per p.e. and year (Austria). More stringent legislations comparing to European Directive 86/278/EC have been adopted for sludge disposal in soil by several European countries, setting lower limit values for heavy metals as well as limit values for pathogens and organic micropollutants. A great variety of sludge treatment technologies are used in EU countries, while differences are observed between Member States. Anaerobic and aerobic digestion seems to be the most popular stabilization methods, applying in 24 and 20 countries, respectively. Mechanical sludge dewatering is preferred comparing to the use of drying beds, while thermal drying is mainly applied in EU-15 countries (old Member States) and especially in Germany, Italy, France and UK. Regarding sludge final disposal, sludge reuse (including direct agricultural application and composting) seems to be the predominant choice for sludge management in EU-15 (53% of produced sludge), following by incineration (21% of produced sludge). On the other hand, the most common disposal method in EU-12 countries (new Member States that joined EU after 2004) is still landfilling. Due to the obligations set by Directive 91/271/EC, a temporary increase of sludge amounts that are disposed in landfills is expected during the following years in EU-12 countries. Beside the above, sludge reuse in land and sludge incineration seem to be the main practices further adopted in EU-27 (all Member States) up to 2020. The reinforcement of these disposal practices will probably result to adoption of advanced sludge treatment technologies in order to achieve higher pathogens removal, odors control and removal of toxic compounds and ensure human health and environmental protection.     

以焦末为载体的生物流化床处理生活污水研究

以焦末为载体的生物流化床反应器处理模拟生活污水,考察了水力停留时间HRT、曝气强度、进水COD浓度、回流速率和进水pH值等因素对生物流化床短期内的影响.现条件下,生物流化床处理模拟生活污水的最佳工艺条件为:HRT 2.5～3.0 h、曝气强度45.9 m3/(m2·h)、进水COD浓度不超过2 000 mg/L、回流液速2.48 cm/s、pH值7.0～8.0,此时COD去除率达90％以上.     

Novel fry-drying method for the treatment of sewage sludge

The purpose of this study is to introduce an efficient drying method named “fry-drying technology” for the treatment of sewage sludge. The basic principle of this method lies in the rapid escape of moisture from sludge material through its pores into the oil medium driven by the strong pressure gradient formed between sludge and oil media. This beneficial pressure distribution for moisture transfer can be established by the subtle combination of the difference of physical properties of specific heat and boiling temperature between water and oil. In order to determine the physical characteristics of this fry-drying technology, a series of experiments were performed in which important parameters, such as heating oil temperature, drying time, oil type, and sludge size, were varied. Numerical calculations using a single solid spherical particle model without any porosity were used to resolve the particle size effect associated with sludge drying.     

污水处理厂自控系统硬件抗干扰研究

在污水处理厂内,由于污水处理设备分布比较分散,中央控制室与现场设备之间的信号传输线缆长度加大,加之现场干扰源较多,影响了自控系统的稳定运行。因此,要求污水处理厂自控系统硬件必须具有一定的抗干扰能力。分析研究了自控系统硬件在系统集成、安装调试中应采取的抗干扰措施。     

膜技术在污水深度处理中的应用

大港油田生活污水处理系统采用膜技术进行深度处理。与传统工艺相比,膜技术具有工艺简单、运行稳定、出水水质较好等特点,是中水回用技术领域的一个重要工艺路线。介绍了膜技术在大港油田污水深度处理工程中的实际应用,重点分析了超滤系统及反渗透膜的调试、运行与水质分析。     

Solid-waste management in the rural area of BRAZIL: a case study in Quilombola communities

Although there has been a worldwide growing concern regarding solid-waste management, the rural area has been left behind on this matter. It is common knowledge that the lack of waste management is very detrimental to the environment and impact seriously the public health. Therefore, the aim of this work is to contribute to the decision-making process regarding waste management in the rural area by proposing a new methodology using the combination of risk analysis and complementary sustainability criteria. The proposed methodology was demonstrated through a case study in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. A field survey was performed to define the current scenarios and three new scenarios were proposed. The risk analysis showed that the major risk to which residents are vulnerable to is the appearance of vectors that can cause various types of diseases. Besides that, only 30% of rural Quilombola communities of Mato Grosso do Sul have waste collection and the predominant scenario is the burning of dry waste and use of organic waste for animal feeding. Using the complementary relevant criteria, the most suitable scenario do the studied communities would be the combination of household composting and source separation of dry waste. The proposed methodology can be easily applied to other rural regions seeking for sustainable waste management systems.     

Feasibility study for co-digestion of sewage sludge with OFMSW on two wastewater treatment plants in Germany

In the past years, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Germany have often been enlarged or expanded. However, it has become evident that the prognosticated increase in wastewater amount has not become a reality and thus free capacities, particularly in the sewage sludge digesters, are available. A possibility for the use of these available capacities is the fermentation of sewage sludge together with organic waste. A feasibility study for two different wastewater treatment plants in Germany was done in order to estimate if fermentation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) affects the wastewater treatment plant operation. In this study, the technical, economic and ecological aspects of co-digestion were investigated for the plants selected.     

Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes for phosphorus recovery

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms and cannot be replaced. Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of phosphorus, but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two-step thermal treatment is suggested, including mono-incineration of sewage sludge and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the ashes. Organic pollutants are completely destroyed by mono-incineration. The resulting sewage sludge ashes contain P, but also heavy metals. P in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability, a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step, P is transferred into mineral phases available for plants, and heavy metals are removed as well. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace by treating seven different sewage sludge ashes under systematic variation of operational parameters. Heavy metal removal and the increase of the P-bioavailability were the focus of the investigation. The present experimental study shows that these objectives have been achieved with the proposed process. The P-bioavailability was significantly increased due to the formation of new mineral phases such as chlorapatite, farringtonite and stanfieldite during thermochemical treatment.     

浅析报废汽车拆解厂废水循环处理技术的应用现状

报废汽车的回收拆解处理在我国已经逐渐兴起,但由于该产业尚处于发展初期,环保技术手段和可持续性发展意识还不够,因此在回收拆解过程中会产生大量的废水和其他污液。针对某汽车回收拆解厂的废水特性进行实验研究,形成“电荷凝集过滤一活性炭吸附”组合工艺,对报废汽车回收拆解企业的废水处理提供了一定的参考价值。