AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM COMPOST LACHATE USING ZEOLITE. II. A STUDY USING CONTINUOUS FLOW PACKED COLUMNS

Bench-scale packed zeolite columns were set up and operated to investigate the continuous removal of ammonium ions from compost leachate. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the zeolite on the ammonia adsorption capacity were studied. For both the coarse particle and the powdered zeolite columns, higher ammonia removal efficiencies were achieved with longer HRT (i.e., lower influent flow rate) tests. At the same HRT, ammonia removal efficiencies from tests with powdered zeolite were generally 20% higher than tests with the coarse particle zeolite. A HRT of 6 hours was found appropriate for efficient ammonia removal, and an operating capacity of 1.31 mg N/g zeolite was obtained. Over 98% of the ammonia input from the influent was consistently removed for over 5 bed volumes (BV) of compost leachate flowing through the zeolite column. Zeolite proved to have a great potential as a medium for ammonia removal in treating composting leachate.     

固定化微生物深度降解垃圾渗滤液氨氮

采用固定化微生物深度处理垃圾渗滤液,研究水力停留时间（HRT）、溶解氧（DO）和进水pH对系统脱氮效果的影响。通过对厌氧出水和好氧出水的脱氮效果比较,探讨固定化微生物构筑物的合理位置。结果表明：固定化微生物处理厌氧出水时,最佳HRT为72 h,最佳DO为5 mg·L-1,最佳进水pH为7.5~8.5;处理好氧出水时,最佳HRT为84 h,最佳DO为5 mg·L-1,最佳进水pH为7.5~8.5;处理厌氧出水和好氧出水时氨氮平均去除率分别达到63.8%和92.6%,将固定化微生物构筑物单元设置在好氧处理之后更合理,可以充分发挥固定化微生物处理渗滤液脱氮方面的独特优势,切实解决渗滤液高效脱氮的问题。     

低温下聚氨酯水凝胶包埋硝化菌去除氨氮

采用聚氨酯水凝胶为固定化载体制备了包埋硝化菌颗粒,并在上流式内循环反应器内以人工配制的模拟氨氮废水对包埋硝化菌颗粒进行驯化。在驯化完成后实验考察了温度变化和水力停留时间(HRT)对低温下聚氨酯水凝胶包埋硝化菌颗粒去除氨氮的影响以及出水中亚硝态氮、硝态氮的累积情况。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为40 mg/L,HRT为4 h,水温从22℃降低到10℃时,包埋硝化菌颗粒对氨氮的去除率从97%下降到48%,调整10℃运行时的HRT,氨氮去除率可达到75%。将进水氨氮浓度降低至15 mg/L,当HRT为4 h,温度在7~13℃范围内变动时,氨氮去除率稳定在80%左右。在整个运行过程中,保持DO充足,没有出现亚硝酸盐积累的现象。     

铜银负载沸石基质雨水滞留池的除菌性能

针对城市水体的病原微生物污染问题,设计了以铜银负载沸石为基质的雨水滞留池模拟柱,用于去除合流制溢流水中的以大肠菌群为指示菌的病原微生物;通过静态实验考察了制备的载铜和载银沸石的铜、银的流失量和除菌效果,并用模拟柱进行了含不同大肠杆菌浓度的进水及合流制溢流水的除菌实验。结果表明：载铜沸石的Cu²⁺流失量相对于载银沸石的Ag⁺流失量更小;在10⁵~10⁷ CFU·L⁻¹的进水大肠杆菌浓度下,2种沸石柱的除菌率均在90%以上;在连续18 d的运行过程中,2种沸石实验柱对大肠杆菌浓度为10⁶ CFU·L⁻¹的合流制溢流水的除菌率也保持在90%以上,且未受到水中的COD、TN、TP的影响。载铜和载银沸石基质滞留池可以有效地降低雨水中的病原微生物风险。     

Long-term operation of biofilters for biological removal of ammonia

Biological removal of ammonia was investigated using two types of packing materials, compost and sludge in laboratory-scale biofilters (8l reactor volume). The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with these supports in terms of ammonia emissions treatment. Experimental tests and measurements included analysis of removal efficiency, metabolic products, and results of long-term operation. The inlet concentration of ammonia applied was 20-200 mg m-3. The ammonia loading rates of 24.9-566 g NH3 m-3 d-1 to compost biofilter (BF3) and 24.9-472 g NH3 m-3 d-1 to sludge biofilter (BF4) were applied for 210 days, respectively. Removal efficiencies of the compost and sludge biofilters were in the range of 97-99% and 95-99%, respectively when the inlet concentration of ammonia was below 110 mg m-3, and the maximum elimination capacities were 288 and 243 g NH3m-3d-1, respectively. However, removal efficiency and elimination capacity of both biofilters significantly decreased as the inlet concentration increased to above 110 mg m-3. By using kinetic analysis, the maximum removal rate of ammonia, Vm, and the saturation constant, Ks, were determined for both packing materials and the value of Vm for compost was found to be larger. Periodic analysis of the biofilter packing materials showed the accumulation of the nitrification product NO3- in the operation. During the experiment, the pressure drops measured were very low. The use of both packing materials requires neither nutritive aqueous solution nor buffer solution.     

氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法。分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度（质量比）和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降。     

The biological treatment of landfill leachate using a simultaneous aerobic and anaerobic (SAA) bio-reactor system

A set of simultaneous aerobic and anaerobic (SAA) bio-reactor system was used for the removal of organic pollutants and ammonia in the landfill leachate generated from Datian Shan Landfill in Guangzhou, China. The influent concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N were 1000-3300 and 80-230 mg L(-1), respectively. The average effluent concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N were 131 and 7 mg L(-1), respectively. The concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N had reached the Chinese second grade effluent standard (COD<300 mg L(-1), NH(4)(+)-N<25 mg L(-1)) for this kind of wastewater. Gas chromatogram-mass spectrum (GC/MS) analysis was used to measure the organic pollutants in the landfill leachate. About 87 organics were detected in this landfill leachate, and 16 of them belong to the list of environmental priority pollutants established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. About 31 of the 87 organic pollutants were completely removed by the SAA bio-reactor, the concentrations of further 14 organic pollutants were reduced by more than 80%, and the removal efficiencies of the other 25 organic pollutants were over 50%.     

生物活性炭填料反应器处理含盐水体的硝化性能

以颗粒活性炭为填料,采用盐度梯度两步驯化法构建含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能,研究了生物滤器稳定后水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、进水氨氮负荷和CODMn/N等对反应器硝化性能的影响。结果表明,25～27℃,盐度30的含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能构建需73 d,其中淡水生物滤器硝化功能构建需28 d,淡水驯化为盐度15的生物滤器需19 d,盐度15驯化为盐度30的生物滤器需26 d;实验条件下生物活性炭填料反应器中生物量达到146～742.1 nmolP/g-BAC;调节进水氨氮浓度2 mg/L左右时,最佳HRT为1 h,氨氮去除率达到84.98%,相应的氨氧化菌和硝酸菌氧吸收速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)分别为2.091和1.948 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);HRT为1 h时,随着进水氨氮负荷的加大,氨氮去除率逐渐降低,当进水氨氮负荷由0.12增加到0.48 g-N/(kg-BAC.d)时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到41.68%,同时氨氧化菌OUR由2.091降低到0.625 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);随着CODMn/N的升高,氨氮去除率下降,CODMn/N从1～8时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到53.64%,CODMn去除率却逐渐增加,由40.86%增加到93.59%,异养菌OUR随着CODMn/N升高呈上升趋势,最大达到0.914 mg O2/(g-BAC.h)。     

中试规模动力波吹脱技术分离老龄化垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮

为解决老龄化垃圾渗滤液的脱氨难题,采用动力波吹脱技术对老龄化垃圾渗滤液进行氨氮吹脱分离,探究了吹脱时间、pH、气液比、温度和进水氨氮浓度对吹脱效能的影响。单因素实验结果表明：前3 h吹脱去除率增长最快,5 h后吹脱去除率变化较小;高pH下游离氨占比增大,对吹脱更为有利,pH为10.5左右时的工艺最为经济;动力波吹脱适用温度范围广,在10 ℃和25 ℃时,去除率可达72.62%和90.68%;增加气液比可提高吹脱效率,但当气液比超过129后,吹脱效果增幅不明显;氨氮浓度对吹脱去除率的影响较小。正交实验结果显示：温度方差最大,pH、气液比方差次之,进水氨氮浓度方差最小,即表明温度对动力波吹脱脱氨影响最为显著;pH、气液比也是重要影响因素;初始氨氮浓度对吹脱效率影响不显著。在25 ℃、pH=10.5、气液比为129时,吹脱5 h的最优条件下,氨氮去除率约91.25%~94.15%。相比传统吹脱工艺,动力波吹脱技术能大幅提高氨氮分离效率。     

垃圾渗滤液补充反硝化碳源强化脱氮效果

垃圾渗滤液中含有大量易被微生物利用的挥发性脂肪酸,若其可以作为城镇污水处理厂的补充碳源,将对降低碳源投加成本和实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用有重要意义。在实际城镇污水处理厂考察了垃圾渗滤液补充进水碳源的脱氮效果,并进一步对比了传统碳源(甲醇、乙酸钠)、垃圾渗滤液及垃圾渗滤液在不同pH条件下产生的水解酸化液作为碳源时的反硝化效果。结果表明,实际城镇污水处理厂投加乙酸钠作为补充碳源时总氮去除率仅提高3%左右,而在进水中混合垃圾渗滤液后提高了约10%。垃圾渗滤液与乙酸钠作碳源时NO3--N去除率均>97%,但垃圾渗滤液为碳源时最大比反硝化速率高达8.8 mg·(g·h) -1(以MLSS计),是乙酸钠为碳源时的1.7倍;垃圾渗滤液中性和碱性水解酸化液为碳源时,反硝化效果相差不大,最大比反硝化速率为4.5~4.8 mg·(g·h) -1(以MLSS计),NO3--N去除率仅为70%左右。垃圾渗滤液或其水解酸化液是否可以作为强化脱氮效果的补充碳源取决于基质本身的性质。     

Transport of Escherichia coli through variably saturated sand columns and modeling approaches

A sand column leaching system with well-controlled suction and flow rate was built to investigate the effects on bacterial transport of air-water interface effects (AWI) correlated to water content, particle size, and column length. Adsorption of Escherichia coli strain D to silica sands was measured in batch tests. The average % adsorption for coarse and fine sands was 45.9+/-7.8% and 96.9+/-3.2%, respectively. However, results from static batch adsorption experiments have limited applicability to dynamic bacterial transport in columns. The early breakthrough of E. coli relative to bromide was clear for all columns, namely c. 0.15 to 0.3 pore volume earlier. Column length had no significant effects on the E. coli peak concentration or on total recovery in leachate, indicating retention in the top layer of sands. Tailing of breakthrough curves was more prominent for all fine sand columns than their coarse sand counterparts. Bacterial recovery in leachate from coarse and saturated sand columns was significantly higher than from fine and unsaturated columns. Observed data were fitted by the convection-dispersion model, amended for one-site and two-site adsorption to particles, and for air-water interface (AWI) adsorption. Among all models, the two-site+AWI model achieved consistently high model efficiency for all experiments. Thus it is evident from experimental and modeling results that AWI adsorption plays an important role in E. coli transport in sand columns.     

不同调控策略对CANON工艺快速适应氨氮浓度提升的影响

针对进水氨氮浓度变化会影响CANON颗粒污泥功能微生物间的协同导致系统不稳定的问题,通过接种常温下贮存2个月的自养颗粒污泥,并采用3种调控策略（维持HRT不变,快速提升氨氮浓度(R1);维持HRT不变,逐级提升氨氮浓度(R2);逐级提升进水氨氮浓度同时调整HRT,以125 mg·L⁻¹为进水氨氮增幅(R3)）,分别考察各种调控策略对系统适应275 mg·L⁻¹和400 mg·L^-1氨氮浓度的效能影响,探讨调控策略与污泥性能的关系及游离氨(FA)、溶解氧(DO)的影响。结果表明,污泥性能提升期,负荷变化最为平稳的策略R3率先适应进水氨氮浓度的提升,仅44 d内总氮去除负荷可达到3.5 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹;污泥性能成熟期,快速提升负荷的策略R1可缩短适应时间至25 d,总氮去除率稳定在80%以上,去除负荷达到5.3 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹。FA会影响功能微生物活性,策略R1在污泥性能提升期,FA浓度高达16.6~26.7 mg·L⁻¹,一定程度上抑制了好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(AMX)的活性,导致系统适应期延长。在污泥适应高氨氮负荷过程中,比氨氧化速率(S_AOR)和比总氮去除速率(S_NRR)逐渐提高,污泥浓度和颗粒粒径逐渐增大。f值(Δ$ {\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N/ΔTN)可作为DO调节的重要依据,DO与氨氮去除负荷呈良好的正相关性。     

氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法.分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度(质量比)和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响.实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40 ℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降.     

人工湿地基质的筛选及其对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮吸附性能研究

采用静态吸附实验,对比了岷江砂、沱江砂、青衣江砂、沸石、活性炭对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮的吸附去除效率,基于氨氮去除能力、购买成本与运费的比较,筛选出性价比较高的基质--岷江砂作为四川地区人工湿地的基质处理猪场废水厌氧消化液.吸附实验表明,砂对氨氮的去除率随振荡时间和投加量的增加而增加.通过吸附等温曲线Langmuir...     

Gaseous ammonia uptake in compost biofilters as related to compost water content

Sewage sludge and yard waste compost were used as biofilter materials and tested with respect to their capacity for removing ammonia from air at different water contents. Ammonia removal was measured in biofilters containing compost wetted to different moisture contents ranging from air dry to field capacity (maximum water holding capacity). Filters were operated for 15 days and subsequently analyzed for NH3/NH4+, NO2-, and NO3-. The measured nitrogen species concentration profiles inside the filters were used to calculate ammonia removal rates. The results showed that ammonia removal is strongly dependent on the water content in the filter material. At gravimetric water contents below 0.25 g H2O g solids(-1) for the yard waste compost and 0.5 g H2O g solids(-1) ammonia removal rates were very low but increased rapidly above these values. The sewage sludge compost filters yielded more than twice the ammonia removal rate observed for yard waste compost likely because of a high initial concentration of nitrifying bacteria originating from the wastewater treatment process and a high airwater interphase surface area that facilitates effective ammonia dissolution and transport to the biofilm.     

Carbonyl Sulfide Removal with Compost and Wood Chip Biofilters,and in the Presence of Hydrogen Sulfide

Abstract

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an odor-causing compound and hazardous air pollutant emitted frequently from wastewater treatment facilities and chemical and primary metals industries. This study examined the effectiveness of biofiltration in removing COS. Specific objectives were to compare COS removal efficiency for various biofilter media; to determine whether hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), which is frequently produced along with COS under anaerobic conditions, adversely impacts COS removal; and to determine the maximum elimination capacity of COS for use in biofilter design. Three laboratory-scale polyvinyl chlo-ride biofilter columns were filled with up to 28 in. of biofilter media (aged compost, fresh compost, wood chips, or a compost/wood chip mixture). Inlet COS ranged from 5 to 46 parts per million (ppm) (0.10–9.0 g/m³fihr). Compost and the compost/wood chip mixture produced higher COS removal efficiencies than wood chips alone. The compost and compost/wood chip mixture had a shorter stabilization times compared with wood chips alone. Fresh versus aged compost did not impact COS removal efficiency. The presence of H₂S did not adversely impact COS removal for the concentration ratios tested. The maximum elimination capacity is at least 9 g/m³·hr for COS with compost media.     

海水改性沸石处理氨氮废水

沸石因具有独特的架状结构而表现出良好的选择吸附和离子交换性能,在废水处理中被广泛应用,但吸附容量偏低,需要进行改性。针对天然沸石的局限性,研究了不同改性方法对氨氮吸附的影响,确定了最佳的沸石改性方法,并进行了吸附等温模型,吸附动力学研究。结果表明,采用高温300℃焙烧后再用预处理后的海水浸泡24 h改性沸石去除氨氮效果最佳。当活化沸石投配量为10 g/L,接触时间为150 min,进水氨氮浓度为37.91 mg/L时,沸石对氨氮吸附容量为4.08 mg/g,氨氮去除率为90.45%;沸石及改性沸石对氨氮的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程和准一级动力学方程。用海水来改性沸石的方法,不仅可提高沸石对氨氮的吸附容量和吸附速度,而且无任何添加药剂,具有简单易行、费用低廉的优点,为沸石在水处理工程中的应用提供技术支撑。     

斜发沸石对城市污水处理厂二级出水中氨氮的处理效果研究

通过静态实验,研究天然斜发沸石去除城市污水处理二级出水中氨氮的性能。研究结果表明,投加量越大,沸石对废水中氨氮的去除率越高,但是吸附容量越低;沸石对氨氮的去除具有短时间内快速吸附,然后缓慢平衡的特点;粉末状沸石对氨氮的去除效果明显好于颗粒状沸石;pH对氨氮去除率有显著影响,pH值为6时,沸石对氨氮的去除率最高。NaCl和NaOH溶液对沸石的改性具有明显的效果,HCl溶液对沸石的改性作用不明显。     

A novel design for anaerobic chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen removal from leachate in a semiaerobic landfill

The removal capacity of carbon and nitrogen from an artificial leachate was evaluated by using laboratory-scale columns, and a design was proposed to remove nitrogen more efficiently from a semiaerobic landfill. Five columns (i.e., two artificial municipal waste columns under anaerobic and semiaerobic conditions, an artificial construction waste column under semiaerobic conditions, and two crushed stone columns under anaerobic and semiaerobic conditions) were used. The influent load rates of organics [g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m3 x day], NH4+, NO3- and aeration conditions for the columns were varied, and the removal capacities of the columns for COD, NH4+-N, and NO3--N were measured. Among the packed column materials, crushed stone was shown to be most effective in removing COD, NH4+ N, and NO3--N from artificial leachate. Average removal rates of crushed column under the semiaerobic condition (column D) for COD and NH4+-N were estimated at about 150 g COD/m3 x day and 20 g COD/m3 x day, while those of crushed column under anaerobic condition (column E) for COD and NO3--N at about 400 and 150 g COD/m3 x day, respectively. It also was found that denitrification and nitrification reactions in column D occurred at the same time, and the ratio of denitrification to nitrification was estimated to be about 80%. Therefore, an anaerobic structure, which could be attached to the bottom of a main pipe in a semiaerobic landfill, is suggested to remove nitrogen and organic substances more effectively.     

处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液的耐盐性优势菌筛选及特性

采用改良的Gibbons培养基从处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液的EGSB反应器中筛选分离获得3株具有耐盐性的COD降解优势菌（Strain1、Strain2和Strain3）,研究了优势菌的最佳生长条件;利用16S rDNA技术确定了优势菌的种属;采用静态实验方法研究了温度和接种量对优势菌COD降解性能的影响并通过菌种复配进一步提升COD降解效率;研究确定了Strain1（Bacillus属）、Strain2（Clostridium属）和Strain3（Enterobacter属）的最适生长条件。实验结果表明,3种优势菌在30~35℃时COD去除率最好。在Strain1和Strain2接种比例为1：2,进水COD为20 000 mg·L-1时,COD去除率达到54.3%,为最优接种组合。