活性炭吸附苯酚及其超声波再生效果

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对苯酚的吸附能力,确定GAC的吸附平衡时间,探讨超声波再生吸附苯酚活性炭的影响因素。实验结果表明:6 h后GAC吸附100 mL浓度为250 mg/L的苯酚水样达到平衡,最大平衡吸附量为16.24 mg/g,去除率为70.5%。再生条件为再生液温度30℃,超声再生时间20 min,解析液为0.25 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,此时GAC再生效果为86.1%。     

铝污泥吸附六价铬的特征和机理

铝污泥是给水处理过程中不可避免的副产物,为了解其资源化利用作为吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为和吸附特征,本研究通过静态实验研究了铝污泥的水解特征、Cr(Ⅵ)在铝污泥上的吸附机理和影响因素。结果表明,(1)铝污泥表面的主要官能团为羟基、SO24-和Cl-;(2)铝污泥与Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程中,液相中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度随吸附时间延长而降低(由20 mg/L降为15.42 mg/L),同时,液相中pH由6.01升高为7.06、SO24-由8.79 mg/L升高为11.40 mg/L、Cl-由10.54 mg/L升高为11.88 mg/L,这一结果表明,HCrO4-与铝污泥表面的羟基、SO24-、Cl-等官能团交换,其吸附机理为配体交换;(3)pH是影响Cr(Ⅵ)在铝污泥上的吸附量的主要因素,当pH由4.0升高至10.0时,吸附容量由7.63 mg/g下降为0.70 mg/g。实验表明,铝污泥作为一种新型的Cr(Ⅵ)吸附剂具有较高吸附能力和应用前景,并为优化吸附工艺提供了技术支撑。     

无定型纳米TiO2吸附去除饮用水中的低浓度As(Ⅲ)

研究了纳米无定型TiO2颗粒对饮用水中低浓度的三价砷As(Ⅲ)吸附行为。纳米TiO2颗粒吸附剂的BET表面积为205 m2/g,计算的BJH吸附平均孔径为4.02 nm(4 V/A)。对起始As(Ⅲ)浓度为150μg/L的模拟含砷水,经过5h的吸附处理后残余浓度不足4μg/L,As(Ⅲ)去除率达到97%。反应起始阶段吸附速率较快,84%的As(Ⅲ)能够在20min内去除。As(Ⅲ)吸附动力学较好地符合拟二级动力学模式。最佳As(Ⅲ)吸附pH为9.3,低于此值,随酸性增加吸附速率有所降低;而高于此值的强碱性pH对吸附有强烈抑制作用。在平衡浓度较低的情形下(10～220μg/L),Lang-muir,Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)吸附等温式均可较好拟合吸附行为,但中性和弱碱性条件下更符合Fre-undlich吸附等温式;平衡浓度大于220μg/L,吸附容量随平衡浓度增加而迅速增加,最大吸附容量在低浓度下达到4.79 mg/g。     

镧负载改性TiO2太阳光催化降解微囊藻毒素的研究

考察了镧负载改性TiO2催化剂在太阳光下降解微囊藻毒素LR(MCLR)的效果及其影响因素.结果表明,镧负载改性的TiO2可显著增加MCLR在TiO2表面的吸附量,同时提高MCLR在太阳光下的降解率.随着镧负载量的增加,太阳光下MCLR降解率可从65%提高到95%,pH降低可促进MCLR的降解.改性TiO2对藻毒素的降解存在最佳投加量,实验结果表明,在pH=6,MCLR初始浓度为2 mg/L,0.001-La-TiO2的最佳投量为0.5 g/L,在3 600 μW/cm2太阳光下照射30 min,降解率可达97%.     

镧负载改性TiO2太阳光催化降解微囊藻毒素的研究

考察了镧负载改性TiO₂催化剂在太阳光下降解微囊藻毒素LR (MCLR)的效果及其影响因素。结果表明,镧负载改性的TiO₂可显著增加MCLR在TiO₂表面的吸附量,同时提高MCLR在太阳光下的降解率。随着镧负载量的增加,太阳光下MCLR降解率可从65%提高到95%,pH降低可促进MCLR的降解。改性TiO₂对藻毒素的降解存在最佳投加量,实验结果表明,在pH=6,MCLR初始浓度为2 mg/L,0.001-La-TiO₂的最佳投量为0.5 g/L,在3 600 μW/cm²太阳光下照射30 min,降解率可达97%。     

负载TiO2的活性炭纤维改性电极电吸附除氟

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2凝胶,将TiO2凝胶涂覆在活性炭纤维表面并进行热处理制备改性电极(TiO2/ACF),利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射光谱仪(XRD)、比表面和孔隙度分析仪对负载前后电极的表面特性进行表征,并探讨了其对NaF溶液的电吸附效果。结果表明,电极负载TiO2后表面变得粗糙,比表面积和总孔体积减小,而介孔体积和平均孔径增大。此外,表面的TiO2同时以金红石和锐钛矿的晶型存在。电吸附实验结果显示,加电可以提高吸附容量,而且电压、pH和初始氟离子浓度均对电吸附容量产生影响:电压增大,吸附容量增加,当施加电压为2 V时,电吸附容量为1.03 mg/g,比开路电位时提高40%;pH可以通过影响氟离子在溶液中的存在形态和TiO2/ACF电极表面的羟基基团对电吸附容量产生影响;初始氟离子浓度升高,电极吸附容量增大,但是去除率降低。在处理初始氟离子浓度为4 mg/L的NaF溶液时,在2 V电压、中性pH和12 h的吸附时间下,改性ACF为电极的吸附量为1.32 mg/g。     

聚酰胺胺-环糊精共聚物对水中2，4-二氯酚的吸附

采用新型聚酰胺胺一环糊精共聚物（PAMAM—CD）静态吸附模拟废水中的2,4-二氯酚（DCP）。通过单因素和正交实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、PAMAM—CD投加量（W）、溶液体积（V）、吸附温度（T）、溶液初始浓度（C0）等因素对吸附的影响,初步探讨了PAMAM—CD对DCP的吸附机理。实验结果表明：吸附条件对吸附容量（qe）的影响顺序为：C0〉W〉V〉T。最佳吸附条件：Co=150mg／L,W=25mg,V=75mL,T=15℃。在此条件下的qe平均值达105．6mg／g,说明PAM-AM—CD对DCP吸附能力强,吸附机理主要是因PAMAM-CD对DCP的包合、氢键等作用。     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂对Cd2+吸附性能研究

制备了一种聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂,重点考察了吸附剂对Cd2+吸附的pH依赖性、吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,Cd2+溶液pH值对吸附容量有较大影响.在pH=8、吸附时间30 min、Cd2+溶液初始浓度0.02 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,吸附剂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量可达294.7 mg/g.与膨润土相比,三维网络凝胶吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率.     

粉煤灰对水溶液中磷的吸附性能及机理

以粉煤灰为吸附剂去除溶液中的磷,考察了其吸附除P动力学特征、热力学特征以及溶液初始pH和粉煤灰投加量对吸附除P效果的影响,并对其吸附除P机理做了初步探讨。结果表明,在给定实验条件下,粉煤灰对P具有较好的去除效果,随着初始P浓度从10 mg/L升高到80 mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.46～2.44 mg P/g粉煤灰,吸附效率从92.2%降低至61.1%;对不同浓度的含P溶液,粉煤灰最适用量为0.6～1.5 g粉煤灰/mg P;相同反应条件下,当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,P初始吸附速率提高了3倍;粉煤灰对P的吸附过程能够较好地拟合Langmuir、Freundlich及D-R吸附等温模型,相关系数均在0.98以上。通过对吸附饱和的粉煤灰进行解析实验发现,初始P浓度较低(<50 mg/L)时,以化学吸附为主,而在初始P浓度较高(>80 mg/L)时,则以物理吸附为主。     

Co2+活化过氧单磺酸盐降解三氯生的条件优化及机理探讨

采用Co2+活化过氧单磺酸盐(PMS)降解水体中三氯生(TCS),优化了PMS浓度 、溶液初始pH和Co2+浓度等降解条件,并对TCS降解机理进行了探讨.结果表明,在溶液初始pH=7,PMS和Co2+摩尔浓度分别为1.00 mmol/L和10.0μmol/L的优化条件下,TCS(34.5μmol/L)在30 min内去...     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

嗜盐菌的特性与高盐废水生物处理的进展

论述了嗜盐菌的形态特征、营养构成、生理特性和嗜盐机理，以及利用其特性在含盐有机废水处理中的应用，综述了国内外生化处理高含盐量有机工业废水的实验研究成果、在实际废水工程中的应用及其发展方向。对嗜盐菌的培养与驯化有一定的参考价值，对含盐废水处理工程的设计与运行有指导意义。