煤对CO2，N2和CH4的吸附速率经验公式与异同性研究*

为了解决吸附速率拟合公式缺乏而解吸经验公式众多的问题,通过替换解吸参数、定性和对比分析各经验公式对煤吸附CO₂,N₂,CH₄吸附速率的适用性,选取4种不同煤质的煤样在0.5,1.0和2.0 MPa下进行定温吸附实验,分析压力和煤质对吸附速率的影响规律。研究结果表明:时间函数式对3种气体在不同压力和煤质下的吸附速率拟合效果最佳;压力和煤质对3种气体吸附速率的影响既存在共性又具有差异性,气体吸附速率与压力符合指数函数关系,与挥发分呈现出二次函数关系,并且压力升高会导致最低吸附速率趋向于较高变质程度煤样;CH₄和N₂的吸附速率随压力升高而升高,而CO₂的吸附速率因煤样而不同,且在同压下,不同气体的最高和最低吸附速率煤样的变质程度也不同。     

不同黏土矿物材料对Cd2+的吸附特征

探讨了在不同矿物投加量、不同振荡时间、不同Cd2 质量浓度、不同矿物颗粒细度和不同pH值条件下,钠基膨润土、膨胀蛭石和沸石3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附效果,并比较了3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附差异性.结果表明:具有可膨胀层间的黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附量不仅仅由单一的阳离子交换量决定;Cd2 在矿物表面的吸附过程是个迅速的过程,在10 min内即可完成;黏土矿物颗粒细度不同,对Cd2 的吸附率不同,但并非颗粒越细吸附量越大;就实验所采用的3种黏土矿物而言,在较低矿物投加量条件下,其对Cd2 的吸附能力从大到小依次为钠基膨润土、沸石、膨胀蛭石;较高的pH值有助于黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附,但考虑到实际操作的其他因素,不能把pH值调得过高.     

改性硅酸钙(CSH)对重金属废水中Ni2+的吸附特性研究

以硅灰石和氧化钙为原料制备改性硅酸钙(CSH),为了探讨改性硅酸钙对Ni~(2+)的吸附特性和机理,考察了初始p H值、吸附剂投加量、初始Ni~(2+)质量浓度和硅酸钙使用次数等因素对模拟废水中Ni~(2+)去除率的影响。结果表明,p H值在3.0~6.0、吸附剂投加量为1g/L、含Ni~(2+)废水质量浓度小于200 mg/L、硅酸钙前两次使用时,CSH对Ni~(2+)均有较高的去除效果。采用Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附,得到CSH对Ni~(2+)的最大吸附量为417 mg/g。结合吸附前后的扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)图谱分析,推测出CSH的主要结构为Ca Si2O5,CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附主要发生在CSH表面并且是通过离子交换作用进行的。通过对CSH吸附去除Ni~(2+)过程中溶液离子浓度变化的研究推断出97%的Ni~(2+)通过离子交换作用被去除,剩余的Ni~(2+)通过表面络合作用去除。     

Study of flotation conditions for cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solutions

Flotation conditions for cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solutions were investigated. Precipitate flotation techniques “of the first kind” (PFFK) and “of the second kind” (PFSK) were tested, using potassium ethyl xanthate (KEtX) as a precipitating agent for cadmium(II). The surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) were used as collectors for PFFK. The effects of KEtX and collector concentrations, induction time, bubbling time, solution pH and some foreign ions on cadmium(II) removal were studied. Under optimum conditions, cadmium(II) could be removed by PFFK by ∼93% and >99% using SDS and HDTMA, respectively. By PFSK, removal of about 64% for cadmium(II) was obtained. The two developed precipitate flotation methods were also tested for simultaneous removal of cadmium(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) from distilled water and tap water. The effectiveness of PFFK suggests its employment for metal-polluted wastewaters.     

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of lead(II) onto the low cost adsorbent—Eupatorium adenophorum spreng

Adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto a low cost adsorbent—the Eupatorium adenophorum spreng has been investigated to evaluate the effects of initial lead ion concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on the removal of Pb(II) systematically. The optimal pH value for Pb(II) adsorption onto the E. adenophorum spreng was found to be 5.0. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°) were evaluated by applying the van’t Hoff equation, which describes the dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature. The thermodynamics of Pb(II) adsorption onto the E. adenophorum spreng indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures and the equilibrium data were found to fit Freundlich isotherm equation better than Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption was analyzed using pseudo-second-order kinetic models.     

IAFSA-GRNN在油田集输管道CO2腐蚀速率预测中的应用

为提高油田集输管道CO₂腐蚀速率预测的准确性,针对原始广义回归神经网络(GRNN)预测精度低的问题,提出改进的群智能算法优化原始GRNN的预测模型;分别使用GRNN模型、人工鱼群算法(AFSA)优化的GRNN(AFSA-GRNN)模型和自适应改进的AFSA-GRNN(IAFSA-GRNN)模型预测X65管线钢的CO₂腐蚀速率。结果表明:采用AFSA和IAFSA优化光滑因子S后,能大大提高GRNN模型的预测精度,预测结果的平均相对误差由36.09%分别减小至7.20%和6.90%;与AFSA相比,IAFSA优化的GRNN不仅具有更高的预测精度,还具有更快的收敛速度。AFSA-GRNN在第164次迭代计算时收敛,而IAFSA-GRNN在第109次迭代计算时收敛,说明AFSA经自适应优化能提高优化过程的收敛速度和GRNN的预测精度。     

二氧化碳致裂对煤岩孔隙表面分形特征影响实验研究

为了探究二氧化碳致裂对贵州高瓦斯低渗透煤层的孔隙致裂增透作用,提出了应用低温氮吸附与FHH模型相结合的方法,分析致裂前后煤样的微观孔隙特征变化,并将分形维数与孔隙特征参数结合。研究结果表明:二氧化碳致裂对煤的孔隙具有明显的作用效果,致裂后煤岩体中微孔含量、比表面积减少,而孔容、平均孔直径增加;致裂作用会使煤的分形维数减小,孔隙表面受致裂效果会趋于光滑;受二氧化碳致裂作用,分形维数的大小与平均孔直径、孔容和吸附量等存在负相关关系,与比表面积、微孔含量等呈正相关关系。     

二溴海因作用罗非鱼产生的溴离子残留及消解研究

建立了以离子色谱法测定水产品中溴离子质量比的方法,并用该方法检测了二溴海因作用于吉富罗非鱼后所产生的溴离子在肌肉中残留及消解的质量比.检测时采用CsI2A阴离子柱分离,电导检测,溴离子质量比为10～200 mg/kg,决定系数R2=0.9963.结果表明:1)样品添加30 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,Br-的平均回收率分别为82.58％和86.14％,相对标准偏差为4.61％和6.54％.因此,该方法可以应用于水产品中溴离子的定量分析;2)二溴海因质量浓度为0～0.3 mg/L时,肌肉中未检出溴离子;二溴海因质量浓度为1.5 mg/L时,肌肉中溴离子质量比呈时间-效应关系,即溴离子质量比随时间的延长而增加,第16 d时溴离子在肌肉中质量比达最大21.6 mg/kg,符合国际食品法典的规定.在清水中恢复10 d后,肌肉中溴离子的质量比降低.可见,实际生产中若二溴海因的施药剂量为0.3～0.4mg/L,则肌肉中溴离子对人类几乎没有威胁.     

丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯的合成与螯合性能研究

用2,3-二羟基苯甲酸经羟基保护、酰胺化、酯化和去保护4步反应,生成一种新型的四齿丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)和质谱(MS)对其结构进行了表征.在中性pH值条件下,研究了这种配体对铀酰离子的络合能力.结果表明,丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体与铀酰离子的螯合常数为23.2.     

A comparative study on the autoxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) comparison with diethyl ether (DEE) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Introduction of DME could contribute greatly to both the prevention of global warming and the formation of resource-recycling societies. In these circumstances, a safety assessment of DME is very important when DME is used on a large scale. There is a possibility that prolonged exposure in air induces autoxidation to produce explosive organic peroxides during transportation and storage of DME. Therefore, the reactivity of DME with oxygen and the mechanism of the autoxidation were investigated. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) was used to evaluate the thermal stability of DME and DIPE, a known peroxide producers, under adiabatic and various atmospheric conditions. In ARC studies of DME under oxygen, exothermic decompositions were detected although its self-heating rate was low in comparison with DIPE. Oven storage tests were carried out and iodimetry was used to measure the concentration of peroxides produced from DME in comparison with DIPE and DEE. However, no products could be found for DME either by GC/MS or by iodimetry, while some evidence of autoxidation of both DEE and DIPE were obtained from these experiments.     

双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦阻燃改性聚酯的热解和燃烧特性实验研究

本文以双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦为阻燃单体,合成了阻燃共聚酯(COPET)。通过热失重分析和锥形量热分析,研究了阻燃共聚酯的热降解行为和燃烧特性,并对阻燃剂的阻燃机理进行了简单的讨论。实验结果表明,阻燃剂双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦是适于聚酯的较好阻燃剂,但其发烟量有待抑制。     

Cd和Cr(VI)单一及复合污染对鲫鱼组织过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法研究了Cd和Cr(VI)的单一及复合污染对鲫鱼组织过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的影响.结果表明,随着Cd、Cr(VI)中毒浓度的升高,Cd对肝POD同工酶起激活作用,对肾、脑则起抑制作用;Cr(VI)对肝POD同工酶和肾POD同工酶起激活作用,对脑POD同工酶影响不明显;Cd、Cr(VI)复合污染则均显示出协同效应的趋势.另外,Cd、Cr(VI)对鲫鱼主要器官POD同工酶的影响具有组织差异性.     

硝酸及氯离子对高温硝酸铵水溶液热危险性的影响研究

国内外学者对硝酸铵的危险性进行了大量的研究,而对其水溶液的危险性至今开展不多。笔者采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)对高温状态下的硝酸铵水溶液的热分解危险性、杂质离子对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。纯硝酸铵和90%硝酸铵水溶液的DSC实验表明,90%硝酸铵溶液和分析纯硝酸铵具有相似的热爆炸危险;90%硝酸铵水溶液在140~180℃之间的RC1e试验表明:硝酸或氯离子单独存在时,对硝酸铵分解都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同时存在时则大大降低体系的热稳定性。该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值。     

毛竹遗态 Fe2O3／Fe3O4／C 复合材料对水中锑（III）的吸附研究

以毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料为吸附剂,锑（III ）初始含量、溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量以及吸附剂粒径为影响因素开展吸附影响研究。结果表明,随着锑（III ）初始浓度的升高,毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料对锑（III ）的吸附量逐渐增加;初始溶液pH为7时,对锑（III ）的吸附效果最好,吸附量为4．7821 mg／g;块状吸附剂对水中锑（III ）的去除率和吸附量与粉末状吸附剂吸附效果相当。     

Kinetic and 2D reactor modeling for simulation of the catalytic reduction of NOx in the monolith honeycomb reactor

Emission of NO_x is of primary environmental concern in the oil sands industry. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the best NO_x reduction technologies. The present study discusses the testing of a mechanistic kinetic model for the SCR of NO_x to describe the kinetics of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysis at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 623 K in a monolith honeycomb reactor. The modeling results impart insight into the significance of the diffusion with reaction steps and guidance for optimal monolith design for SCR. The validated expression would predict the conversion performance of the catalysts for different values of temperature inlet and ammonia concentration. A good agreement between experimental and model results has been obtained. A heterogeneous numerical model consisting of coupled mass and momentum balance equations was solved using the finite elements method without neglecting the axial dispersion term. The operating range for the catalyst relies on the NO conversion and emission. The optimum operating range for the best performance of the reactor is discussed.     

The effect of Mg(BH4)2 on the energy characteristics of RDX based aluminized explosives

This paper mainly discusses the effect of Mg(BH₄)₂ on RDX-based aluminized explosives' energy characteristics. RDX/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂, RDX/AP/Al/Mg(BH₄)₂ mixed explosives were prepared by molding power method. The influence of energy storage materials on the performance of mixed explosives was discussed by adjusting the proportion of Mg(BH₄)₂. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, detonation heat experiment, and XPS experiment were carried out for the mixed explosive. The mechanical sensitivity, energy characteristics, and the products after the explosion of the mixed explosive were analyzed. Through the above experiments, it is concluded that Mg(BH₄)₂ can effectively improve the energy characteristics of RDX, but its safety will become worse after being prepared by a simple mixing method, and the use of the molding power method can effectively reduce the sensitivity. As the mass fraction of Mg(BH₄)₂ increases and Al decreases, the detonation heat of explosives decreases gradually. Mg(BH₄)₂ made the oxygen balance of mixed explosives more negative has been considered as a potential reason. Analysis of the detonation heat solid products by XPS found that, unlike our expected results, the product contained a large amount of low calorific value of B₂O₂ instead of B₂O₃, which may be a crucial reason. This paper provides a reference for the application of Mg(BH₄)₂ in energetic materials and is of great significance for the development and application of new materials in energetic materials.     

基于OBE的《安全系统工程》课程教学改革及实践

为促进学生工程实践能力的培养,确保培养目标达成,本文探讨在《安全系统工程》教学中面临的主要问题及其解决办法。针对课程教学过程中存在的学生缺少必要的专业知识,学习困难,理论教学和实践相脱节,以及课程考核方式难以反映学生工程实践能力培养效果等问题,基于“成果导向”研究教学大纲、教学内容、授课方式、学习方式以及课程考核方式等方面的改革措施,并在教学过程中加以实施,取得较好效果。     

富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响

为了研究富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响,基于自主设计搭建的CH4燃烧诱导快速相变试验台,通过改变富氧系数和泄爆面积对CH4燃烧的压力振荡特性进行研究,分析了不同富氧系数E(0.21,0.3,0.4,0.6)及泄爆面积比(0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)下CH4燃烧的压力峰值、到达压力峰值的时间及特征时间等参数的变化趋势。结果表明,随富氧系数增大,爆炸压力峰值逐渐增大。富氧系数E=0.21时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力,无压力振荡;当E=0.3时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力且伴随压力振荡。当E为0.4、0.6时,压力峰值高于相应绝热压力且伴随压力振荡;在泄爆条件下,随富氧系数增加,到达压力峰值的时间逐渐减小。通过分析不锈钢管道中的燃烧诱导快速相变现象,发现泄爆可以有效降低爆炸压力峰值,且随泄爆面积比增大,到达压力峰值的时间提前。     

煤矿安全生产中人的行为影响因子系统动力学(SD)仿真分析

在构建影响人的安全行为因素因果关系的基础上,运用系统动力学(SD)理论和方法,对影响人的安全行为关键因素进行动态预测,并通过仿真计算、对比分析安全投入增加对系统安全水平的影响。应用该方法建立的煤矿生产中人的安全行为指标水平模型,以求证安全投入与人的安全行为水平的相关性,为煤矿安全管理决策提供一种新的思路,亦有助于政府和煤矿企业科学地明确安全投入方向,降低人因事故率,提高煤矿生产的安全水平。