都市土壤中重金属含量对城市大气污染水平的依赖性

本文介绍乌克兰２３个城市（城市名略）的城市土壤中酸溶解形式的锰、锌、铜、铅含量与这些重金属在气溶胶中多年平均含量之间依赖关系的研究成果。对这些成果，以及过去得到的、但缺乏详细研究的城市气溶胶中铁、锰、锌、铜、铅的多年平均含量与城市土壤中这些金属的水溶解形式之间的定量交换依存关系的数据进行了讨论。     

大气汞在土壤中转化及其与土壤汞富集的相关性

通过现场调查与模拟试验相结合的方法，研究了大气汞对土壤汞富集的影响及其进入土壤后的形态转化。     

使用紫外闪光灯处理受污染的水,气,土壤

本文介绍了一种新的有效的处理挥发性有机化合物(VOC′S)、聚氯联苯化合物(PCB′S)和其他有机毒物的方法。这个新方法是采用高强宽谱的紫外光线(UV)直接光解有机物,分解的最终产物是无毒的单质物质。新方法的效靛优于使用中压汞灯做光源的传统 UV 处理工艺。     

农药对土壤的污染机理

土壤中的农药残留物主要来自施入土壤的农药、叶面喷洒后降落或淋洗进入土壤的农药、大气中沉降的农药、含农药残留物的土壤中经历多种运动过程,其中与环境污染有关的主要有三个方面:挥发、径流、淋溶及吸附等。 农药的挥发主要取决于农药本身的理化性质,另外土壤水份运动会明显影响农药从土表挥发。一般来说,农药在土壤中的挥发可分为三类:     

土地与生存空间的退化--世界环境绿皮书之四

大约20亿hm^3的土地由于人类活动而发生退化，相当于地球陆地面积15%。世界2.55亿hm^2的水浇地中有2500万-3000万hm^2的土地因盐分积累而严重退化。所有可用土地中有23%受土地退化的影响产量降低。     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.     

荆马河区域土壤重金属污染的成因分析

土壤是农业生态系统的主要组成部分，是人类社会最重要的自然资源；土壤又是环境中各种污染物的载体，是部分污染物的归宿地。荆马河区域分布着大大小小上百家化工冶金行业的厂家，并向环境中排放出大量的污染物，其中包括数量众多的重金属，存在于大气、水体、固体废弃物中。大气中的重金属随着雨水洗涤或尘埃自然沉降而迁移到土壤中；水体中的重金属经农田灌溉进入土壤；固体废弃物则直接被利用而成为土壤的一部分。因此，排出的污染物通过空气扩散沉降、灌溉和施肥等途径，最终污染农田土壤，进入农业生态和食物链，影响农业和危害人体健…     

枣庄市城市生活垃圾的现状与防治对策

由于枣庄城市规模的不断扩大、人口的增多、自由市场的开放、农村剩余劳动力的进城，大大增加了城市生活垃圾的产生量。城市垃圾是一个长期存在的污染源，未经处理或处理不善的城市垃圾会造成严重的大气污染、地下水污染、土壤污染，并使土地被垃圾占用、自然景观被破坏等问题日趋严重，     

Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.     

浅析无公害蔬菜生产环境质量条件选择

本文分析了生产基地污染物对蔬菜产生的危害，论述了无公害蔬菜生产对环境质量环境要素的要求，给出各环境要素监测方法和评价环境质量的标准，提出无公害蔬菜生产基地应选择的生态条件，从而加强对无公害蔬菜生产的产前管理，建立有可持续生产能力的农业生产区域。     

土壤与地下水污染防治的协调策略

现阶段,我国正在开展《土壤污染防治法》的相关立法机制研究,针对土壤污染与地下水污染之间紧密地关联,对于如何科学有效地协调土壤以及地下水污染的防治仍然是当下我国污染治理的关键问题。因此,本文从土壤污染防治以及法律制度和法律责任等多个角度进行分析,就如何协调土壤污染地防治与地下水的防治提出一些建议,以供参考。     

污染土壤化学修复技术介绍

土壤污染是当今面临的一个严峻的问题，迫切需要修复、治理；随着土壤污染组分的日益复杂化，等待着全面、高效的修复技术的研制。本文主要讨论了受污染土壤的化学修复技术原理及适用性，并对其发展前帚进行了总结。     

重金属污染土壤的治理方法

从工程措施、生物措施、改良措施和农业措施四个方面较全面地介绍了国内外重金属污染土壤的治理方法，并就其原理、实例、优缺点和合理应用等问题做了简要阐述。     

Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal and arsenic contamination in soils and vegetables on four villages （Shuichuan （SCH）, Beiwan （BWA）, Dongwan （DWA） and Wufe （WFE）） located along, Baiyin, China, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain. Results show that the most significantly contaminated soils occurred upstream at SCH where Cd, Cu and As concentrations exceeded maximum allowable concentrations for Chinese agricultural soil. Further downstream the degree of contamination semi-systematically decreased in concentrations of metal. Generally, the leafy vegetables were more heavily contaminated than non-leafy vegetables. Chinese cabbage is the most severely contaminated, the concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximum permit levels （0.05 mg/kg） by 4.5 times. Bio-accumulate factor also shows that an entry of Cd to food chain plants is the greatest potential. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake amounts of the considered toxic elements （Cd, Pb and Cu） from the vegetables grown at SCH and BWA and DWA have exceeded the recommended dietary allowance levels. Thus, the vegetables grown in three villages above, which affected by Baiyin mining and smelting have a health hazard for human consumption.     

Assessing availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to ryegrass and millet based on 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3)2 extraction

This study was conducted to assess availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead （Pb） to ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） and millet （Echinochloa crusgalli） based on the 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 extraction. Effect of soil properties on availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of Pb to the two plants was also evaluated. Five soils with pH values varying from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） contents from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay contents from 11.6% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with Pb to achieve a range of concentrations： 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. Pb availability in the spiked soils was estimated by extracting soil with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. The results indicate that plants yield decreased with decreasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil clay and OC content. Negative relationship between available Pb and the relative dry matter growth （RDMG） of the two plants were significantly related. Available Pb used to assess EC20 （20% effective concentration） and EC50 （50% effective concentration） of millet was 119 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Available Pb used to assess EC20 and EC50 of ryegrass was 63 and 157 mg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation, expressed as bioconcentration factors of Pb, was inversely related to soil pH, soil OC and clay content. Strong relationships were found between available lead and uptake by the two plants （P was 0.92 and 0.95 respectively）. In general, 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 available Pb may be used to assess the availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to the two plants tested.     

浅论环境教育中必须搞清的几个关系

洪涝灾害、森林破坏、水土流失、土地沙化、耕地退化、水体和大气污染、臭氧空洞、物种灭绝，等等，时刻困绕着人类，使人类生产、生活受到极大影响，制约了经济发展，危害了人体健康，破坏了自然界的生态平衡。     

重金属污染土壤的修复技术

重金属污染是当今土壤污染中污染面积最广、危害最大的环境问题之一，由于重金属污染毒理机制和生物效应的复杂性及其在土壤中的稳定性，对重金属污染的研究一直是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文在介绍当前重金属污染土壤修复技术的基础上，对重金属污染土壤修复技术的发展趋势作综合预测和展望。     

粉煤灰对湖泊和土壤磷酸酶的影响及其应用潜力研究

粉煤灰水提取液对湖泊和土壤磷酸酶具有激活作用，粉煤灰固体对湖泊磷酸酶的效应与其用量有关，少量固体可促进酶的活性，用量增大时则表现出抑制作用，为粉煤灰所吸 的东湖溶解态碱性磷酸酶亦能表现微弱的活性，依据上述结果讨论了粉煤灰的潜在应用价值，具体方式为：（１）以粉煤灰水提取液作为土壤磷酸酶激活剂；（２）借粉煤灰固体介导湖泊中过量的酶向土壤转移，以期获得水质净化与土壤改良的双重功效。     

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

IntroductionNorth-east China is one of the most importantindustrial bases and also a main agriculturalproduction area. Land disposal of wastes and irrigatingwith sewage have led to increasing heavy metalcontents in soil (Chen, 1996) and the problemsinduce…     

Photochemical behavior of benzo[a]pyrene on soil surfaces under UV light irradiation

The rates of photodegradation and photocatalysis of benzo [a]pyrene （BaP） on soil surfaces under UV light have been studied. Different parameters such as temperature, soil particle sizes, and soil depth responsible for photodegradation, catalyst loads and wavelength of UV irradiation blamed for photocatalysis have been monitored. The results obtained indicated that BaP photodegradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. BaP photodegradation was the fastest at 30℃ . The rates of BaP photodegradation at different soil particle size followed the order： less than 1 mm〉less than 0.45 mm〉less than 0.25 mm. When the soil depth increased from 1 mm to 4 ram, the half-life increased from 13.23 d to 17.73 d. The additions of TiO2 or Fe2O3 accelerated the photodegradation of BaP, and the photocatalysis of BaP follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Changes in catalyst loads of TiO2 （0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% （wt）） or Fe203 （2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% （wt）） did not significantly affect the degradation rates. Both BaP photocatalysis in the presence of TiO2 and Fe2O3 were the fastest at 254 nm UV irradiation.