PVC电缆火灾早期特征气体的组成分析和传感器探测

利用气体传感器对电缆绝缘过热释放的气体进行监测有望实现电气火灾早期预警,目前该技术的发展由于特征气体未得到确认而受到限制。分析了聚氯乙烯(PVC)电缆绝缘层在不同温度下释放的气体组成,并对其主要成分进行传感器测试。TG-IR和GC-MS分析表明PVC电缆绝缘层在200℃前已出现微小失重,释放出以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等塑化剂为主的气体。气敏测试中,商用半导体气体传感器对DOP和电缆蒸气产生较好、相似的响应性能。因此,DOP可以作为PVC电缆火灾早期的特征气体。     

SO2和H2O对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温SCR活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂并考察其活性,研究了SO_2和H_2O对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂的影响,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR对中毒前后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,催化剂在无SO_2和H_2O条件下具有良好的脱硝性能,在140℃时NO_x去除率达到84%。但若向模拟烟气中加入SO_2和H_2O,则随其体积分数增大对催化剂活性产生明显抑制作用。当H_2O的体积分数为5%、SO_2为700×10-6时,反应4 h后,NO_x去除率降为53%。H_2O对催化剂的抑制作用随H_2O的除去而消除,H_2O主要通过与NO_x的竞争吸附来抑制催化剂的活性。低浓度的SO_2对催化剂活性影响较小,SO_2体积分数为100×10~(-6)时,稳定后NO_x去除率仍能维持在80%以上,但较高体积分数的SO_2引起的催化剂失活不可自行恢复。SO_2毒化作用主要是引起了硫酸铵盐覆盖催化剂的表面活性位,以及造成活性组分MnO_x的晶化,并破坏了MnO_x与TiO_2间的强相互作用。H_2O和SO_2共同存在时,H_2O可以弱化SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用,主要因为H_2O与SO_2的竞争吸附作用而使SO_2对催化剂活性的影响减弱。     

Ni2+掺杂钛纳米管的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用水热法,以硝酸镍为镍源,利用商业二氧化钛(P25)制备Ni2+掺杂钛纳米管。对样品进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和比表面积仪(BET)的表征。结果表明:采用水热法生成了均匀的钛纳米管,管壁多层且两端开口;Ni2+掺杂基本没有改变钛纳米管的形态和晶型结构;掺杂5%Ni2+的钛纳米管的比表面积为233.89 m2/g,大于未掺杂的纳米管(187.52m2/g),远大于原料P25(45.6 m2/g)。以亚甲基蓝溶液为降解对象,研究Ni2+的掺杂量、pH值、振荡时间和温度对Ni2+掺杂钛纳米管吸附性能的影响。Ni2+的掺杂量、pH值、振荡时间和温度对Ni2+掺杂钛纳米管的吸附性能具有显著影响。用非线性回归分析对吸附等温线进行拟合,Langmuir吸附模型比Freundlich吸附模型拟合效果好。     

煤的低温氧化及指标气体实验研究

本文主要利用自制研发的煤自燃特性测试系统,通过程序升温加热的方法,分析了桃园煤矿10煤和8煤在不同温度环境下氧化的气体组分及其浓度分布,以此来分析煤在低温条件下的氧化规律,并综合分析判定煤自然发火标志气体。实验结果表明,随着煤温的升高,煤的氧化速度越来越快,煤氧化速度的拐点温度为100℃~120℃;10煤出现C_2H_4和C_2H_6的温度均在80℃~100℃,而8煤在35℃~40℃下就有C_2H_6生成,但出现C_2H_4的温度高达150℃;10煤以CO为主标志气体,以C_2H_4、C_2H_6、C_3H_8作为辅助指标气体;8煤以CO、C_2H_6为主标志气体,以C_2H_4、C_3H_8作为辅助指标气体。     

H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2/膨胀石墨的制备及其光催化活性

以钛酸四丁酯和鳞片石墨为主要起始原料,经溶胶凝胶-浸渍法制备了膨胀石墨(EG)负载H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2(x=0~4)复合光催化剂,采用SEM,EDS,XRD,FT-IR,UV-Vis进行表征。以紫外、可见光催化降解甲基橙废水评价其光催化活性。结果表明,与H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2/EG(x=0,1,3,4)相比,H_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)/TiO_2/EG因其结构中H_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)的存在,光生电子-空穴分离速率加快,量子效率提高,光催化活性明显增强。此外,催化剂循环使用4次后,依然保持了较高的活性。     

煤炭自燃特性参数实验测试研究

为了准确、有效预报煤炭自燃,防止煤炭自燃,本文利用程序升温实验装置对许疃煤矿7煤、8煤和10煤3个煤层10个煤样在氧化过程中释放的不同气体随温度的变化规律进行了实验研究。通过实验得出:7煤、8煤和10煤常温下具有氧化性,10煤瓦斯含量最大;实验过程中各煤样释放的气体浓度上升的临界温度CO为40℃左右,C_2H_6为80℃左右,C3H8为150℃左右;实验煤样随着煤温升高依次出现CO、C_2H_6和C_3H_8,各煤样出现3种气体的最低温度不完全相同,但3种气体产生的速率随煤温的升高而增大,产生量与温度之间的关系变化趋势基本相同,都呈指数上升变化。为该矿就可以选择早期预报煤炭自燃的指标气体提供依据。     

基于石墨烯-氧化镍杂化物与二氧化钛纳米管协效阻燃环氧树脂的制备及研究

通过共沉淀法制备了石墨烯-氧化镍杂化材料,通过水热法制备了二氧化钛纳米管,然后利用溶液共混法制备了石墨烯-氧化镍/二氧化钛纳米管/环氧树脂纳米复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对纳米材料的结构和形貌进行表征;热重分析数据表明复合材料的热稳定性有所提高;锥形量热测试结果显示,将石墨烯-氧化镍杂化物与二氧化钛纳米管进行复配,加入环氧树脂中,可以有效降低材料的热释放速率峰值和总热释放。     

水热法制备纳米TiO_2处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以钛酸四正丁酯为原料,采用水热法制备纳米TiO_2材料,经过高温煅烧后,对其降解垃圾渗滤液的催化活性进行测定,并用XRD,TEM和UV-Vis对其晶体结构进行表征。实验结果表明,水醇比、水热温度和酯加入量对TiO_2催化效率有显著的影响,当水醇比为1∶3、煅烧温度500℃、水热时间4 h、Ti(OC_4H_9)_4加入量为10 m L条件下制备的TiO_2粉末光催化活性最好,对垃圾渗滤液的降解在180 min时均可以达到73%,COD的去除率可达76.92%。     

基于气味探测技术的矿井输送机胶带火灾监测

将气味探测技术应用于矿井输送机胶带火灾监测,以较早、准确地探测胶带火灾.煤、橡胶、机油是煤矿井下引发胶带火灾的3种主要可燃物质,气味传感器对这3种物质的受热响应实验表明,气味传感器可以在相对于火灾发生时较低的温度下监测到煤(50℃)、橡胶(65℃)、机油(110℃)受热产生的气味,并以不同温度下传感器的输出变化值(即巷道的气味变化)来判断是否发生了火灾.研究了气味传感器在井下的布置方式,认为气味传感器宜布置在气味浓度较高的混合浓度区,并通过相似理论模拟得出其间距L.     

无线遥控可燃气体泄漏报警系统的设计

利用半导体气敏传感器、无线电收/发模块等器件,设计了无线遥控可燃气体报警系统.该系统对泄漏的可燃气体或有毒气体的浓度进行检测,遥控距离3 000 m,可用于工业、民用、公共场所的气体泄漏安全报警及大气污染检测等.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。