共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
K. K. Sharma Irani Mukherjee Balwinder Singh Kousik Mandal Sanjay K. Sahoo Hemanta Banerjee Tirthankar Banerjee Sankhajit Roy Paresh G. Shah Hemlatta K. Patel Anil R. Patel S. Naseema Beevi Thomas George Thomas B. Mathew Geeta Singh Rajbir Noniwal Sunita Devi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8453-8461
Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic locations of India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of spiromesifen on tomato. Spiromesifen 240 SC was sprayed on tomato at 150 and 300 g a.i.?ha?1. Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatment and soil at 15 days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on gas chromatograph–mass spectrophotometer in selective ion monitoring mode in the mass range of 271–274 (m/z). The limit of quantification of the method was found to be 0.05 mg kg?1, while the limit of determination was 0.015 mg kg?1. Residues were found below the LOQ of 0.05 mg kg?1 in 10 days at both the doses of application at all the locations. Spiromesifen dissipated with a half-life of 0.93–1.38 days at the recommended rate of application and 1.04–1.34 days at the double the rate of application. Residues of spiromesifen in soil were detectable level (<0.05 mg kg?1) after 15 days of treatment. A preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended on tomato on the basis of data generated under All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues. Spiromesifen 240 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of spiromesifen on tomato has been fixed by Food Safety Standard Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India as 0.3 μg/g after its risk assessment. 相似文献
2.
Plastic litter accumulation on high-water strandline of urban beaches in Mumbai, India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. B. Jayasiri C. S. Purushothaman A. Vennila 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7709-7719
Today, almost every beach on every coastline is threatened by human activities. The inadequate recycling and poor management of waste in developing countries has resulted in considerable quantities of plastic contaminating beaches. Though India has long coastline of 5,420 km along the mainland with 43 % of sandy beaches, data on litter accumulation, particularly the plastics, which are one of the most common and persistent pollutants in marine environment, are scanty. The abundance and distribution of plastic litter was quantitatively assessed in four sandy beaches in Mumbai, India, bimonthly from May 2011 to March 2012. Triplicates of 2?×?2 m (4 m2) quadrats were sampled in each beach with a total of 72 quadrats. Overall, average abundance of 11.6 items m?2 (0.25–282.5 items m?2) and 3.24 g m?2 (0.27–15.53 g m?2) plastic litter was recorded in Mumbai beaches. Plastic litter accumulation significantly varied temporally and spatially at p?=?0.05. Significantly higher plastic litter accumulation was recorded in Juhu beach. Furthermore, the highest abundance by weight was recorded in November and May numerically. More than 80 % of plastic particles were within the size range of 5–100 mm both by number and weight. Moreover, coloured plastics were predominant with 67 % by number of items and 51 % by weight. Probably, the intense use of beaches for recreation, tourism, and religious activities has increased the potential for plastic contamination in urban beaches in Mumbai. 相似文献
3.
Poonam Saini Suphiya Khan Mamta Baunthiyal Vinay Sharma 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):2001-2008
The prevalence of fluorosis is mainly due to the consumption of more fluoride (F?1) through drinking water, vegetables, and crops. The objective of the study was mapping of F?1 endemic area of Newai Tehsil, Tonk district, Rajasthan, India. For the present study, water, soil (0–45 cm), and vegetation samples were collected from 17 villages. Fluoride concentration in water samples ranged from 0.3 to 9.8 mg/l. Out of 17 villages studied, the amounts of F?1 content of eight villages were found to exceed the permissible limits. Labile F?1 content and total F?1 content in soil samples ranges 11.00–70.05 mg/l and 50.3–179.63 μg g?1, respectively. F?1 content in tree species was found in this order Azadirachta indica 47.32–55.76 μg g?1 > Prosopis juliflora 40.16–49.63 μg g?1 > Acacia tortilis 34.39–43.60 μg g?1. While in case of leafy vegetables, F?1 content order was Chenopodium album 54.23–98.42 μg g?1 > Spinacea oleracea 30.41–64.09 μg g?1 > Mentha arvensis 35.48–51.97 μg g?1. The order of F?1 content in crops was found as 41.04 μg g?1 Pennisetum glaucum > 13.61 μg g?1 Brassica juncea > 7.98 μg g?1 Triticum sativum in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) farms. Among vegetation, the leafy vegetables have more F?1 content. From the results, it is suggested that the people of KVK farms should avoid the use of highly F?1 containing water for irrigation and drinking purpose. It has been recommended to the government authority to take serious steps to supply drinking water with low F?1 concentration for the fluorosis affected villages. Further, grow more F?1 hyperaccumulator plants in F?1 endemic areas to lower the F?1 content of the soils. 相似文献
4.
Mapping aboveground woody biomass using forest inventory,remote sensing and geostatistical techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mapping forest biomass is fundamental for estimating CO2 emissions, and planning and monitoring of forests and ecosystem productivity. The present study attempted to map aboveground woody biomass (AGWB) integrating forest inventory, remote sensing and geostatistical techniques, viz., direct radiometric relationships (DRR), k-nearest neighbours (k-NN) and cokriging (CoK) and to evaluate their accuracy. A part of the Timli Forest Range of Kalsi Soil and Water Conservation Division, Uttarakhand, India was selected for the present study. Stratified random sampling was used to collect biophysical data from 36 sample plots of 0.1 ha (31.62 m?×?31.62 m) size. Species-specific volumetric equations were used for calculating volume and multiplied by specific gravity to get biomass. Three forest-type density classes, viz. 10–40, 40–70 and >70 % of Shorea robusta forest and four non-forest classes were delineated using on-screen visual interpretation of IRS P6 LISS-III data of December 2012. The volume in different strata of forest-type density ranged from 189.84 to 484.36 m3 ha?1. The total growing stock of the forest was found to be 2,024,652.88 m3. The AGWB ranged from 143 to 421 Mgha?1. Spectral bands and vegetation indices were used as independent variables and biomass as dependent variable for DRR, k-NN and CoK. After validation and comparison, k-NN method of Mahalanobis distance (root mean square error (RMSE)?=?42.25 Mgha?1) was found to be the best method followed by fuzzy distance and Euclidean distance with RMSE of 44.23 and 45.13 Mgha?1 respectively. DRR was found to be the least accurate method with RMSE of 67.17 Mgha?1. The study highlighted the potential of integrating of forest inventory, remote sensing and geostatistical techniques for forest biomass mapping. 相似文献
5.
This study focuses on mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in Indian cat fish, Wallagoo attu and Mystus aor, from different rivers. Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in muscle tissue of two different parts, ventral and dorsal part, of each species and the levels of organic mercury were co-related with lipid content of each part. The MeHg concentrations increased in a linear fashion with both weight and age for these river species. The average concentration of MeHg was found to be 0.93?±?0.60 and 1.26?±?0.62 μg Hg g?1 (expressed in wet weight basis) for ventral and dorsal parts, respectively in W. attu and this was above the 0.25 μg Hg g?1 of wet weight, the limit set by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act for the maximum level for consumption of fish exposed to mercury pollution. In M. Aor the concentration of MeHg was not above the standard limit but threatening, it was 0.22?±?0.07 and 0.23?±?0.08 μg Hg g?1 (expressed in wet weight basis) in dorsal and ventral parts, respectively. 相似文献
6.
Sheryl Oliveira Fernandes P. A. Loka Bharathi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,173(1-4):117-125
A study to examine the short-term effect of nitrate and organic carbon addition on denitrification activity was carried out on sediments from a mangrove ecosystem prone to anthropogenic activities (Divar, Goa, India). Laboratory microcosms were prepared using sediment sectioned at every 2-cm-depth interval from the surface to 10 cm. The incubations were subjected to varying nitrate amendments at concentrations ranging from 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 to 60 ??mol l???1 (up to three times more than measured in field). Nitrous oxide production rates increased significantly (n?=?15; p?<?0.001) on addition of the nutrient at all depths investigated indicating that denitrification in mangrove sediments was NO $_{3}^{-}$ limited. Incubations amended with organic carbon were prepared using glucose as a substrate with concentrations ranging from 0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.75% to 1%. No significant increase in N2O production was observed on organic C addition. When both the substrates were in excess (1 mmol KNO3 + 1 mmol glucose), potential denitrification rates decreased with depth and were up to 38 times higher than the in situ denitrification activity varying from 81.26 to 304.09 ??mol N2O-N m???2 h???1. These results reveal that mangrove sediments could act as a sink for nitrate and microbially mediated denitrification could effectively reduce N load controlling any adverse environmental impact in the adjoining estuarine system. 相似文献
7.
K. K. Sharma Irani Mukherjee Balwinder Singh Sanjay K. Sahoo N. S. Parihar B. N. Sharma V. D. Kale R. V. Nakat A. R. Walunj Saudamini Mohapatra A. K. Ahuja Debi Sharma Geeta Singh Rajbir Noniwal Sunita Devi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(11):7673-7682
Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic zones in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato. Flubendiamide 480 SC was sprayed on tomato at 48 and 96 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha?1. Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01 mg kg?1 while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003 mg kg?1. Residues of flubendiamide were found below the determination limit of 0.01 mg kg?1 in 20 days at both the dosages in all the locations. The half-life of flubendiamide at an application rate of 48 g a.i.?ha?1 varied from 0.33 to 3.28 days and at 48-g a.i. ranged from 1.21 to 3.00 days. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on tomato has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under Food Safety Standard Authority of India, as 0.07 μg g?1 after its risk assessment. 相似文献
8.
Neeta Thacker Javed Sheikh S. M. Tamane Anil Bhanarkar Deepanjan Majumdar Kanchan Singh Chatrapati Chavhan Jitendra Trivedi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):425-429
This study investigated dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in gasses emitted from waste incinerators and thermal processes in central and western parts of India. The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs) ranged from 0.0070 to 26.8140 ng toxicity equivalent (TEQ)/Nm3, and those of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ranged from 0.0001?×?10?1 to 0.0295 ng TEQ/Nm3. The characteristics of mean PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration and congener profiles were studied over all the samples of air. In particular, a pattern consisting of a low proportion of dioxin-like PCBs and high proportion of PCDDs/DFs was common for all the samples from incinerators and high-temperature processes. 相似文献
9.
R. González-De Zayas M. Merino-Ibarra M. F. Soto-Jiménez F. S. Castillo-Sandoval 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):10101-10114
Laguna Larga, a coastal lagoon in central Cuba, has been heavily altered by tourism infrastructure construction and sewage disposal. We hypothesize that this has decreased the circulation and caused eutrophication of the lagoon. To assess this, 12 bimonthly samplings were carried out in 2007–2008. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and nitrogen, and phosphorous fractions (inorganic, organic, and total) were determined. Water and salt budgets, as well as biogeochemical fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated using the LOICZ budget model for the three sections of the lagoon identified by morphological constrains and salinity patterns. Laguna Larga is a choked lagoon with restricted water circulation, low exchange, and high residence times that vary significantly along its sections. Residence time was estimated to be 0.1–0.7 years for the inner section and 1–9 days for the outer one. High levels of total nitrogen (annual means 126–137 μM, peaks up to 475 μM) and phosphorus (2.5–4.4 μM, peaks up to 14.5 μM) are evidence of eutrophication of Laguna Larga. During 2007, an average precipitation year, Laguna Larga exported water (703 m3 d?1) and was a source of nitrogen (9.026 mmol m?2 d?1) and phosphorus (0.112 mmol m?2 d?1) to the adjacent sea. δ15N determinations in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum (?1.83 to +3.02?‰) differed significantly between sites in the lagoon and offshore reference sites located W of the inlet, but were similar to those located E of the inlet. δ15N determinations in the seaweed Penicillus dumetosus (+1.02 to +4.2) did not show significant differences. 相似文献
10.
Nadia N. Ramos-Rosas Carolina Valdespino Jaqueline García-Hernández Juan P. Gallo-Reynoso Eugenia J. Olguín 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1163-1173
Top predators like the Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis annectens, are usually considered good bioindicators of habitat quality. In this study, we evaluated heavy metal contamination (Hgtot, Pb, Cd) in the riverine habitat, prey (crustaceans and fish), and otter feces in two Ramsar wetlands with contrasting upstream contamination discharges: Río Blanco and Río Caño Grande in Veracruz, Mexico, during the dry, the wet, and the nortes seasons. Most comparisons revealed no differences between sites while seasonal differences were repeatedly detected for all of the compartments. Higher concentrations of Pb during the dry season and of Cd during the wet season in otter feces mirrored differences detected in the most seasonally consumed prey. Compared with fecal methylmercury values reported for the European otter (0.25–0.75 mg kg?1) in unprotected areas, the Hgtot levels that we measured were lower (0.02–0.17 mg kg?1). However, Pb (117.87 mg kg?1) and Cd (9.14 mg kg?1) concentrations were higher (Pb, 38.15 mg kg?1 and Cd, 4.72 mg kg?1) in the two Ramsar wetlands. Protected areas may shelter species, but those with water-linked diets may suffer the effect of chemicals used upstream. 相似文献
11.
S. K. Sahoo Kousik Mandal Gurmail Singh Rajinder Kumar G. S. Chahil R. S. Battu Balwinder Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1711-1718
Quizalofop ethyl, a phenoxy propionate herbicide, is used for postemergence control of annual and perennial grass weeds in broad-leaved crops in India. The experiments were designed to study the dissipation kinetics of quizalofop ethyl on onion for two seasons. A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for estimation of quizalofop ethyl residues in onion and soil was developed and validated. The recoveries of quizalofop ethyl residues from onion and soil at different spiking level range from 84.81 to 92.68 %. The limit of quantification of this method was found to be 0.01 μg g?1. The risk assessment through consumption of the onion in comparison to its acceptable daily intake which is an important parameter for the safety of the consumer was also evaluated. Standardized methodology supported by recovery studies was adopted to estimate residues of quizalofop ethyl on onion and soil. The average initial deposits of quizalofop ethyl on onion were observed to be 0.25 and 0.33 mg kg?1, following single application of the herbicide at 50 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha?1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The half-life values (T 1/2) of quizalofop ethyl on onion crop were worked out to be 0.85 and 0.79 days, respectively, during 2009 and 2010. At harvest time, the residues of quizalofop ethyl on onion and soil were found to be below the determination limit of 0.01 mg kg?1 following single application of the herbicide at 50 and 100 g a.i. ha?1 for both the periods. 相似文献
12.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Urumqi, China: distribution, source contributions, and potential health risks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 28 surface soils samples collected from Urumqi, northwest China, for examination of distributions, source contributions, and potential health effects. The results indicated that the sum of 16 PAHs concentration ranged from 331 to 15,799 μg?kg?1 (dw) in soils, with a mean of 5,018?±?4,896 μg?kg?1 (n?=?28). The sum of seven carPAHs concentration ranged from 4 to 1,879 μg?kg?1 (dw; n?=?28). The highest ∑PAHs concentrations were found at roadsides and industrial sites, followed by those at parks, rural areas, and business/residential areas. Coal combustion, emission of diesel and gasoline from vehicles, and petroleum source were four sources of PAHs as determined by PMF analysis, which contributed 51.19, 19.02, 18.35, and 11.42 % to the PAH sources, respectively. Excellent coefficients of correlation between the measured and predicted PAHs concentrations suggested that the PMF model was very effective to estimate sources of PAHs in soils. Incremental lifetime cancer risk values at the 95th percentile due to human exposure to surface soils PAHs in Urumqi were 2.02?×?10?6 for children and 2.72?×?10?5 for adults. The results suggested that the current PAHs levels in soils from Urumqi were pervasive and moderately carcinogenic to children and adults. 相似文献
13.
Residues of fubendiamide and its metabolite desiodo flubendiamide were estimated in cabbage and soil using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV–vis detector. The initial deposits of flubendiamide residues on cabbage were found to be 0.16 and 0.31 μg g?1 following two applications of flubendiamide 20 WG at 12.5 (standard dose) and 25 (double dose) g a.i. ha?1 respectively at 10-days interval. The half-life values (t 1/2) of flubendiamide on cabbage ranged from 3.4 to 3.6 days. When flubendiamide applied at both the standard and double dose, no detectable residues were found in cabbage and soil at harvest. Thus, a waiting period of 1.63 days was suggested for the safe consumption of flubendiamide-treated cabbage. These data could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of this pesticide on cabbage crops in India. 相似文献
14.
Manoj Kumar R. P. Singh S. Panigrahy A. S. Raghubanshi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(8):4971-4985
In agroecosystems, the annual carbon (C) inputs to soil are one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options. Net primary productivity (NPP) provides the inputs of C in ecosystems that can potentially be sequestered in soil organic matter. In this study, we estimates the C density and accumulation rate in rice–wheat agroecosystem at four sites of Indo-Gangetic Plains and Vindhyan highlands through amalgamation of ground truth (GT) and remote sensing (RS) approach. In addition to this, we validated field-measured aboveground net production (ANP) with remotely sensed SPOT-Vegetation data. ANP of the sites ranged from 6.8 to 11.1 and 3.3 to 8.8 t-C ha?1 year?1 for GT and RS, respectively. Both estimates (GT and RS) were linearly and significantly related with each other (y?=?1.33x???5.82, R 2?=?0.93, P?=?0.04; where x?=?GT ANP and y?=?RS ANP). For the whole region, total NPP (rice?+?wheat) was ranged from 7.9 to 12.5 t-C ha?1 year?1. The C accumulation potential of the present agroecosystems was 9.1 and 1.9 t-C ha?1 year?1 in the form of ANP and belowground NPP (BNP), respectively. The aboveground C stock of agroecosystem allocated in foliage (7.8 %), stem (57.6 %), and grain (35.1 %). Survey about the fate of post-harvested materials indicated that aboveground portion of the crop is almost used completely within the year for different purposes including human consumption and cattle feeding. Therefore, only BNP and litter contribute to long-term C sequestration. Since agroecosystem has enormous potential to sequester C, better management of aboveground portion NPP of the crop may enhance C sequestration potential of agroecosystem. 相似文献
15.
Li Yuhong Harrison I. Atagana Liu Jingchun Wu Wenlin Wu Shijun 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):10201-10208
Constructing various green wetland examples for mangrove wetland systems is a useful way to use natural power to remediate the polluted wetlands at intertidal zones. Metallothioneins (MT) are involved in heavy metal tolerance, homeostasis, and detoxification of intracellular metal ions in plants. In order to understand the mechanism of heavy metal uptake in Aegiceras corniculatum, we isolated its metallothionein gene and studied the MT gene expression in response to heavy metals contamination. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of MT2 genes from young stem tissues of A. corniculatum growing in the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) polluted wetlands of Quanzhou Bay, southeast of China. The obtained cDNA sequence of MT is 512 bp in length, and it has an open reading frame encoding 79 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 7.92 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point of 4.55. The amino acids include 14 cysteine residues and 14 glycine residues. It is a non-transmembrane hydrophilic protein. Sequence and homology analysis showed the MT protein sequence shared more than 60 % homology with other plant type 2 MT-like protein genes. The results suggested that the expression level of MT gene of A. corniculatum young stems induced by a certain range concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ stresses (0.2 mmol L?1 Pb2+, 1 mmol L?1 Pb2+, 0.2 mmol L?1 Pb2+, and 40 μmmol L?1 Cd2+; 1 mmol L?1 Pb2+ and 40 μmol L?1 Cd2+) compared with control might show an adaptive protection. The expression levels of MT gene at 20 h stress treatment were higher than those at 480 h stress treatment. The expression levels of MT gene with 0.2 mmol L?1 Pb2+ stress treatment were higher than those with 0.2 mmol L?1 Pb2+ and 40 μmol L?1 Cd2+ stress treatment, and the MT gene expression levels with 1 mmol L?1 Pb2+ treatment were higher than those with 1 mmol L?1 Pb2+ and 40 μmol L?1 Cd2+ treatment. There exists an antagonistic action between Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the MT metabolization of A. corniculatum. 相似文献
16.
Shirin Rahmanpour Nasrin Farzaneh Ghorghani Seyede Masoumeh Lotfi Ashtiyani 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(9):5401-5409
Intertidal ecosystems are being damaged by anthropogenic activities, particularly in the developing countries. In this study, the load of heavy metals was determined in water, fish, shrimp, and crab collected from four intertidal ecosystems, including coral reef, rocky shore, mangrove forest, and muddy habitat along the Persian Gulf coasts. Generally, the sequence of metal accumulation in the water of coral reef and mangrove forest was Ni > Pb > V > Cd > As > Hg, whereas in muddy habitats and rocky shores, the sequence was Ni > Pb > V > Cd > Hg > As and Ni > V > Pb > As > Hg > Cd, respectively. Water of the coral reef had the highest level of Ni (97.44 μg l?1), Pb (3.92 μg l?1), V (10.42 μg l?1), Cd (3.92 μg l?1), As (1.87 μg l?1), and Hg (0.74 μg l?1). For the most part, the highest concentrations of the studied metals were found in the liver and the gills of Johnius belangerii and the hepatopancreas of Portunus pelagicus and Metapenaus affinis collected from the coral reef ecosystem. 相似文献
17.
Awatef Aissaoui Zina Armi Souad Turki Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(11):9361-9384
This study investigates spatio-temporal variations of in situ division rate (μ) of two species of the genus Dinophysis. Based on a postmitotic index approach, estimates of μ from net-haul samples were compared during five daily cell cycles studies in three stations of the Punic harbors of Carthage (Gulf of Tunis). To study the annual cycle of Dinophysis spp., weekly sampling were carried out from March 2008 to June 2010. In addition, sampling over 24 h was conducted on three-cycle studies in late spring and two-cycle studies in autumn, seasons characterized by Dinophysis proliferations. We recorded important abundances of Dinophysis sacculus stein (2.25?×?104 cells/l, June 2008) and Dinophysis cf. acuminata (3?×?104 cells/l, June 2009). Cellular division was phased in D. sacculus stein and D. cf. acuminata, but the division time, required for the population cohorts to pass from one phase to another, and values of estimated division rates varied between seasons and stations for the same species. D. cf. acuminata exhibit moderate (0.22 day?1) to high (0.68 day?1) value of μ. In contrast, D. sacculus shows very low μ values (0.02–0.17 day?1) in autumn season to moderate values (0.21–0.35 day?1) in late spring. The results presented here confirm that the postmitotic index approach allowed estimated of μ at low field depths and concentrations (102–103 cells/l). 相似文献
18.
Guofeng Wu Lijuan Cui Hongtao Duan Teng Fei Yaolin Liu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(5):4191-4206
Obtaining and analyzing the specific inherent optical properties (SIOPs) of water bodies is necessary for bio-optical model development and remote sensing-based water quality retrievals and, further, for related ecological studies of aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to measure and analyze the specific absorption and backscattering coefficients of the main water constituents in Poyang Lake, China. The specific absorption and/or backscattering coefficients of the main water constituents at 85 sampling sites (47 in 2010 and 38 in 2011) were measured and analyzed as follows: (1) the concentrations of chlorophyll a (C CHL), suspended particulate matter (C SPM) (including suspended particulate inorganic matter (C SPIM) and suspended particulate organic matter (C SPOM)), and the absorption coefficients of total particulate (a p), phytoplankton (a ph), and non-pigment particulate (a d) were measured in the laboratory; (2) the total backscattering coefficients at six wavelengths of 420, 442, 470, 510, 590, and 700 nm, including the contribution of pure water, were measured in the field with a HydroScat-6 backscattering sensor, and the backscattering coefficients without the contribution of pure water (b b) were then derived by subtracting the backscattering coefficients of pure water from the total backscattering coefficients; (3) the specific absorption coefficients of total particulate ( $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ ), phytoplankton ( $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ ), and non-pigment particulate ( $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ ) were calculated by dividing a p, a ph, and a d by C SPM, C CHL, and C SPIM, respectively, while the specific backscattering coefficients of total suspended particulate matter ( $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ ) were calculated by dividing b b by C SPM; and (4) the $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ , $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ , $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ and $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ of the remaining samples (46 in 2010 and 36 in 2011) were visualized and analyzed, and their relations to C CHL, C SPIM or C SPM were studied, respectively. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) the $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0367–0.7203 m2?mg?1 with a mean of 0.1623?±?0.1426 m2?mg?1 in 2010 and 0.0319–0.7735 m2?mg?1 with a mean of 0.3145?±?0.1961 m2?mg?1 in 2011; there existed significant, negative, and moderate correlations between $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ and C CHL at 400–700 nm in 2010 and 2011 (p?<?0.05); (2) The $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0672–0.2043 m2?g?1 with a mean of 0.1022?±?0.0326 m2?g?1 in 2010 and 0.0559–0.1347 m2?g?1 with a mean of 0.0953?±?0.0196 m2?g?1 in 2011; there existed negative correlations between $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ and C SPIM, while the correlations showed overall decreasing and increasing trends before and after around 575 nm with increasing wavelengths, respectively; (3) The $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0690–0.1929 m2?g?1 with a mean of 0.1036?±?0.0298 m2?g?1 in 2010 and 0.0571–0.1321 m2?g?1 with a mean of 0.1014?±?0.0191 m2?g?1 in 2011, and the negative correlations between $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ and C SPM were found in both years; (4) The $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ at the six wavelengths generally decreased with increasing wavelengths, while the $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ values at 420 nm were lower than those at 442 nm for some samples; the correlation between $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ and C SPM increased with increasing wavelength. Such results can only represent the SIOPs during the sampling time periods, and more measurements and analyses considering different seasons need to be carried out in the future to comprehensively understand the SIOPs of Poyang Lake. 相似文献
19.
M. Arienzo F. Toscano M. Di Fraia L. Caputi P. Sordino M. Guida F. Aliberti L. Ferrara 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(9):5731-5747
The Fusaro Lagoon is a shallow lagoon, located in SW Italy, largely influenced in the last decades by several anthropic impacts. The study examined the pollution status of the lagoon, during year 2011–2012 at nine sampling stations with the aim to find out proper measurements of water lagoon restoration. Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) (aluminium [Al], barium [Ba], cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], iron [Fe], manganese [Mn], vanadium [V] and zinc [Zn]) were examined in water, sediments and specimens of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis sp. A. Low levels of dissolved oxygen concentration were detected at many stations, with mean values of 5.2–6.4 mg L?1. The redox potential of surface waters was also low, ?2.7 to 50.7 mV. Sediments possessed high organic matter content, 17.7–29.4 %. In sediments, the mean Zn level, 251.4 mg kg?1, was about sixfold higher than that recorded in year 2000 (38.5 mg kg?1) and considerably higher than that recorded in 2007 (191 mg kg?1). The mean levels of Cd were outstandingly high, with a mean value of 70.5 mg kg?1, about 30- and 50-fold higher than those determined in 2000 and 2007, respectively. Cadmium (Cd), Cu and nickel (Ni) appeared in excess with respect to most current guidelines, reaching significant pollution levels. C. intestinalis sp. A was detected only at few stations, with metals accumulated preferentially in the body in respect to the tunic, from 1.2 times for Zn (178 mg kg?1) to 4.0 times for V (304 mg kg?1). Data suggests the necessity of an immediate action of eco-compatible interventions for environmental restoration. 相似文献
20.
Guillermo Curado Alfredo E. Rubio-Casal Enrique Figueroa Brenda J. Grewell Jesús M. Castillo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8439-8449
Restoration of salt marshes is critical in the context of climate change and eutrophication of coastal waters because their vegetation and sediments may act as carbon and nitrogen sinks. Our primary objectives were to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and sequestration rates in restored marshes dominated by Spartina maritima to provide support for restoration and management strategies that may offset negative aspects of eutrophication and climate change in estuarine ecosystems. Sediment C content was between ca. 13 mg C g?1and sediment N content was ca. 1.8 mg N g?1. The highest C content for S. maritima was recorded in leaves and stems (ca. 420 mg C g?1) and the lowest in roots (361?±?4 mg C g?1). S. maritima also concentrated more N in its leaves (31?±?1 mg N g?1) than in other organs. C stock in the restored marshes was 29.6 t C ha?1; ca. 16 % was stored in S. maritima tissues. N stock was 3.6 t N ha?1, with 8.3 % stored in S. maritima. Our results showed that the S. maritima restored marshes, 2.5 years after planting, were sequestering atmospheric C and, therefore, provide some mitigation for global warming. Stands are also capturing nitrogen and reducing eutrophication. The concentrations of C and N contents in sediments, and cordgrass relative cover of 62 %, and low below-ground biomass (BGB) suggest restored marshes can sequester more C and N. S. maritima plantations in low marshes replace bare sediments and invasive populations of exotic Spartina densiflora and increase the C and N sequestration capacity of the marsh by increasing biomass production and accumulation. 相似文献