Tipping point: The narrow path between automation acceptance and rejection in air traffic management

Capacity limits on the air traffic management (ATM) system are of global concern. One solution to increase the efficiency of existing ATM system is through the implementation of advanced automation. However, past experience suggests ATCOs are selective and critical about the forms of automation they are given. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if a threshold or tipping point exists, a point after which users (Air Traffic Control Operators; ATCOs) of automation are no longer willing to accept or cooperate with the automation. 500 Air Traffic Control Operators completed an on-line survey that comprised a series of demographic questions as well as two hypothetical but plausible futuristic air traffic management tools. Each tool contained seven different situations involving different levels of automation involvement ranging from fully manual operation to fully automated. Participants were asked to rate on a five point Likert scale the extent to which they agreed with the statements describing their interaction with the new tools. The results revealed a ‘tipping point’ in automation acceptance/rejection reflecting the point where the applied level of automation shifted the locus of decision-making away from the operator. The results are discussed from a theoretical and applied perspective.     

Operator-centred local error management in air traffic control

Introduction: A large number of air traffic control occurrences take place without resulting in loss of separation between aircraft. Unfortunately such occurrences are seldom reported and therefore not used for disclosing system weaknesses, such as inappropriate methods and procedures.The ATCC (Air Traffic Control Centre) Malmoe made a trial with local reporting of “learning occurrences”. The trial was ATCO-(Air Traffic Controller) centred. The study objectives were to evaluate if ATCOs would start to report after a defined training and marketing effort, if they could identify system weaknesses, if concrete actions for safety improvement would be taken as a result of the trial and to what extent expert support was necessary.Method and material: The trial period was eight months. The ATCO report would be made on a simple form, available on site. These reports would then be analysed in groups and the marketing and feedback efforts would be co-ordinated by the local flight safety group.Results: 43 reports were filed and analysed during the trial period. The initial motivational training and marketing was considered adequate. During the group discussions, the ATCOs identified system weaknesses within 40 of the reports. The resulting safety improvement actions included: the ATCC unit becoming more active in contacting the pilots and airline companies, the renaming of some waypoints (due to name similarities), the implementation of safer procedures when relieving ATCOs, the training of ATCOs in cockpit flight management systems, and the initiation of a research project primarily concerned with ATCO mental overload.Expert support was required in the beginning to help ATCOs focus on the system rather than on the individual.     

空管安全风险评估指标体系的优化设计

结合国际民航组织提出的安全管理体系实施的相关要求及我国《民航空管安全管理体系指导手册(试行)》的指导思想,根据安全管理一线工作人员及中高层管理者的访谈记录,收集整理出影响空管安全的风险因素,并按照人员、设备、环境、管理4个方面进行分类、提炼、合并和综合,设计了风险评估指标体系并进行优化。该体系把安全科学和系统论相结合,把错综复杂的安全风险因素细化综合、提炼出脉络分明的监控对象,有助于空管系统进行风险识别和综合预警,查找安全隐患和分析不安全事件或事故征候的原因,为民航安全风险信息化管理提供基础数据和决策依据。     

基于流程图的机场管制塔台风险因素辨识

在对空中交通管制风险模型分析的基础上,确定辨识空管运行过程中风险因素的3条途径.基于运行分析方法建立机场管制塔台航空器放行流程图,结合流程图筒表对地面管制准备阶段的风险因素进行分析,提出把鱼刺图与流程图相结合辨识航空器放行过程的风险识别方法.最后,应用上述方法从人-机-环-管方面辨识出机场管制塔台运行过程中的65个风险因素,其中包括40个管制员因素、10个设备因素、9个环境因素和6个管理因素.     

What’s in a name? Drivers’ perceptions of the use of five SAE Level 2 driving automation systems

Introduction: Automobile manufacturers are developing increasingly sophisticated driving automation systems. Currently, the highest level of automation available on the market is SAE Level 2, which provides sustained assistance for both lateral and longitudinal vehicle control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how drivers’ perceptions of what behaviors secondary to driving are safe while a Level 2 system is operating vary by system name. Methods: A nationally representative telephone survey of 2005 drivers was conducted in 2018 with questions about behaviors respondents perceived as safe while a Level 2 driving automation system is in operation. Each respondent was asked about two out of five system names at random for a balanced study design. Results: The name “Autopilot” was associated with the highest likelihood that drivers believed a behavior was safe while in operation, for every behavior measured. There was less variation observed among the other four SAE Level 2 system names when compared with each other. A limited proportion of drivers had experience with advanced driver assistance systems and fewer of these reported driving a vehicle in which Level 2 systems were available. Drivers reported that they would consult a variety of sources for information on how to use a Level 2 system. Conclusions: The names of SAE Level 2 driving automation systems influence drivers’ perceptions of how to use them, and the name “Autopilot” was associated with the strongest effect. While a name alone cannot properly instruct drivers on how to use a system, it is a piece of information and must be considered so that drivers are not misled about the correct usage of these systems. Practical Applications: Manufacturers, suppliers, and organizations regulating or evaluating SAE Level 2 automated driving systems should ensure that systems are named so as not to mislead drivers about their safe use.     

生产车间安全管理状况的区间数模糊综合评价方法研究

针对生产车间安全管理状况评价的多维多层次性和不确定性,运用区间数模糊综合评价方法对其进行综合评价.该方法基于层次分析和模糊综合评价的基本原理,对于单因素权重、综合评价权重、各指标评分和评价集中评价等级水平均采用区间数,以使评价更符合客观实际.研究了区间数层次分析综合排序权重的确定,建立了区间数模糊综合评价模型.在得出生产车间安全管理状况综合评价区间数得分之后,引入了区间数排序可能度和区间数符合度的概念,提出了由综合评价结果得分区间数确定评价水平等级的方法.通过实例分析,验证了该评价方法的可行性.     

基于图解法的城市干道信号协调控制设计

针对淮安市淮海南路现行交通信号控制系统存在交通拥挤、停车次数多、运行车速慢等问题,提出交通信号协调控制方式.应用Webster法对各进口道进行重新配时,然后进行各交叉口的信号协调控制方案设定,再用图解法求得各交叉口信号相位差,最后通过vissim仿真.通过研究得到以下结论:干道信号协调控制方案在交通延误、停车次数、运行车速等指标方面比现行的信号控制方案优越.     

城市道路信号控制交叉口两难区研究综述*

为深入理解和解决城市道路信号控制交叉口两难区问题,归纳与综述两难区定义、基本性质、驾驶员行为以及两难区管理与控制等领域的国内外研究脉络与最新进展。首先,描述与回顾2种两难区的基本定义与性质,总结两难区基本研究内容;然后,分析与总结两难区下驾驶员行为决策研究方法,指出驾驶员行为研究缺失与不足;最后,介绍两难区各类管理与控制方法的基本原理和实施效果。结果表明:现有两难区研究基本性质还未明确与统一;在驾驶员行为决策方面,以定性分析为主,缺乏定量分析;在两难区管理与控制手段上,所提出的各类交通管理与控制方法并不能完全消除两难区,其根本原因为城市道路交叉口环境与驾驶员的认知方面存在差异。     

加速车道几何参数对合流区交通状况的影响分析*

为分析加速车道几何参数对合流区交通状况的影响,基于实验方案和效率-冲突率评价指标,构建实验平台并标定对应参数,结合实际交通场景数据及速度偏差和交通冲突相关系数指标,验证实验平台有效性。结果表明:w,l随主线流量增大而增大,合流区交通状况逐步变好;随主线流量增大,在l=60 m时,w对合流区交通状况的影响较大且整体交通状况较差,而l相应增大后,w对交通状况影响较小。     

基于HERA-JANUS模型的空管人误认知分析

空管人误分类分析是空管人误研究的基础.为了对管制员人误进行系统的分类研究,结合空管业务知识和认知心理学理论,对欧洲航空安全局和美国联邦航空局合作开发的HERA-JANUS模型的工作原理和流程进行较详细地分析.运用该方法模型,对我国一起空管不安全事件案例进行分析后得到3个由管制员所产生的人误差错,并对这3个人误差错分别从人误类型、人误认知、相关因素3方面进行详尽的分析研究,最后得出该不安全事件的21项人误结果.结果表明,HERA-JANUS模型能较全面地从深层次分析管制员的人误,其分类形式也便于开展空管人误统计.     

露天矿钻机司机室空气质量调控装置研究

研制了一种适用于露天矿山温度高、粉尘大、振动大的司机室空调、通风和除尘的新型装置,研究了换热系统、新风供给器和循环风除尘除毒装置,室内温度、清新度和新鲜度优于规定指标,现场使用效果良好。     

水添加剂作用下自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控火性能的影响

为研究带添加剂（浓度1%）自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控灭火性能的影响,采用标准燃烧物组合替代实际场所中的可燃物品,按照高空间厂房的实际火灾场景,在喷头安装高度为18m的情况下开展了高空间厂房火灾的实体灭火试验。试验结果显示,自动喷水灭火系统在高净空场所下能及时动作,在添加灭火剂后,提高了水到达可燃物表面后的粘附能力,喷头开放数量少,能够明显控制火势的增长和蔓延。系统设计喷水强度和作用面积符合该场所的设计水平。     

1990～2003年中国民航152起小于间隔飞行事件的分类统计研究

小于间隔飞行事件是双机空中相撞事故的潜在威胁,对此类事件进行人的因素的分类统计分析有助于寻找错误原因和规律.笔者以152起小于间隔飞行事件为数据源,根据Reason模型和HFACS系统进行分类,统计了各个因素所占的百分比和部分因素的相关程度.结果表明,小于间隔事件与生物节律的关系并不明显而与交通流量密切相关;机组不安全行为与管制员未能有效实施监控职能密切相关;决策错误、操作错误和知觉错误的主要表现形式分别为:混淆指令、调错高度窗、听错指令和记错/忘记管制员指令以及未理解管制员指令;不良的机组资源管理是导致小于间隔最主要的机组因素,主要表现形式为机组成员之间的配合不好、未有效实施交互监视和交互检查;\"高度指令\"和\"相对活动高度\"提示的语序问题是一个值得进一步研究的课题.     

道路交通安全状况预测及管理规划方案研究

为研究道路交通安全规划方案的设计,探讨国内外道路交通安全状况规划方案的研究现状.以台州市为例,在对台州市的交通安全特性统计分析的基础上,针对台州市道路交通安全现状,进行了安全趋势分析.从预测可以看出,随着台州市经济的持续增长、道路交通的快速发展,台州市的道路交通安全形势不容乐观,面临道路交通事故有可能继续上升的巨大压力.结合台州市区道路交通安全管理规划的目标,重点从完善道路基础设施及安全设施、建立交通安全管理的科技保障体系、构建台州市道路交通事故紧急救援系统3个方面提出近期道路交通安全管理规划方案,有效地提高台州市道路交通安全水平.     

交通安全管理应对城乡交通一体化建设对策分析——以阜阳城区交通为例

以阜阳为例,分析城乡交通一体化建设给阜阳城区交通安全管理带来的挑战,通过对阜阳市城区路网结构、交通参与者的交通安全意识和交通安全管理压力3个方面的实地调查,得出传统交通管理模式已不能满足城乡交通一体化建设带来的新交通形势需要的结论.在借鉴国外发达国家交通安全管理对策的基础上,提出应对城乡交通一体化建设的交通安全管理策略:挖掘路网潜能治理混合交通策略、城乡交通一体化建设针对性管理策略和发展智能交通系统实现交通安全管理升级策略,使交通安全管理能够有效应对城乡一体化建设带来的各种挑战.     

我国道路交通安全管理主要问题分析及对策研究

根据近几年来我国道路安全状况的实际，针对目前我国道路交通安全管理的现状，本文对我国道路基础设施建设、我国道路交通安全管理现状和近几年的事故数据进行了分析，找出我国道路交通安全管理中存在的问题，并提出了针对这些问题的解决方法。     

论如何加强环境监测实验室的科学化管理

随着经济水平和人民生活水平的不断提升,环境保护意识也逐渐提升。作为环境保护工作的重要一部分,环境监测工作的提升对于环境保护工作的推进有着极为重要的作用。但是,当前我国的环境监测方面的工作存在很多问题,影响着环境保护工作的推进。本文针对环境监测中监测实验室的管理优化进行分析,探讨提升环境监测水平的方式。     

高湿天气的时空变化及其对交通安全的影响

利用1951-1998年40多年的气象资料,根据每日08时的空气相对湿度值超过95%的出现频率,分析了京珠高速等沿线高湿天气的时空变化特点以及该时空分布特征给车辆运行和驾驶带来的影响问题.同时指出:高湿天气具有明显的区段性差异和季节性差异;该差异将会使驾驶环境变得复杂,给车辆的行驶和驾驶人员的心理带来很不利的影响,直接影响着交通安全.还根据分析结论提出了减少安全事故发生的具体措施.