Prenatal diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. Use of magnetic resonance imaging and its implications for prognosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a high rate of de novo mutation. The real difficulty is to ascertain the diagnosis and to give the neurological prognosis in each case. Prenatal diagnosis of TS is generally based on ultrasonographic signs of multiple cardiac tumours, i.e. rhabdomyomas. Recent progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the diagnosis in a large proportion of cases based on typical brain lesions. It may have a role in the prenatal management of TS, although MRI images seem to underestimate the anatomical findings. Two cases in which TS was diagnosed prenatally are presented with reference to the value of MRI in the prenatal management and comparison with anatomical findings.     

Holoprosencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on two women at the 33rd and 34th pregnancy week, respectively, after ultrasonographic detection of a brain malformation. Fetal neuromuscular blockade was induced by pancuronium bromide injected into the umbilical vein under continuous ultrasound (US) guidance. MR images supported the echotomographic diagnosis of holoprosencephaly, improving the image quality and offering additional information in such cases of difficult differential fetal diagnosis. Holoprosencephaly was finally confirmed by neonatal US and autopsy (case 1), US, CT and MR (case 2).     

Schizencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis by computed sonography and magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed at 29 weeks of pregnancy after ultrasonographic detection of an abnormal cleft in the fetal brain. Fetal neuromuscular blockade was induced by pancuronium bromide injected into the umbilical vein under continuous ultrasound (US) guidance. MR images supported the echotomographic diagnosis of schizencephaly improving the visualization of symmetrical broad clefts connecting the lateral ventricles with the subarachnoid space. Schizencephaly was finally confirmed by neonatal US, computed tomography, and MR.     

苯酚及其衍生物对氨氮生物硝化的抑制研究

利用富集培养的硝化污泥研究了苯酚及其衍生物2,4-二氯苯酚、对氨基酚、邻甲基酚和对硝基酚对氨氮生物硝化过程的抑制特性。结果表明,上述5种酚类化合物对硝化细菌的抑制类型均为非竞争性抑制,抑制常数KI和EC50值相等,分别为2.61、1.92、8.50、1.18和6.65 mg/L。上述5种酚类化合物对硝化细菌的抑制程度由大到小的顺序为：邻甲基酚〉2,4-二氯苯酚〉苯酚〉对硝基酚〉对氨基酚。酚类化合物对硝化细菌的抑制是可逆的,通过简单的抑制剂稀释或洗涤可以使硝化细菌恢复活性。在保证出水水质的前提下,抑制剂存在时硝化工艺的泥龄被迫延长,且抑制程度越大,泥龄延长的程度越大。当系统受到有毒物质冲击时,和调控泥龄相比,调节工艺的进水流量或改变容积负荷是缓冲冲击的更简捷、快速和有效的途径。     

磁性埃洛石复合材料的制备及其对十八烷胺吸附性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备磁性埃洛石复合材料,并对其吸附十八烷胺的行为进行研究.利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微电镜(TEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对磁性埃洛石进行表征,研究吸附剂浓度、吸附时间、溶液p H值和温度对十八烷胺在磁性埃洛石上吸附的影响,采用Lagrange准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程及Freundlich等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明:Fe3O4纳米粒子成功的负载到埃洛石的表面;p H值和温度对十八烷胺在磁性埃洛石上的吸附影响较大;十八烷胺在磁性埃洛石上的吸附符合二级动力学模型;热力学符合Langmuir等温线方程,并且高温利于十八烷胺的吸附.     

磁性微藻复合物的制备及其对铀的吸附性能研究

通过水热法对冷冻干燥得到的雨生红球藻粉(PRCP)进行改性,合成了磁性γ-Fe₂O₃/PRCP,并采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、BET等方法对材料的形貌和结构进行了表征,通过静态吸附实验分别探究了不同pH值、初始铀浓度、温度、时间等对铀酰离子吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在初始pH=6时,材料对铀的吸附效果最好.从吸附动力学看,吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型.通过对材料进行热力学模型拟合发现,在25℃、pH=6时材料吸附过程更符合Langmuir方程,且随着溶液中初始铀酰离子浓度的升高,材料表现出了更好的吸附效果.     

环糊精及其衍生物对硝基化合物毒性的影响

通过发光菌毒性试验研究了不同浓度的b-环糊精和羟丙基环糊精对几种硝基苯衍生物的发光菌急性毒性的影响.环糊精及其衍生物可以大大地降低有机污染物的表观毒性,使硝基化合物对发光菌的半抑制浓度提高1.7～22.4倍;环糊精对客体化合物毒性降低的效果不仅和客体化合物的疏水性有关,而且和化合物与环糊精空腔的匹配程度以及形成包合物的空间构象也有很大的关系.     

Minimally invasive fetal postmortem examination using magnetic resonance imaging and computerised tomography: current evidence and practical issues

For a variety of reasons, acceptance of traditional postmortem examination following foetal or neonatal death has declined significantly in recent years in the UK. Here, we review the case for the development of less invasive autopsy using combined investigations including imaging techniques, in particular, magnetic resonance imaging and computerised tomography. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low-carbon strategies towards 2050: Comparing ex-ante policy evaluation studies and national planning processes in Europe

The European Union (EU) is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels by 80%–95% in 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Various approaches have been developed to secure and evaluate the progress made towards this objective. To gain insights into how EU Member States are aligning to this collective long-term objective, we systematically compare the planning and ex-ante evaluation processes for five EU countries (respectively Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). The comparative analysis consists of a qualitative comparison of (1) the governance of long-term policy planning and evaluation processes, (2) the national arrangement for quantitative (model-based) ex-ante policy evaluation and (3) the national arrangement for qualitative ex-ante policy evaluation (stakeholder participation). In a second step we conduct a quantitative comparison of national model-based ex-ante evaluation studies to assess the relative differences between the considered routes and the differences across the various countries. Although the five Member States plan policies along the same EU objective, we find a high diversity in how long-term commitments are established, governed and evaluated on the national level. Model-based scenario analyses are commonly used to explore and evaluate the possible national routes towards the EU 2050 objective. However, as these processes mostly concentrate on domestic action, they pay little attention to how domestic policies are affected by, or affecting, other international activities throughout Europe. Hence, current findings suggest that cross-border collaboration and stakeholder participation could further strengthen the analytical understanding of required transformative change in Europe and subsequently lead to a more durable long-term solution over time.     

二氧化硫及其衍生物对大鼠心肌细胞胶原蛋白表达的影响

以100μmol·L~(-1)亚硫酸氢钠对H9C2心肌细胞染毒不同时间(3,6,12,24 h),采用Wistar大鼠作为模型进行整体动物染毒,SO_2组动式吸入SO_2(7 mg·m~(-3))28 d,每天4 h;SO~(2+)NALC(N-乙酰半胱氨酸)组吸入同样条件的SO_2,且自SO_2染毒之日起隔天腹腔注射50 mg·kg-1(b.w.)NALC,对照组吸入新鲜空气并注射生理盐水.测定大鼠心脏组织和H9C2细胞内ROS含量;采用荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析I型胶原(Col1a1)和III型胶原(Col3a1)的mRNA转录和蛋白表达水平.结果显示SO_2及其衍生物引起的氧化应激显著增加了活性氧(ROS)的产生;SO_2及其衍生物不能诱导大鼠心脏组织和H9C2细胞中Col1a1和Col3a1 mRNA转录水平的显著改变,但Col1a1和Col3a1的蛋白表达水平显著升高;同时NALC可减少心脏组织中ROS的产生,有效抑制SO_2吸入后Col1a1和Col3a1蛋白表达的上升.提示SO_2吸入后可能通过产生ROS最终导致胶原蛋白表达的增加.     

Pb（II） biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads： Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechanism studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and di erent initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non–linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(II) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(II) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an e cient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

一株苯噻草胺降解菌的系统发育分类及其降解特性研究

自污水处理厂好氧活性污泥中分离到1株Y1菌株,该菌株具有较强的降解酰胺类除草剂苯噻草胺的能力.基于部分16SrDNA和生理生化特性分析,鉴定该菌为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivolum).Y1菌株能有效地降解除草剂苯噻草胺,在1周内的降解率约为90%.其最适生长温度为28℃,最佳降解温度为32℃;在pH值为5～9范围内能保持对苯噻草胺的降解能力.Y1菌株经苯噻草胺诱导后具有一条相对分子量约为100k的特异性蛋白条带,而且在诱导1年的菌株中,该条带更明显.     

磁微球负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

以氯化血红素为原料,制备了磁负载的硝基锌卟啉光催化剂.同时,利用热重分析仪(TG)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和振动磁强计(VSM)对催化剂进行了表征,发现制备的催化剂负载率为32.06%,催化剂为粒径均一的球形壳-核结构,具有良好的磁性.其次,研究了催化剂的催化降解性能.结果表明,磁负载硝基锌卟啉光催化剂在可见光下,对水中的双酚A(BPA)、对硝基苯酚(PNP)等均有90%以上的去除率;对于活性红染料废水的降解也取得了83.67%的降解率.自由基捕获实验证明,电子(e-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、空穴(h+)和氧自由基(O-·2)是降解反应中重要的活性物种.最后通过GC-MS等手段对降解机理进行了研究.