mFe0-PS-O3耦合工艺处理压裂返排液反应机理研究

mFe~0-PS-O_3(微米级零价铁-过硫酸盐-臭氧)耦合工艺作为一种新型的高级氧化技术,相对于传统高级氧化技术,对有毒难降解污染物具有较高的去除率。文章对mFe~0颗粒的表征进行了分析,探讨了mFe~0和PS之间、mFe~0和O_3之间、PS和O_3之间的反应机理,在反应过程中,mFe~0、PS和O_3之间的协同作用能够产生大量的活性极强的羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基,可以有效降解水中有毒难降解的污染物质,且反应中生成的Fe(OH)_2/Fe(OH)_3絮体对污染物还具有吸附和絮凝作用。阐释了该工艺预处理页岩气压裂返排液的可行性。     

臭氧降解有机污染物的反应机理及影响因素

论述了臭氧氧化有机污染物的反应机理,探讨了臭氧氧化反应的主要影响因素,及臭氧氧化反应器的材质要求,并对臭氧氧化技术在实践中的应用提出了基本的设计思路。     

UV/H_2O_2及联合技术在环境保护中的研究进展

过氧化氢为高级氧化中常用的氧化剂,和紫外光结合时,易于形成羟基自由基,氧化能力增强。UV/H2O2、UV/H2O2/O3、Fe2+/H2O2/UV高级氧化技术联合工艺,能产生氧化性极强的羟基自由基,从而能有效地分解一些单独使用H2O2不能分解或分解效率较差的有机污染物和无机污染物。UV/H2O2治理烟道气污染物NOx目前正处于研究阶段,投入使用还需进一步研究。     

声化学降解水体有机污染物

水体中微量、痕量有机污染物的环境与生态效应一直是环境化学中研究的热点内容。1992年,国家自然科学基金委员会将之列为重大课题进行研究,并取得一定进展。而对饮用水,深度处理的目标是采用高效的方法去除污染物。在已经推广的方法中主要有活性炭吸附、臭氧氧化、光化学催化和超滤法等。其中以臭氧氧化法最具有推广价值。但其处理成本较高,对具有强烈环境毒理学效应的芳香族、杂环类化合物的氧化降解率较低。因此,水体中微量,痕量有机污染物的高效去除方法是水处理技术中的难题。80年代以来,声     

超声波、电场和光催化协同降解有机污染物的研究现状

以自由基反应为主的高级氧化工艺是处理有机污染物的新型技术,具有良好的拓展和应用环境。超声氧化、电化学氧化工艺和紫外光催化工艺都属于高级氧化工艺,许多研究者发现单独使用这些工艺降解有机污染物效果不够理想,更有效的方法是联合使用。本文系统地介绍了超声波和光催化、光催化和电场、超声波和电场协同降解有机污染物的机理和研究现状。     

UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究

以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3＞O3＞UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.     

Fenton试剂对亚甲基蓝氧化褪色的反应动力学实验研究

为了提高Fenton试剂处理有机污染物的效率,探索最佳处理条件,以亚甲基蓝溶液为模型污水,进行了Fenton试剂氧化亚甲基蓝褪色反应的影响因素实验。对不同条件下的时间过程进行了在线动力学跟踪、拟合和比较。研究发现:Fenton试剂高级氧化的反应动力学过程可分为三阶段。反应前期符合一级动力学,后期符合二级动力学,两者之间存在一个过渡性阶段。一级动力学期的反应速度快,氧化能力高,对于污染物的化学处理是比较合理的,实验还确认了反应前期的Fe(II)浓度对过程的支配作用。     

O3/H2O2氧化页岩气产出水有机物动力学及机理研究

对O3/H2O2氧化页岩气产出水降解有机物动力学、特征污染物苯胺降解动力学及机理进行实验分析,研究结果表明：页岩气产出水有机物、苯胺降解符合一级反应动力学;臭氧分子的分解符合零级反应动力学。通过液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）分析O3/H2O2氧化苯胺降解过程中间产物,发现O3/H2O2氧化法不能完全 将页岩气产出水矿化为二氧化碳和水,只是将复杂有机物分子转化为结构简单的直链烷烃或者羧酸类物质,需与其他氧化方式相结合才可将有机物完全去除,并提出了降解返排液中苯胺的两条可能途径,为O3/H2O2氧化工艺实际应用提供理论依据。     

臭氧-活性炭工艺在炼化循环排污水处理中的应用＊

针对炼化企业循环排污水中有机污染物浓度不能满足脱盐处理工艺进水水质要求的问题,开展了臭氧氧化-活性炭吸附工艺去除循环排污水中有机污染物的研究。通过对两种处理工艺进行不同组合的实验结果得知:当反应时间控制在最佳值,臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附单独处理循环排污水时,COD去除率分别约为27%和20%,处理效率偏低;当两种工艺组合后,在臭氧浓度为12 mg/L、氧化时间20 min、吸附时间为10 min时,COD去除率则达到52%,组合工艺协同作用效果明显。     

氯化降解水体中药品及个人护理用品的研究进展

药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)作为水体中的新型污染物,因其对人类身体和水生态环境存在潜在影响而广受关注。预氯化作为自来水厂中的常用工艺,能够有效降解PPCPs等有机污染物,但未引起足够重视。综述了近十几年来氯化降解水中有机污染物的相关研究,归纳了氯化降解PPCPs的机理、反应动力学及影响因素,并展望了该领域的主要研究方向。     

超声辅助电催化氧化降解水杨酸的研究

通过对水杨酸降解的UV扫描吸收光谱的研究表明,在水杨酸的电催化氧化和超声辅助电催化氧化降解过程中,都有吸收紫外光的中间体生成,对吸光度峰值随降解反应时间的变化关系进行非线性最小二乘法拟合(NLSF),发现其衰减均符合表观一级反应动力学规律;而COD值的衰减也都符合表观一级反应动力学规律。GC-MS检测到水杨酸超声辅助电催化氧化降解60 min后,有中间产物甲酸、乙酸、苯酚,认为是水杨酸在.OH的作用下,开环氧化降解生成乙酸和甲酸等小分子有机物,最后降解为二氧化碳和水。     

黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复配物的抗氧化活性

研究了黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复合对两种自由基体系的活性清除。结果表明,黑木耳和茶叶黄酮复合对羟基自由基（OH.）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）均有较强的清除作用,且随着用量的增加清除效果增强。在同样用量的情况下,其清除作用明显强于单种黄酮的抗氧化作用,初步说明两种黄酮的复合可增强清除自由基的活性。     

Costs of the electrochemical oxidation of wastewaters: a comparison with ozonation and Fenton oxidation processes

In the work described here the technical and economic feasibilities of three Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied: Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO), Ozonation and Fenton oxidation. The comparison was made by assessing the three technologies with synthetic wastewaters polluted with different types of organic compounds and also with actual wastes (from olive oil mills and from a fine-chemical manufacturing plant). All three technologies were able to treat the wastes, but very different results were obtained in terms of efficiency and mineralization. Only CDEO could achieve complete mineralization of the pollutants for all the wastes. However, the efficiencies were found to depend on the concentration of pollutant (mass transfer control of the oxidation rate). Results obtained in the oxidation with ozone (at pH 12) or by Fenton's reagent were found to depend on the nature of the pollutants, and significant concentrations of oxidation-refractory compounds were usually accumulated during the treatment. Within the discharge limits that all of the technologies can reach, the economic analysis shows that the operating cost of Fenton oxidation is lower than either CDEO or ozonation, although CD\EO can compete satisfactorily with the Fenton process in the treatment of several kinds of wastes. Likewise, the investment cost for the ozonation process seems to be higher than either CDEO or Fenton oxidation, regardless of the pollutant treated.     

利用共代谢机制降解水体中的氯代芳烃

氯代芳烃及其衍生物是一类毒性强、难降解的持久性有机化合物。在我国江河水体中检出率高，其中许多是优先监测污染物。水中的难降解有机污染物，可能通过几种微生物的一系列共代谢作用得到大部分，甚至是彻底的降解。本文针对水环境中的氟代芳烃污染物，分析了共代谢的类型、发生原因及影响因素。对利用共代谢机制修复水中氯代芳烃的最新研究进展进行了综述，并对本领域的发展前景进行了探讨。     

Oxidation of organic impurities in the recycle and reclaim loops of ultra-pure water plants

 The oxidation of trace organic impurities in ultrapure water by ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, and the combination of UV/ozone is investigated. The emphasis is on the development of a global model to simulate the process that take place in the typical oxidation reactors used in ultrapure water plants. The study also focuses on reaction mechanism for oxidation of multi-component organic impurities. Eighteen organic model compounds are chosen as representative contaminants. The results demonstrate and confirm a significant synergistic effect between UV and ozone oxidation. A mechanism for the synergistic oxidation of organic impurities is proposed and validated with experimental data. The combination of the reaction and the reactor models is used to determine the fundamental kinetic parameters involved in the three oxidation processes. Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 September 1998     

Kinetic effect of humic acid on alachlor degradation by anodic Fenton treatment

Contamination of water often results from the heavy use of agricultural chemicals, and the disposal of aqueous pesticide waste is a concern. Anodic Fenton treatment (AFT) has been shown to be a successful remediation method for pesticides in solution, but the effect of soil on the degradation kinetics of pesticides using this method has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of humic acid, as a soil surrogate, on the degradation kinetics of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide], a heavily used herbicide that has been studied in pure aqueous solution by AFT. The AFT consists of a controlled constant delivery of Fenton reagents, using an electrochemical half-cell to deliver ferrous iron. Alachlor was quickly degraded by AFT, and the kinetics were found to obey the previously developed AFT model well. Degradation of alachlor by AFT in humic acid slurry showed that when the amount of humic acid was increased, alachlor degradation was significantly slowed down and the degradation kinetics were shifted from the AFT model to a first-order model. Further experimentation indicated that humic acid not only competes with alachlor for hydroxyl radicals, reducing the degradation rate of the target compound, but also buffers the slurry at near neutral pH, blocking regeneration of ferrous ion from ferric ion and subsequently shifting the kinetics to first order. Degradation of several other pesticides in humic acid slurry also followed first-order kinetics. These results imply that higher concentrations of Fenton reagents will be required for soil remediation.     

Zerovalent iron nanoparticles for treatment of ground water contaminated by hexachlorocyclohexanes

Ground water and aquifer samples from a site contaminated by hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs; C(6)H(6)Cl(6)) were exposed to nanoscale iron particles to evaluate the technology as a potential remediation method. The summed concentration of the HCH isomers in ground water was approximately 5.16 micromol L(-1) (1500 microg L(-1)). Batch experiments with 2.2 to 27.0 g L(-1) iron nanoparticles showed that more than 95% of the HCHs were removed from solution within 48 h. Using a pseudo first-order kinetics model, the HCH isomers were removed in accordance with the trend gamma congruent with alpha > beta > delta. This seems to be correlated with the orientation (axial vs. equatorial) of the chlorine atoms lost in the dihaloelimination steps. Although the reactivity of the HCH isomers has been investigated in the classical organic chemistry literature, the present study was the first in the environmental remediation arena. The rate of removal is directly correlated to the number of axial chlorines. The observed rate constant varied from 0.04 to 0.65 h(-1), and the rate constant normalized to the iron surface area concentration ranged from 5.4 x 10(-4) to 8.8 x 10(-4) L m(-2) h(-1). Post-test extractions of the reactor contents detected little HCH remaining in solution or on the iron surfaces, reinforcing the contention that reaction rather than sorption was the operative mechanism for the HCH removal. Together with previously published work on a wide variety of chlorinated organic solvents, this work further demonstrates the potential of zerovalent iron nanoparticles for treatment and remediation of persistent organic pollutants.     

Economic-environmental modeling of point source pollution in Jefferson County,Alabama, USA

This paper uses an integrated economic-environmental model to assess the point source pollution from major industries in Jefferson County, Northern Alabama. Industrial expansion generates employment, income, and tax revenue for the public sector; however, it is also often associated with the discharge of chemical pollutants. Jefferson County is one of the largest industrial counties in Alabama that experienced smog warnings and ambient ozone concentration, 1996-1999. Past studies of chemical discharge from industries have used models to assess the pollution impact of individual plants. This study, however, uses an extended Input-Output (I-O) economic model with pollution emission coefficients to assess direct and indirect pollutant emission for several major industries in Jefferson County. The major findings of the study are: (a) the principal emission by the selected industries are volatile organic compounds (VOC) and these contribute to the ambient ozone concentration; (b) the direct and indirect emissions are significantly higher than the direct emission by some industries, indicating that an isolated analysis will underestimate the emission by an industry; (c) while low emission coefficient industries may suggest industry choice they may also emit the most hazardous chemicals. This study is limited by the assumptions made, and the data availability, however it provides a useful analytical tool for direct and cumulative emission estimation and generates insights on the complexity in choice of industries.