人工湿地中试系统基质中藻类组成的研究

从2003年3月到2004年2月，在水力负荷为600mm／d的条件下研究了人工湿地中试系统（medium scale plot，MSP）基质中藻类的组成．结果表明，栅藻、小球藻、盘星藻、空星藻、纤维藻、舟行藻、小环藻、平裂藻和颤藻属的一些种类在下行池基质各层不同季节均有出现，下行池表层藻类较丰；上行池基质中不同季节的藻类组成中念珠藻和鱼腥藻均为固氮种类，菱板藻、舟行藻和卵形藻属的一些种类在上行池表层出现较多，上行池藻类组成较下行池少．本实验探讨了在人工湿地基质中存在的藻类组成，为湿地除藻机理和评估系统的稳定性提供参考．图1表2参10     

Influence of season on the feeding habits of the common sole Solea solea

The object of the study was to determine whether the composition of the diet of sole Solea solea Linnaeus, 1758 throughout the year is influenced only by the presence and abundance of prey or whether in addition it is influenced by a selection procedure resulting from its energetic and nutritional needs. Feeding habits were established by examining the stomach contents of males and females throughout the year. We recorded the presence or absence of each prey item and identified dominant, occasional and accidental prey. Differences in the seasonal composition of the basic diet were analysed (chisquare). Throughout the year, the diet consisted mainly of crustaceans, except in autumn when polychaetes were the most abundant prey. Significant differences (chisquare) in feeding habits were established between seasons and between sexes in each season. Some of the dominant prey (Ampeliscidae and Callianassidae) live exclusively in estuaries and bays, and occur in highest abundance during winter, the season in which sole enter estuaries to spawn. These prey items were present in higher numbers in the stomach contents of the sole during this period, reflecting the dependence of its diet on prey availability.     

Biodiversity of algae and protozoa in a natural waste stabilization pond: a field study

A field study was carried out on the biodiversity of protozoa and algae from a natural waste stabilization pond during November, 1996 to April, 1997. The raw waste and pond samples were analysed for physico-chemical and biological parameters. High dissolved oxygen (DO) coinciding with phytoplankton peak was recorded. The algae--Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Oscillatoria brevis and Nostoc piscinale and Protozoa--Paramecium caudatum, Acanthamoeba sp., Bodo saltans and Oikomonas termo were obvious as dominant species, whereas algae Ochromonas pyriformis and Synura uvella and protozoa, Didinium masutum and Stentor coerulus were noted as rare species. Totally 71 species of algae and 13 species of protozoa were identified.     

Phytoplankton dynamics and species diversity in a shallow eutrophic,natural mid-altitude lake in Himachal Pradesh (India): role of physicochemical factors

Rewalsar Lake, a mid-altitude, shallow and recreational water body located in the north-western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh (India) was studied through monthly surveys in two consecutive years (March 2008 to February 2010). Forty-seven species belonging to seven groups of phytoplankton were identified from the lake. Microcystis aeruginosa and Synedra ulna exhibited a perennial habit. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, Eudorina elegans, Navicula cuspidate, Synedra ulna, Euglena acus, Euglena oxyuris, Spirulina gomontii, Oscillatoria princeps and Arthrospira khannae were abundant, and Oscillatoria limosa and Microcystis aeruginosa were highly abundant. Twenty-one important criteria were studied, for example, temperature, free carbon dioxide, biochemical oxygen demand, total alkalinity, nitrate, silicate and phosphate, which provide an idea of the portability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes as per the permissible limits given in World Health Organization, Indian Council of Medical Research and Indian Standards Institute standards. Pearson's correlation revealed a significant relationship between physicochemical parameters and different algal groups. Both plankton and chlorophyll a showed a bimodal pattern of fluctuation. High annual mean concentrations of chlorophyll a (mg L^?1) were recorded as 11.44 in 2008–09, and 11.04 in 2009–10. As per the Palmer pollution index, 13 pollution-tolerant algal species with a pollution score of 37 were observed. The Central Pollution Control Board categorised the water at Rewalsar Lake as ‘D–E’.     

Ecology of fouling bryozoans in Cochin waters

An extensive study was conducted on the settlement and seasonal succession of fouling bryozoans in and around Cochin Harbour during the period 1965 to 1966; it was the first study of its kind performed in Indian waters. A total of 14 species was recorded from localities which were ecologically dissimilar. A distinct succession of species, mainly of a seasonal character, was observed. Seasonal succession usually occurs in localities where seasons are well marked, and where different species of animals with short life spans settle during particular times of the year. The study has shown that a distinct seasonal succession of bryozoans occurs in this locality; out of the 14 species which appeared on the panels not one species settled throughout the year. This was due to seasonal differences in the ecological conditions which prevailed in the area investigated. The significant seasonal influences on the incidence of bryozoans led to a categorisation of the species into the following patterns (a) typical brackish-water forms not encountered in purely marine localities; (b) typical brackish-water forms which may occur in marine localities; (c) typical marine forms never found in localities where low salinity conditions prevail.Part of a thesis submitted by the first-named author for his degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Kerala, India.     

茂名近岸海域中、小型浮游动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

近年来,随着茂名经济迅猛发展及涉海工程建设,其近海海域遭到日益严重的污染,海域环境日趋恶化。为更好地了解茂名近岸海域中小型浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,摸清中小型浮游动物的种类组成及其空间分布状况,保护近岸海域生物多样性,分别于2019年夏季(6月)和秋季(9月)对茂名近海浮游动物进行调查。调查共发现浮游动物52种,以桡足类为主(达到40种,占比76.92%)。秋季浮游动物平均丰度和平均生物量(分别为29.82 ind·m^-3和282.08 mg·m^-3)均高于夏季(分别为15.71×10³ ind·m^-3和110.23 mg·m^-3)。短角长腹剑水蚤(Oithona brevicornis)、小长腹剑水蚤(Oithona nana)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为茂名近岸海域春、夏季优势种。夏季和秋季浮游植物物种多样性指数平均值分别为3.06和2.69,丰富度指数平均值分别为3.65和3.38,均匀度指数平均值分别为0.71和0.66。运用BIO-ENV方法分析了浮游动物群落结构以及与浮游植物丰度、环境因子之间的关系,结果表明浮游植物丰度、溶解氧、盐度、水温、水深是影响夏季浮游动物群落的主要环境因子,水深、浮游植物丰度是影响秋季浮游动物群落的主要环境因子。     

Are puffer fish more toxic in their spawning seasons?

It has been a common belief that all puffer fishes are more toxic in their spawning seasons, perhaps to protect their fertilized eggs. However, the current study of two puffer fishes, Takifugu niphobles (Jordan and Snyder) and Takifugu alboplumbeus (Richardson), collected in Hong Kong waters continuously for over a year and bioassayed for toxicity in terms of mouse units (MU), showed the contrary. Their annual spawning seasons (evident from the enlargement of the gonads and the presence of eggs in the ovary) were found to be from October to February (4 consecutive months) and December to February (2 consecutive months), respectively. In both species, the ovaries were highly toxic (100-1,000 MU/g) only in their non-spawning seasons and they became weakly toxic (10-100 MU/g) in their spawning seasons; unlike the ovaries, liver and intestine, the flesh and the skin did not have marked annual toxicity patterns. Their flesh was basically non-toxic (less than 10 MU/g) throughout the whole year. The testes, which were only developed in the spawning seasons, were also found to be non-toxic.     

Reproductive periodicity of meiobenthic copepods: Seasonal of continuous?

Much of the literature on meiofauna reproductive periodicity suggests continuous reproduction throughout the year. Field data collected over a two-year period in the North Inlet area, South Carolina (USA) indicate that the dominant meiobenthic copepods at each station sampled are in a reproductive state all year whereas less abundant species have distinct seasonal reproductive periods. Reproduction throughout the year is not restricted to, nor does it encompass all of, the interstitial copepods with a low number of eggs. In those species where seasonality is evident, there is a temporal separation of the most closely allied copepods, and when one species is present the other is absent. Alternation of reproductive cycles in these species reduces competition and allows for maximum resource utilization.     

Territory defence in tropical birds: are females as aggressive as males?

Much of our knowledge concerning the functions of territorial behaviour and how territories are defended by individuals comes from research on birds. The vast majority of this work has focused on temperate zone breeding territoriality in which territories are defended most obviously by males. Our understanding of the female role in territory defence is limited because they are less conspicuous and much harder to observe. We studied sex roles in territory maintenance and defence in a duetting, resident neotropical passerine, the white-bellied antbird (Myrmeciza longipes). This species maintains territories and pair bonds year round and both sexes sing and actively participate in territory defence. We performed a series of playback experiments throughout the dry (non-breeding) and wet (breeding) seasons. We exposed territorial pairs to three types of stimuli including: (1) single sex, male only songs, (2) single sex, female only songs, and (3) both sex songs/duets. Contrary to findings for most other tropical species, individuals defended their territories with equal levels of aggression regardless of stimuli. Furthermore, sex roles were very different, with males responding more aggressively than females to all stimuli throughout both seasons. Both males and females consistently responded more aggressively to territorial intrusions during the dry season than during the wet season, likely because food abundance is low in the dry season and territory value is high. Our analysis of duetting behaviour suggests that duets do not serve a significant role in mate guarding, or territory defence.     

Experimental evidence for the effects of chronic anthropogenic noise on abundance of Greater Sage-Grouse at leks

Increasing evidence suggests that chronic noise from human activities negatively affects wild animals, but most studies have failed to separate the effects of chronic noise from confounding factors, such as habitat fragmentation. We played back recorded continuous and intermittent anthropogenic sounds associated with natural gas drilling and roads at leks of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). For 3 breeding seasons, we monitored sage grouse abundance at leks with and without noise. Peak male attendance (i.e., abundance) at leks experimentally treated with noise from natural gas drilling and roads decreased 29% and 73%, respectively, relative to paired controls. Decreases in abundance at leks treated with noise occurred in the first year of the study and continued throughout the experiment. Noise playback did not have a cumulative effect over time on peak male attendance. There was limited evidence for an effect of noise playback on peak female attendance at leks or male attendance the year after the experiment ended. Our results suggest that sage-grouse avoid leks with anthropogenic noise and that intermittent noise has a greater effect on attendance than continuous noise. Our results highlight the threat of anthropogenic noise to population viability for this and other sensitive species.     

Seasonal changes in population of some selected earthworm species and soil nutrients in cultivated agroecosystem

Studies were conducted on population dynamics of Metaphire posthuma, Lampito mauritii and Dichogaster bolaui in cultivated pedoecosystem of desert region of Rajasthan. The populations of aclitellate and clitellate M. posthuma, L. mauritii and D. bolaui were maximum in rainy season and minimum in summer season. The abundant population of these worms were found during the months of July to October. The species M. posthuma breed throughout the year except in extreme summer but L. mauritii breed twice in a year in the field. However, D. bolaui breed once in a year. Among these earthworm species D. bolaui with relative density of 44.2% was the most dominant species in cultivated land while L. mauritii and M. posthuma contributed 33.3% and 22.5% of density, respectively. The total population of earthworms showed significant positive correlation with different soil nutrients.     

Diet composition and feeding intensity of horse mackerel,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Trachurus trachurus</Emphasis> (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) in the eastern Adriatic

Diet composition and feeding intensity of the horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, collected in the eastern Adriatic Sea, were examined. Stomach contents of 1,200 specimens, taken at monthly intervals (January–December 1996), were analyzed. The stomachs contents consisted of five major prey groups: Crustacea (Euphausiacea, Mysidacea, Decapoda), Cephalopoda and Teleostei. Euphausiacea constituted the most important food resource by weight, number and frequency occurrence. Teleosts were the second most important food category, while mysids, decapods and cephalopods were occasional food. There was little seasonal variation in diet. Euphausiids were dominant prey during all seasons, and were especially abundant from spring and autumn. Feeding intensity of horse mackerel varied during the year. The lowest intensity of feeding was recorded in winter (February, March) and early spring (April) during the lower sea temperature as well as at the time of intensive spawning. Feeding activity increased upon spawning period (May and June) and was also higher during summer. Feeding intensity and diet composition changed during the diurnal cycle. The highest feeding intensity was recorded at night and during early morning hours. Euphausiids, mysids and a greater part of teleosts dominated night and morning diet, while decapods and cephalopods were most frequently in the daily and evening diet.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Environmental stability and seasonality of a harpacticoid copepod community

The southwest monsoon on the west coast of India brings about dynamic changes in estuaries and coastal waters. The response of the meiofauna to monsoonal rain is obvious, but the impact of such environmental changes on the community structure of harpacticoid copepod species and their seasonality in the estuaries influenced by the tropical monsoon is poorly understood. In this study the spatial and temporal variability in abundance and community structure of meiobenthic copepods was investigated over an annual cycle (June 1983 to June 1984), in an estuary influenced by the tropical monsoon. Total meiofaunal abundance showed wide variations in space and time. Minimum and maximum densities were observed in the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. Quick recovery of harpacticoid populations in the early post-monsoon season indicated their recuperative power under adverse conditions. Of the 25 species recorded from lower, middle and upper reaches, eight comprised over 70% of the total copepod population. The peak and low occurrence of dominant species displayed striking correlations with the summer and rainy seasons, respectively. While other species were restricted in distribution, Stenhelia longifurca was recorded from all salinity regimes. The harpacticoid community was greatly influenced by the onset of the monsoon period, and their spatial and temporal variabilities were related with physico-chemical parameters and the variability of these parameters in the estuary.     

Ecological problems of tree species in protected ecosystems of Orissa, India

The tree layer vegetation of two protected ecosystems i.e. Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP) of eastern ghat was analysed for structure, composition and diversity. With respect to the tree species composition the two protected ecosystems were differed from each other at the family, genera and species level. About 117 tree species representing 85 genera and 42 families were recorded in SBR. The average number of species per hectare was 32.5. However, a total of 29 tree species representing 22 genera and 16 families were recorded in BNP with an average number of species per hectare of 24.17. Species dominancy of the two protected areas was also different due to their difference in habitat condition. In SBR Shorea robusta was the most dominant species while in BNP Excoecaria agallocha was the most dominant species. Shannon-Wiener species diversity was 3.15 for Similipal and 2.314 for Bhitarkanika indicating that Similipal was highly diverse than Bhitarkanika. In general both the protected ecosystems of Orissa are highly rich in biodiversity and are characteristics of good ecological wealth of eastern ghat. Thus conservation and management practices are essential for the sustainability of their biodiversity.     

Polychaetes associated to a<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cymodocea nodosa</Emphasis> meadow in the Canary Islands: assemblage structure,temporal variability and vertical distribution compared to other Mediterranean seagrass meadows

The structure, diversity and temporal distribution of the infaunal polychaetes associated with Cymodocea nodosa meadows were studied in Tenerife (Canary Islands). The samples were collected monthly throughout a year, to depths of 13–16 m. The sediment was extracted by means of PVC cores, in which four layers were separated (i.e. 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm). A total of 1,167 polychaete specimens, belonging to 69 taxa were collected, representing one of the most dominant groups in the benthic assemblage throughout the entire year. The most common families were Syllidae, Paraonidae and Spionidae, both in terms of abundance and species richness. The dominant species were Streptosyllis bidentata, Aricidea assimilis and Exogone parahomoseta mediterranea, representing also the only constant species throughout the year. The highest values of species richness, diversity, equitability and abundance of polychaetes occurred in September. The multifactorial analysis of abundances (i.e. cluster analysis and non-metric, multi-dimensional scaling) indicated temporal segregation of the samples from July, August and September (i.e. the warmest months) with respect to those from the rest of the year, due to structural differences in the assemblage. Polychaete species have been found to a depth of up to 30 cm in the sediment. Nevertheless, most of them (89%) occurred in the upper 5 cm of the sediment, with an increase of specimens in deeper layers in February (i.e. due to sporadic episodes of higher hydrodynamics). To compare the vertical distribution of polychaetes, additional core samples were collected in two seagrass meadows (i.e. C. nodosa and Ruppia cirrhosa) at Ebros Delta (NW Mediterranean); these were separated into five layers (i.e. 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–15 cm, 15–20 cm, 20–25 cm). The results obtained for the R. cirrhosa meadow (98% of the polychaetes within the upper 5 cm) agree with those for the Canarian C. nodosa meadow, while the polychaetes reached up to 15 cm depth in the Mediterranean C. nodosa meadow (i.e. ~39% between 0 and 5 cm, ~41% between 5 and 10 cm, ~20% between 10 and 15 cm). Our results indicated that the structural characteristics of the assemblages appeared to be more strongly controlled by the combined characteristics of the sediment (i.e. lack of oxygen, granulometry and degree of compaction) than by the seagrass species building the meadow.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Mangroves as nursery sites: comparisons of the abundance and species composition of fish and crustaceans in mangroves and other nearshore habitats in tropical Australia

Daytime sampling of mangrove and seagrass (Halophila/Halodule community) habitats every 7 wk at Alligator Creek, Queensland, Australia, over a period of 13 mo (February 1985–February 1986) using two types of seine net, revealed distinct mangrove and seagrass fish and crustacean faunas. Total abundance of fish and relative abundance of small and large fish also varied between habitats and seasonally. Post-larval, juvenile and small adult fish captured with a small seine-net (3 mm mesh) were significantly more abundant (4 to 10 times) in the mangrove habitat throughout the 13 mo of sampling. Mangrove fish abundance showed significant seasonality, greatest catches being recorded in the warm, wet-season months of the year. Relative abundances of larger fish (captured in a seine net with 18 mm mesh) in the two habitats varied throughout the year, but did not show a seasonal pattern. At the same site, small crustaceans were significantly more abundant in the mangroves in all but one dryseason sample. Similar comparisons for three riverine sites, sampled less frequently, in the dry and wet seasons of 1985 and 1986, respectively, showed that in general mangrove habitats had significantly more fish per sample, although the relative abundance of fish in mangroves and other habitats changed with season. Crustacean catches showed a similar pattern, except that densities among sites changed with season. Fish and crustacean abundance in mangroves varied among sites, indicating that estuaries differ in their nursery-ground value. The juveniles of two commercially important penaeid prawn species (Penaeus merguiensis and Metapenaeus ensis) were amongst the top three species of crustaceans captured in the study, and both were significantly more abundant in the mangrove habitat. By contrast, mangroves could not be considered an important nursery for juveniles of commercially important fish species in northern Australia. However, based on comparisons of fish catches in other regions, the results of the present study indicate the importance of mangroves as nursery sites for commercially exploited fish stocks elsewhere in South-East Asia. Contribution No. 378 from the Australian Institute of Marine Science     

Seasonal variation in lipid class and fatty acid composition of two small copepods in Balsfjorden,northern Norway

Zooplankton were collected at Svartnes, northern Norway between 1985 and 1986. The lipid class and fatty acid composition of a subarctic population ofPseudocalanus acuspes (Giesbrecht, 1881) andAcartia longiremis Lilljeborg are described for four seasons of the year. The results are discussed in relation to the seasonal variation in abundance and dry weight of the predominant developmental stages. The lipid composition of these small copepod species resembles that of omnivorous or carnivorous species.P. acuspes andA. longiremis overwinter in a state of arrested development, but seem to feed actively throughout the year. This behaviour resembles that of the omnivoreMetridia longa (Lubbock), but is in contrast to that of the herbivoreCalanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) from the same area, which spends the winter in diapause.     

粤北2座不同营养水平水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替

于2011年1—12月对广东省韶关市白水礤水库和苍村水库这2座中型居民供水水库进行每月1次、为期1a的采样,利用营养状态指数(TSI)进行水质综合评价,将水库中的浮游植物按功能类群进行分类,并结合水库的水文、水质和浮游植物的生境特征,分析全年优势功能类群的演替特点及其主要的环境影响因子。结果表明,白水礤水库为贫营养型水库,苍村水库为低中营养型水库,全年共检出浮游植物7门45属(种),可划分为16个功能类群,其中,白水礤水库全年以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群占优势,耐富营养化的功能类群仅在丰水期有检出;而苍村水库全年都能监测到耐富营养环境的功能类群,且在丰水期明显占优势,但在枯水期和平水期因营养盐含量的降低,演变为以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群为主。营养盐含量的不同是导致2座水库浮游植物功能类群产生差异的根本原因,而因降水季节的变化所致水体环境因子的变化则是造成2座水库浮游植物功能类群演替不可忽视的因素。     

Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India

Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in 15 major lakes in Bangalore city during 2008 - 2009. During the study period 35 species of aquatic birds were recorded. The number of aquatic bird species recorded at various lakes ranged from 23 to 35. The percent abundance of waterbirds recorded in the study lakes ranged from 2.46 to 21.49 and itwas significantly different (p < 0.05). The diversity and species evenness of waterbirds in the lakes ranged from 2.07 to 3.16 and 0.32 to 0.76, respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the diversity and species evenness of waterbirds among different lakes. Species richness of the bird population ranged from 2.89 to 4.01 in the different study lakes and it was not significantly different (p > 0.05). There was a variation in number of waterbird species recorded during summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Of the 35 waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis showed cent percent frequency, whereas less frequently (4.44%) observed species was Anas platyrhynchos. Among various waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis, Fulica atra, Tringa hypoleucos, Motacilla maderaspatensis, Phalacrocorax niger Egretta garzetta, Charadrius dubius, Ardeola grayji, Halcyon smymensis and Motacilla alba were frequently encountered in most of the study lakes.     

Cycle annuel du phytoplancton et de la production primaire dans les mers tropicales

In this review, tropical seas are limited geographically by a minimum surface temperature of 22°C throughout the year. The relevant literature consists of nearly a hundred references, corresponding to about 45 stations or areas; most of these are neritic or subject to land mass or island mass effects; few studies have been made in both oceanic and neritic waters of the Pacific Ocean. In neritic waters, as a rule, an annual cycle of species composition and intensity of primary production is observed: seasonal variations are related to hydrography (currents, upwelling) or climate (winds, rains, monsoons); some cases reported are doubtful due to insufficient or only qualitative data; so far, not a single example can serve as a proof for the absence of an annual cycle. Oceanic data are much too meagre to allow a generalization to be drawn; seasonal, hydrographic, and climatic changes must often also be taken into account; in regions of permanent stratification, productivity can be expected to remain at a low and continuous level throughout the year, but direct evidence of this is still lacking. In temperate and cold waters, seasons are of world-wide significance due to changes in the relation between euphotic and mixing layers' depths, i.e., in availability of light and nutrients for phytoplankton growth; thus general models of annual cycles can be described. In tropical seas, on the other hand, seasons are only regional and ecological factors can act in opposite ways according to time and space, so that no world-wide picture can be worked out.