北方农牧交错带经济发展与生态环境协调前景预测

北方农牧交错带生态环境脆弱,经济发展与生态环境严重失调,贫困与环境恶化不断加剧,为了寻求北方农牧交错带经济与生态环境协调发展的途径,应用系统动力学及指数评价法、主成分分析与层次分析对北方农牧交错带未来10年经济发展与生态环境的协调前景进行了预测。结果表明未来北方农牧交错带应选择适合区域特点的社会经济发展速度,合理调整产业结构,加强绿色环保产业的发展,加大环境保护投资力度,促进该带经济与生态环境协调水平的不断提高,使社会经济与生态环境的发展进入良性循环。     

城市化对新疆绿洲生态环境的影响与对策

随着西部大开发的不断深入。新疆的城市化进程不断加快，城市化水平不断提高；但是，随着新疆城市化的快速发展，新疆城市所处的绿洲区域的资源、环境、生态也将面临前所未有的巨大压力。城市化正在或即将对绿洲生态环境造成现实的破坏和潜在的威胁。因此正确认识城市化给绿洲生态环境所带来的影响，并在此基础上提出消除不利影响的对策。合理规划和发展绿洲城市是关系到新疆绿洲可持续发展的重要问题。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域水资源开发的生态意义研究

水作为绿洲环境和经济建设的主要限制因素 ,直接决定着经济建设的规模、方向和水平。对水资源形成及其分布规律和生态意义的分析研究 ,对整个流域的发展规划和战略布署都具有深远的理论和现实意义。玛纳斯河流域作为新疆干旱区典型的内陆河 ,上、中、下游及山地、绿洲、荒漠的生态建设和保护均取决于对整个流域水资源的集约高效利用     

河西走廊绿洲城市化及可持续对策

本文分析了河西走廊绿州城市化现状 ,认为经济基础薄弱、产业结构不合理、水资源匮乏、生态环境脆弱是河西走廊绿洲城市化的主要限制因素 ,指出河西绿洲加速城市化应加大产业结构调整力度 ,系统规划城市建设 ,加强水资源统一管理和节水建设 ,大力发展教育事业和提高农业产业化水平     

绿洲规模扩张的资源环境与生态阈限

本文系统分析了绿洲规模扩张的资源、环境与生态阈限。干旱区绿洲规模的扩张在总体上要受到资源、环境与生态阈限的制约。在绿洲经济发展过程中 ,无视这些阈限的制约 ,就会出现绿洲规模扩张的无度化 ,并产生一系列环境、生态问题 ,导致绿洲人地关系的极度失调。因此 ,要摒弃绿洲可无限扩张的认识。绿洲规模调控或绿洲适度规模的研究 ,应以这些阈限为理论基础 ,绿洲可持续发展在客观上也需要对这些阈限的深刻揭示。     

敦煌阳关国家级自然保护区生物多样性及保护对策分析

地处西部荒漠和戈壁中的敦煌阳关国家级自然保护区作为重要的候鸟迁徙驿站和栖息地,是一个天然的动植物博物馆和基因库。保护区特殊的地理环境下的多样的生物对我国西部极干旱地区生物多样性方面的科学研究具有一定价值。然而,随着生态环境逐渐恶化,该地区生物多样性受到了如栖息地逐渐缩小和破碎、掠夺式过度利用等人为因素及自然因素的威胁和限制。本文分析了该保护区内生物多样性现状及多样性保护面临的问题,并提出了相应的保护对策,以期对今后保护区的物种多样性保护工作具有一定的作用。     

新疆城市化进程中生态预警研究

对新疆城市化进程中的生态环境进行预警研究,目的是在城市化引起生态环境退化之前,以便能及时采取防范措施。构建城市化生态质量评价指标体系和可拓学评价模型,利用灰色预测模型对新疆2010～2014年的生态质量评价指标进行预测,对新疆2005～2014年城市化生态质量进行分析。研究表明：2005～2014年,资源子系统经历改善-恶化-改善的过程,生态子系统先改善后恶化,环境子系统不断改善,总体上,城市化生态质量不断改善。因此,新疆城市化进程中,应当控制人口增长,节约水资源,保证充足的水资源量和生态用水量;节约居民和工矿用地,保护绿洲,提高森林覆盖和森林病虫害防治;不断提高环境污染治理投资,减少工业三废的排放等,使城市化与生态环境耦合系统处于协调状态     

崇南水陆交错带景观整体适应性评价与提升

水陆交错带存在自然和人文要素复合影响作用，其景观系统整体适应能力亟需提升。以崇明南部水陆交错带为研究对象，基于景观系统本底评价，借鉴景观特征评价（LCA）方法，探讨岛屿水陆交错景观整体适应性评价方法。从自然资源保护重要程度、土地资源利用适宜状况、环境安全压力显著特性3个子目标层，构建12个指标因子的评价体系；并进行要素层面和目标层面的适应性评价分析；确定研究区6类适应性特征分区，提出其景观资源适应性发展提升策略。研究为水陆交错带景观系统整合发展提供保护性开发的评价方法和决策支持路径。     

丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态脆弱性定量评价研究

丝绸之路经济带(境内段)的生态系统类型多样,生态环境空间异质性显著,对研究区进行生态分区,进而因地制宜地分区构建不同的生态脆弱性评价体系具有重要意义。该研究拟引入分区-整合思想实现丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态脆弱性的定量评估,利用净初级生产力(NPP)辅助确定不同子生态区的生态脆弱性阈值,进而确保不同子区间生态脆弱性可比性。研究结果表明:(1)考虑到丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态环境影响因子的时空差异性,研究区可分为干旱荒漠生态区、高寒生态区和湿润半湿润生态区;(2)利用NPP辅助确定不同子生态区的脆弱性阈值,保证了不同子生态区生态脆弱性在空间上的连续表达,有助于分析整个研究区内生态脆弱性空间分布格局;(3)丝绸之路经济带(境内段)不同等级生态脆弱性空间分布格局差异显著,其中轻度脆弱区分布最广,主要分布于黄淮海平原、秦岭地区以及三江源地区,而极度脆弱区则分布面积最小,主要集中于柴达木盆地、准格尔盆地及吐鲁番盆地;(4)不同子生态区主导生态环境问题差异明显,其中干旱荒漠生态区主要受沙漠化、盐渍化、风力侵蚀、气象灾害及人类活动影响,高寒生态区则受盐渍化、冻融侵蚀、风力侵蚀、过度放牧等因素影响显著,湿润半湿润生态区则主要受水土流失、干旱、洪水、暴雨、沙尘暴和人类活动的影响,需因地制宜地采取恰当的环境保护及治理措施。相关研究结果能够为实现"一带一路"的伟大战略提供本底生态环境数据支撑和决策支持。     

新疆兵团绿洲农业应对气候变化的形势与科技需求分析

介绍了新疆兵团绿洲农业的特点和气候变化在本地区的趋势表现,分析了气候变化对绿洲农业发展的有利因素和制约因素,提出绿洲农业应对气候变化的技术措施需求,为充分利用气候变化带来的有利条件,克服不良影响,实现新疆兵团农业经济跨越式发展提供参考。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.