污泥间接干化产生的恶臭及挥发性有机物特征

正随着城市发展,污水处理量大幅提高,城市污水处理厂污泥产量也急剧增加,使污泥的处理处置成为亟待解决的问题.利用水泥厂煅烧设备处理污水处理厂污泥,可实现污泥处置的无害化、减量化以及资源化[1].在焚烧处置之前,须先将污泥进行干化处理,使其含水率达到焚烧要求.湿污泥干化过程中,由于部分有机物的转化与挥发,干化尾气中存在恶臭及挥发性有机污染物.北京水泥厂有限责任公司的处置污水处理厂污泥工程是我国首个利用水泥窑余热干化处置污水     

污泥资源化利用系列泥质标准的编制问题

为解决污泥处置问题,防止二次污染,维护良好生态环境,提高资源化利用水平,促进循环经济的发展和生态型城市的建设,建设部提出完成污泥系列泥质标准的编制工作.文章结合广州市排水监测站的泥质标准研究工作,详细阐述了国内外污泥系列泥质标准的现状以及最新的泥质标准研究工作进展,重点对八个标准--<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:分类>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:混合填埋泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:园林绿化用泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:农用>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:焚烧用泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:土地改良用泥质>和<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:制砖用泥质>中的控制项目、部分限值以及项目特点进行了研究和讨论,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

ADMS-EIA模型在污水处理厂恶臭影响预测中的应用

正污水处理厂属于环保工程,项目运行后有利于减少污水中有害物质排放.污水处理厂在发挥环境效益的同时,也会对环境产生不利影响,诸如排放尾水、产生恶臭和污泥等污染物.其中恶臭是污水处理厂运行中不可避免的一个污染问题,而其影响预测评价也是污水处理厂环境影响评价工作中的重点.污水处理厂的恶臭主要来自格栅间、进水泵房、曝气沉砂池、初沉池、生化池、污泥浓缩池、污泥脱水机房和污泥堆     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

我国城市污泥的处置与利用

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂，如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注，若处置利用不当就不能够充分发挥其消除污染、保护环境的作用，也就明显地削弱了污水处理厂的净化功能。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势，并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂进行土地利用是符合我国国情的，并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

城市污水厂脱水污泥施用对马尼拉草生长及其对重金属迁移转化的影响

以厦门市筼筜污水处理厂的脱水干化污泥作为有机肥种植马尼拉草,通过盆栽试验,探讨污泥直接施用对马尼拉草生长和产量的影响及重金属在马尼拉草-土壤间的迁移转化和积累情况.结果表明,污泥中氮、磷、钾和有机质含量丰富,重金属含量均低于城镇污水处理厂污泥处置园林绿化用泥质的标准（GB/T23486—2009）;施用适量污泥可促进马...     

典型污水处理厂中多环麝香的污染特征

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L-1(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L-1(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg-1(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源.     

回流液对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

随着污泥产量的不断增加,未能妥善处置的污泥会给环境带来许多隐患.污泥厌氧消化技术可使污泥“无害化”“减量化”“资源化”,是污泥处置的主流技术路线之一.但污泥的厌氧消化效率低,限制了该技术的推广应用.利用污泥厌氧发酵罐的回流沼液,对污水处理厂脱水的市政污泥进行酸化预处理,从而提高污泥的产沼气效率.结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵最...     

浙江省典型污水处理厂中氯苯类化合物的赋存特征及风险评估

氯苯类化合物(chlorobenzene,CBs)是一类具有高毒性、难降解和易富集性的有机氯化合物,持续受到广泛关注.污水处理厂在城市水污染控制中发挥着重要作用,然而,目前关于污水处理厂中的CBs研究十分有限,其消减规律与排放特征仍不清楚.本研究系统分析了浙江省两家典型污水处理厂中CBs的赋存特征、去除效率及排放潜在风险.发现CBs在各污水处理厂污水中普遍存在,但污染水平较低,出水中CBs的总浓度范围为17.4—75.1 ng·L^-1,远低于我国相关排放标准.二氯苯是进出水中CBs的主要组成成分,占比49.3%—64.1%.厌氧处理及污泥吸附沉淀对CBs的去除效果相对较好,但现有污水处理工艺对CBs的总体去除效果不佳,部分处理单元还存在CBs含量上升情况.基于环境影响度(ambient severity,AS)和风险熵值(risk quotients,RQs)评估结果表明,所研究污水处理厂排放水中CBs对人体健康以及生态风险较小(AS <1,RQs <0.1).研究结果有助于深入了解CBs在污水处理系统中的环境行为和排放风险,也为优化污水处理工艺、进一...     

利用化学分析和生物毒性监测方法综合评价污水污泥环境影响的研究

利用化学分析和发光细菌生物毒性联合检测方法评价了上海地区7处污水处理厂污水污泥(分别用S1～S7表示)中主要污染物水平和毒性大小.结果表明,污水污泥样品S5和S7的重金属超过CJ/T 309-2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》标准和全国平均水平,主要超标重金属为Cd、Hg和Cu;污水污泥中多氯联苯、有机氯农药和二(噁)英类含量与组成则处于安全水平;样点S1～S6的多环芳烃(PAHs)平均含量低于CJ/T 309-2009中A级标准与欧盟和美国关于污水污泥的土地倾倒标准,但样点S7的w(ΣPAHs)达到34.61 mg·kg-1,超过CJ/T 309-2009最高允许限值的6倍.污水污泥浸出液化学分析结果表明,PAHs和重金属含量低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》和欧盟EN 12457.2-2002 《废弃物表征浸出颗粒废弃物和污泥浸出一致性试验》标准,但所有样点的溶解性总有机碳均超过欧盟EN 12457.2-2002标准.发光细菌综合生物毒性结果表明:样点S3的综合毒性最高,S1、S6和S7次之,S2、S4和S5较低,以生活污水为主要来源的污水污泥的综合生物毒性较高.该结果可为污水污泥的后续处理和处置提供基础数据.     

城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析--以北京市为例

以北京市为例,估算不同电价及运输距离下填埋、焚烧及堆肥等方式的城市污泥处理处置成本,在此基础上讨论各种处理处置方案的前景,展望北京市污泥处理处置出路。污泥填埋在一定时期内还将是主要处理处置方式,但所占比例将逐渐下降;堆肥是经济上较为可行的处理处置方式,适合大力推广;随着经济实力与技术水平提高,焚烧法可以适用于个别特殊地点。同时,分析了政府补贴对污泥处理处置效益的影响。     

污泥发酵产物应用于草坪基质的伴生杂草辨识与溯源

通过在工程化草坪生产基地设置污泥发酵产物施川处理,对在草坪应用的杂草问题进行了深入分析。结果表明．污泥发酵物料的掺人增加伴生杂草总量2．92～6．67倍。主要伴生杂草种类为牛筋草（Eleusine indica（Linn）Gaertn）,与对照相比,污泥发酵物处理的牛筋草密度增加O．84～1．67倍;种籽主要来自于污泥物料。适当增加施用深度和预喷施除草刹可昆著降低伴生杂草密度约50％。     

德国的污泥利用和处置（Ⅰ）

文章论述了德国的污泥利用和处置情况,首先概述了德国的废物立法及其发展。然后比较了欧共体和德国污泥农用法规中的基本要点。随着分析了过去几十年德国的污泥产星的发展和组成,这和比较了德国汛泥和利用和处置的工艺。     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process.     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

The transformation of PAHs in the sewage sludge incineration treatment

The release of pollutants from sewage sludge in the treatment process is a worldwide tricky problem in the field of sludge treatment. In this paper, the release and reaction between monomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sewage sludge incineration treatment were studied based on simulated experiments. The result indicates that the transformation may occurre between monomers of PAHs during their release in the treatment. Over 90% of total PAHs in sewage sludge are released at the the temperature of 300°C–750°C. The possible transformation of Naphthalene to indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene was related to the temperature of the treatment system. Here, we showed that the output rate of transformation reactions for indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene is 94% at 300°C. These findings, by identifying corresponding treatment conditions as well as techniques, can help to understand the reactions and control real outputs of PAHs in the treatment process.     

Dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge

A study of dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge, return activated sludge, and waste activated sludge from three sewage treatment plants was made. Dehydrogenases activity and protein content of the mixed liquor varied along the aeration basin. Chromium chloride and zinc sulfate were found to be inhibitory to dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge and waste activated sludge, in spite of higher content of volatile suspended solids, contained lower dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge when kept without aeration and addition of sewage, showed higher dehydrogenases activity; and on aeration, but without addition of sewage, it showed progressively lower dehydrogenases activity.     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.