成都市春节期间PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征分析

采用在线监测仪器对成都市春节期间大气中的PM_(2.5)及PM_(2.5)中的水溶性无机离子浓度进行了连续观测。结果表明:春节期间NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要组成部分;烟花爆竹的集中燃放使PM_(2.5)的浓度短时间内迅速升高,同时PM_(2.5)中的SO2-4、K~+、Mg2+、Cl-的浓度亦显著升高,最大值分别为28.74μg/m3、33.40μg/m3、3.01μg/m3、23.53μg/m3,是基本无烟花爆竹燃放时段的2.90倍、303.6倍、376.2倍和13.8倍;相关性分析表明,春节期间PM_(2.5)中的K~+、Mg2+、Cl-可能有相同的来源,即烟花爆竹的燃放,部分SO2-4还可能以硫酸钾、硫酸镁的形式存在。     

宜宾市大气细颗粒水溶性离子污染特征研究

在川南地区的宜宾市开展了大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度及组分的季节观测分析,结果表明,采样点的PM_(2.5)年均浓度(51. 7μg/m~3)超过二级浓度限值47. 71%,同时全年有20. 94%的天数PM_(2.5)日均浓度超过二级浓度限值;冬季浓度最高、达81. 1μg/m~3,明显高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度总和冬(42. 42μg/m~3)秋(32. 73μg/m~3)春(24. 57μg/m~3)夏(17. 0μg/m~3),但占PM_(2.5)浓度的百分比的季节规律则刚好与之相反,为夏(54. 19%)春(48. 1%)秋(46. 91%)冬(45. 45%);其中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的3种二次无机离子组分,三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)的37. 47%。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的浓度均为冬季高于其他季节,但NO_3~-/PM_(2.5)冬(12. 22%)秋(11. 53%)春(8. 14%)夏(5. 43%)、NH_4~+/PM_(2.5)秋(9. 85%)夏(9. 15%)春(8. 52%)冬(7. 61%)、SO_4~(2-)/PM_(2.5)夏(26. 3%)春(20. 75%)秋(15. 82%)冬(14. 61%)。四个季节SOR值均大于NOR值,SOR值季节变化差异不大,但NOR值冬季明显高于其他季节。PM_(2.5)中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+冬季以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中,而夏季则主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4HSO_4存在。     

济南市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解济南市大气降水化学特征,于2015年1~12月在山东大学采集了降水样品,测定了p H值、电导率及水溶性无机离子、水溶性有机酸。结果表明,观测期间降水p H雨量加权均值为5.45,电导率均值为78.5μS/cm。降水中离子总浓度为1 189.07μeq/L,污染程度较为严重,其中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是浓度较高的阴离子,NH4+和Ca2+是主要的阳离子。降水中SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-为2.18,表明济南市大气污染向混合型转变趋势明显。济南市降水中有机酸浓度较低,甲酸和乙酸是主要的有机酸种类。     

人工沸石对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸脱附的实验研究

采用单变量法研究了人工沸石对Cr3+的最佳吸附粒径、最佳吸附反应条件和吸附动力学。结果表明,在Cr3+初始浓度为20mg/L、沸石投放量为10g/L时,最佳粒径为80目;在Cr3+初始浓度为50mg/L、沸石投放量为10g/L时,最佳振荡时间为70min;Cr3+浓度在20～70mg/L范围内时,人工沸石饱和吸附量随Cr3+的初始浓度增加而增加,二者近似于指数关系;人工沸石吸附Cr3+的过程主要为化学吸附,受表面扩散和颗粒内扩散过程控制。脱附实验表明洗脱性价比最佳的洗脱剂(NaCl)浓度为10g/L,洗脱微振荡-静置沉降最佳时间分布为:微振荡10min,静置沉降50min,洗脱两次后吸附效率下降25%～30%。     

秦皇岛市大气重污染特征及防控策略

2016年采样期间和重污染期间,秦皇岛市区PM_(2.5)浓度分别为85.9μg/m~3和180.7μg/m~3,表明重污染期间大气复合污染更为严重。采样期间水溶性离子浓度为39.7μg/m~3,其中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+占总离子的66.5%,重污染期间水溶性离子浓度是采样期间浓度均值的1.5倍。重污染天气主要是受大陆均压场控制,导致污染物不易扩散。因此,建议从完善重污染应急措施、调整产业与能源结构、提高能源利用率、加强生态农业建设、建立大气污染联防联控合作机制等方面进行重污染防控。     

2013年眉山市东坡区主城区降水化学组成特征

为了更好地了解眉山市东坡区主城区降水的化学组成特征,本文于2013年在东坡区环境监测站所在点采集到32场降水,并采用离子色谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计以及流动注射分析仪等分析降水中水溶性无机离子组份浓度,同时使用电导率仪测定降水的电导率,通过对这些数据的分析,总结得出:降水电导率加权年均值为100μs/cm,加权年均总离子浓度为982.21μeq/L,这两数的值均高于国内部分主要城市。另外,降水中主要组份依次是SO2-4、Ca2+、NO-3和NH+4,四者占总离子浓度的87%。NO-3/SO2-4质量浓度比的年均值为0.27,远小于1,说明本地区降水污染主要来自固定污染源。最后使用SPSS 19.0软件对降水中主要水溶性无机离子浓度进行相关性分析,推断出某些离子可能来自相同的污染源。     

分光光度法测定大气气溶胶中铬

研究采用分光光度法测定大气气溶胶中铬,测定波长为540nm.铬浓度在0.05 μ g/50mL～10μg/50mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,大气气溶胶中铬的检出浓度为2.2×10-4 μg·m-3.当铬的浓度为0.07 μ g/50mL时,方法的相对标准偏差为12%(n=3),加标回收率为79%～113%.     

钻井滤液中硫酸根去除方法研究

钻井滤液中硫酸根（SO42-）浓度高、复配钻井液性能差是海上钻井滤液循环利用面临的主要难题之一。文章以钻井滤液为研究对象,分别探究了钙盐沉淀法和钙矾石沉淀法对SO42-去除的影响,提出了钙盐 钙矾石沉淀法去除SO42-的技术。结果表明：钙盐沉淀法或钙矾石沉淀法处理后,钻井滤液中的SO42-和Ca2+浓度无法满足钻井滤液回用要求（SO42- ≤4000mg/L;Ca2+≤500mg/L）;钙盐 钙矾石沉淀法处理后钻井滤液中SO42-和Ca2+浓度可分别降至2218mg/L和465mg/L,满足钻井滤液回用要求。反应条件为：钙盐沉淀法中投加12000mg/L的CaCl2溶液,钙矾石沉淀法中,Al/S摩尔比（IAS）和Ca/S摩尔比（ICS）分别为1.25和2.5。研究结果可为钻井滤液中SO42- 处理工艺单元的设计和运行提供参考。     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

还原-偶氮光度法测定废水中硝基苯的不确定度评估

以还原-偶氮光度法测定了废水中硝基苯的浓度,分析了测量过程中4个主要部分的不确定度。样品中硝基苯的浓度为0.500μg/mL,取包含因子k=2（95%置信概率）,扩展不确定度为U=0.032μg/mL,结果可表示为：（0.500±0.032）μg/mL。此方法测定硝基苯的不确定度的评析,有利于更准确地表示测量结果。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.