杭州市大气氟污染的树木监测和评价

植物叶片能通过气孔吸收并积累大气中的氟化物,分析累积在叶片中氟素的含量,便可估测出大气氟污染程度。1982年,我们曾对杭州市十个采样点的悬铃木叶片含氟量与各该点大气中氟污染浓度进行了分析比较,表明了杭州市区存在不同程度的大气氟污染,主要污染源为处于杭州市北郊的杭州钢铁厂和杭州玻璃厂,其氟污染浓度超过相对清洁区的十四倍。     

盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染特征及评价

为了解盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属污染特征,以工业区、交通区、居民区、商业区、学校区、公园区的地表灰尘作为研究对象,分析地表灰尘中重金属的含量分布及氮磷、有机质的含量变化,并以此为基础,对重金属的生态风险进行评价,探索重金属污染的成因与来源,为城市的地表灰尘污染防治提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)工业区地表灰尘中总氮、总磷最低;公园区和学校区地表灰尘中总氮最高,分别达到2.03、2.43g/kg,公园区地表灰尘中总磷最高,达到1.59g/kg。(2)地表灰尘中有机质呈现出和总氮、总磷一致的趋势,同样是工业区地表灰尘中有机质最低,公园区地表灰尘中有机质最高(34.0g/kg)。(3)地表灰尘中重金属和总氮、总磷、有机质总体呈现负相关关系,公园区地表灰尘中重金属最低,工业区地表灰尘中重金属最高。各个功能区地表灰尘中重金属全部高于土壤背景值。(4)地表灰尘中不同重金属元素的单因子污染指数依次为CdCuPb;不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属综合污染指数依次为工业区交通区居民区学校区商业区公园区,呈中污染(除公园区、商业区呈轻污染外)。     

鞍山市大气中挥发性有机物的污染特征研究

对鞍山市不同功能区(工业区、工业区附近、居住区和对照区)的大气进行分季节(夏、冬季)采样,分析该市大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染水平和季节变化特征.结果表明,夏、冬季的大气中的VOCs浓度变化差异显著,总体来说夏季大气中的VOCs浓度高于冬季;夏季大气中苯系物、挥发性卤代烃浓度分别是冬季的1.1～2.7、1.4～...     

矿区土壤中重金属元素含量异常的调查

对某金矿区下游土壤重金属元素含量异常区进行了调查,研究了异常元素的空间分布和相态组成.通过对土壤、水、农产品、大气沉降物等的采样分析表明,土壤中重金属元素含量异常是由于矿山开采,废水排放,下游引水灌溉造成的.对异常元素的环境影响进行了分析评价,并提出了土壤治理建议.     

红萍在植物治污方向的应用研究进展

植物治污是利用植物清除土壤水中的各类污染物，进行环境治理。水生蕨类植物红萍具有一定的耐污能力，可以通过植物活体的富集作用和干体的物理吸附作用，从溶液中吸附多种重金属元素及通过植物挥发作用，将吸入的硒盐转化为挥发态。在污水中养萍可以去除COD和进行生物脱氮除磷，并设计出相应的养萍盘和生物稳定塘系统进行液水处理，利用红萍干体填充的滤柱可以用于电镀污水中一些重金属元素吸附回收。本文对红萍近年来在植物治污方面的应用和研究进行了描述和展望。     

邯郸市大气氮干湿沉降通量及其特征

为研究大气降尘对土壤、水体等环境介质中氮的贡献,在邯郸市区设置3个大气干湿沉降采样点,并进行了为期1年的监测。根据监测数据分析了氮干湿沉降通量、氮形态及随季节的变化。结果显示,监测期内3个采样点的全年平均氮干沉降通量为385.2kg/km~2,湿沉降通量为2 292.5kg/km~2,总沉降通量为2 677.7kg/km~2。氮沉降以湿沉降为主,占总沉降通量的85.6%。氮湿沉降通量与降雨量线性相关(R~2=0.87),各采样点的降雨量和氮湿沉降主要集中在4—8月。氮干沉降与降尘量均随季节变化,总的来说冬春季开始增长,夏季降低,到了初秋又开始增长,并在10月达到峰值。不论是干沉降还是湿沉降,各监测点氮形态都是以有机氮为主,硝酸盐氮次之,氨氮所占比例最低。     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响

对骆马湖有草区和无草区水体和沉积物中氮、磷元素含量分析,结果表明:无草区水体中总氮、总磷含量高于有草区;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间变化明显,而无草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间的变化很小;有草区与无草区表层沉积物中总磷含量的时间变化并无明显差异;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量基本上均高于无草区,而有草区表层沉积物总磷含量均要低于无草区。骆马湖有草区与无草区采样点沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性大小在58.41～315.07 mg/(kg.h)范围内变化,有草区的碱性磷酸酶的活性普遍低于无草区的碱性磷酸酶活性。在湖泊中种植大型水生植物确实可以减少水体污染,达到净化水质的目的。     

海州湾南部表层沉积物重金属空间分布、污染和风险评价

为了解海州湾南部海域表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征、污染程度和生态风险水平，采集11个站位表层沉积物，测定有机碳、铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、汞和砷的含量。利用背景值计算污染负荷指数(PLI)、地累积指数(I_geo)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)。结果表明：重金属总体呈现由岸向海、由南向北减小的趋势；PLI和I_geo表明研究区总体为中等污染，主要污染因子为镉；RI表明研究区处于低风险，主要风险因子为镉。     

不同功能区空气负离子的监测分析

监测了西宁地区不同功能区空气负离子状况，以公园游览区空气负离子浓度最高，平均３５８个／ｃｍ＾３；工业区最低，平均浓度２５９个／ｃｍ＾３。各功能区空气负离子浓度明显不同，Ｐ〈０．０１。用空气负离子浓度、空气离子单级系数和安培空气质量评价指数评价各功能区空气质量，从好到差依次为：公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁忙区、工业区。３种评价指标结果相同，符合一般规律。     

南京市大气气溶胶中颗粒物和正构烷烃特征及来源分析

于2002年夏季（7月）和冬季（12月）采集南京市5个功能区的大气气溶胶（PM2．5和PM10）样品，对两个季节不同功能区颗粒物及其颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征和污染来源进行了分析。结果表明，南京市大气颗粒物含量冬季高于夏季，细颗粒高于粗颗粒。正构烷烃的变化规律同颗粒物一致，且主要分布在细颗粒物上。根据各个功能区正构烷烃（C15-C32）的CPI（CPI1、CPI2和CPI3）结果，可知南京市大气气溶胶中正构烷烃由生物源和人为源共同排放产生。％waxCn的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为20％～43％，对南京市大气颗粒物的贡献率为1．66％～4．76％。     

施肥过程中的污染控制

农业生产造成的自身污染是一个不可忽略的环境问题,化肥施用不当造成植物体内硝酸盐含量增加以及水源的污染,城市活性污沁的农用处理,扩大了农田重金属污染的途径和范围,因此要提介科学种田,合肥施肥,以减轻对农业环境的污染。     

Studies on the progeny of rice plants grown at an unpolluted and polluted site

Oryza sativa L. cv. GR3 was grown near to a fertilizer plant and the growth of its seed progeny was evaluated at sites near to, and distant from, the fertilizer plant. The grain yield was reduced in plants grown at the polluted site, with reduced panicle length and increased sterility index. This decrease in grain yield was higher in the progeny plants than in the normal polluted plants. The polluted progeny grown at a control site showed a normal yield, but an increased sterility index. Accumulation of total sulphur and fluoride was higher in the leaves of polluted rice plants. It was evident that tolerance to air pollution was reduced in the progeny plants due to an additional dosage of sulphur and fluoride pollutants and to unfavourable climatic factors. Further, pollution effects were not carried over in progeny plants when grown in an unpolluted environment.     

Monitoring environmental pollution in Poland by chemical analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

Maps of the distribution of environmental pollution by sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) for the territory of Poland and the Warsaw (Warszawa) district were developed on the basis of chemical analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles collected from randomly selected sampling points during 1983-1985. The maps show deposition zones for the studied elements and can help in identification of sources and directions of air pollution dispersion. This study indicated that vegetation in Poland is greatly endangered by sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and other sulfurous air pollutants, whereas Zn, Cd, Pb, and As do not pose an immediate threat to vegetation in most of the country's territory. However, in the urban-industrial agglomeration of Katowice-Cracow, very high pollution with Z, Cd, Pb and As could limit growth and development of some sensitive plant species. Higher than normal levels of As in some areas of Poland (Upper Silesia, Glogow-Lubin Copper Region, and areas close to the Russian border near Braniewo) might affect the health of humans and animals. Results of this study indicated that Poland's environment was not contaminated with Cu.     

Air quality for metals and sulfur in Shanghai, China, determined with moss bags

In order to better understand the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of metals and sulfur present in Shanghai, moss bags with Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth. were suspended at 14 local monitoring stations from April through June 2006 in Shanghai, the largest city in China. The results showed that the concentrations of S, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the moss bags after exposure were higher at the sites in the industrial district and most urban districts and lower at the sites in suburban areas, and well correlated with SO₂ API and PM10 API in the air both in terms of space and time. The present study provided evidence that the moss H. microphyllum is suitable for bio-monitoring air pollution with moss bags and further confirmed that the moss-bag method is a simple, inexpensive and useful technique.     

Relationship between SO2 dose and growth of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on peas

A series of experiments was carried out in controlled environment cabinets to investigate the effects of SO(2) dose on the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, feeding on the pea plant, Pisum sativum. There was a significant linear increase in the MRGR of aphids feeding on SO(2)-fumigated plants, relative to control aphids feeding on plants in charcoal-filtered air. The increase in MRGR reached a maximum of 11% at SO(2) concentrations between 90 and 110 nl litre(-1). MRGR declined at higher SO(2) concentrations until above 220 nl litre(-1) it was below that of the controls. The dose-response curve is discussed in relation to reported changes in the nitrogen metabolism of plants subject to air pollution, the response of aphids to host plant nitrogen and possible toxic effects of high concentrations of SO(2) on the aphid.     

Airborne ammonia and ammonium within the Northern Adriatic area, Croatia

Determination of airborne ammonia started in the early 1980s, as a part of air pollution monitoring of industrial plants. Due to high emissions, the city of Rijeka was one of the most polluted in Croatia in the mid-1980s. Considerable reductions in SO2 and NO(x) emissions led to lower airborne levels of these pollutants in the mid 1990s. In spite of the coke plant closure in 1994, there was only a weak decline in airborne ammonia over the period 1980--2005, with annual means in the range of 12-20 microg m(-3) at urban Site 1 and 6-28 microg m(-3) at suburban Site 2. Similar behaviour has been observed with ammonium in bulk rainwater samples since 1996. Higher and approximately equal deposition of nitrogen as ammonium (N-NH4+) were obtained for the urban Site 1 and the mountainous Site 4, but with different causative facts. Ammonium's contribution to total nitrogen (NO3(-)+NH4+) deposition is approximately two thirds, even for a remote Site 3.     

唐山市工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响

探讨了工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响。在唐山市工业区和相对清洁区选取452名小学生为研究对象,进行肺功能的测定和问卷调查。用多元回归分析建立模型后,以实测值占预计值的百分比为统计量进行分析。调查结果显示小学生肺功能指标中MVV、V25污染区低于对照区,VC、FEV、V25、V50的异常率高于对照区,且与大气中SO2的浓度有关。     

Biomonitoring of air quality employing in situ Ramalina celastri in Argentina

The lichen Ramalina celastri was employed as an in situ biomonitor for the study of air quality and heavy metal distribution in the central region of the Argentine Republic. The thallus content of copper, iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc, nickel and lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pigments, hydroperoxy conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde and sulfur were also measured. Some of these parameters were used to calculate a pollution index. Geographical distribution patterns were obtained for the different metals by mapping. Thus, zinc shows high levels in industrial and agricultural zones. The highest nickel values were found in urban-industrial zones located at the centre and south of the study area. The same was observed for sulfur. The pollution index distribution map showed that major physiological damage in the biomonitor was found in central and southeastern areas that coincide with Cordoba City and agricultural zones. So, the effect would seem to be related to urban activities and the use of pesticides.     

环境空气质量自动监测站的管理与维护

随着工业化、城镇化的深入推进,二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘和挥发性有机物等各类污染物排放到环境中,致使中国大气受到严重污染,给人体的健康、动植物的生长、发育和繁殖等带来负面的影响。为实时监测环境空气质量,建立环境空气质量自动监测站逐渐成为大气污染防治的主要手段。文中以环境空气质量自动监测站为研究对象,提出环境空气质量自动监测站管理与维护面临的问题,探讨相应的解决措施,以期为环境空气质量自动监测站的管理与维护提供参考依据。     

Effects of coal-smoke pollutants from different sources on the growth, chlorophyll content, stem anatomy and cuticular traits of Euphorbia hirta L

Variations occurred in the growth, assimilate partitioning, chlorophyll content, stem anatomy and leaf cuticular traits of Euphorbia hirta L. on long-term exposure to coal-smoke pollutants prevailing at two sites, one situated close to a railway loco shed (site B) and another in the vicinity of a thermal power plant (site C). The Botanical Garden of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, was considered as a control site (A). Site C possessed a greater load of coal-smoke pollutants than site B. The present study had shown that coal-smoke pollutants have led to a decrease in plant height, jeopardised the production of leaves and enhanced their fall, and caused a reduction in leaf area, leading to decreases of the total photosynthetic area of the plants, with increasing pollution load. The losses incurred in chlorophyll a were relatively more than chlorophyll b and, as a result, the total chlorophyll contents of leaves were decreased in polluted plants. The dry weights of stems, roots and leaves were decreased to different degrees, whereas the shoot/root dry weight ratio was found to increase in the polluted environment. The growth of stem cortex and pith were slightly affected on site B, but showed significant decreases on site C, due to a greater load of pollutants. Decreased area of xylem tissue was found to couple with an increasing number of vessels of reduced sizes. The stomatal density, pore size and index showed decreases, while the epidermal cells were larger and trichomes longer, on both surfaces of polluted leaves.