Changes in 137Cs concentrations in soil and vegetation on the floodplain of the Savannah River over a 30 year period

(137)Cs released during 1954-1974 from nuclear production reactors on the Savannah River Site, a US Department of Energy nuclear materials production site in South Carolina, contaminated a portion of the Savannah River floodplain known as Creek Plantation. (137)Cs activity concentrations have been measured in Creek Plantation since 1974 making it possible to calculate effective half-lives for (137)Cs in soil and vegetation and assess the spatial distribution of contaminants on the floodplain. Activity concentrations in soil and vegetation were higher near the center of the floodplain than near the edges as a result of frequent inundation coupled with the presence of low areas that trapped contaminated sediments. (137)Cs activity was highest near the soil surface, but depth related differences diminished with time as a likely result of downward diffusion or leaching. Activity concentrations in vegetation were significantly related to concentrations in soil. The plant to soil concentration ratio (dry weight) averaged 0.49 and exhibited a slight but significant tendency to decrease with time. The effective half-lives for (137)Cs in shallow (0-7.6 cm) soil and in vegetation were 14.9 (95% CI=12.5-17.3) years and 11.6 (95% CI=9.1-14.1) years, respectively, and rates of (137)Cs removal from shallow soil and vegetation did not differ significantly among sampling locations. Potential health risks on the Creek Plantation floodplain have declined more rapidly than expected on the basis of radioactive decay alone because of the relatively short effective half-life of (137)Cs.     

Beryllium-7 atmospheric deposition and sediment inventories in the Neponset River estuary,Massachusetts, USA

Measured monthly atmospheric depositional fluxes of cosmogenically produced ⁷Be ranged from 1 to 67 mBq/cm² in Boston, Massachusetts between September 2000 and August 2007. These fluxes exhibited seasonality and supported a decay-corrected ⁷Be atmospheric depositional running inventory that ranged from 36 to 144 mBq/cm². Annual ⁷Be deposition exhibited an increasing trend that may reflect a general decrease in solar activity and a general increase in precipitation over the 7-year sampling period. To investigate short-term sediment dynamics and accumulation patterns in the Neponset River estuary, we collected six sediment cores in July 2006 and measured ⁷Be sediment inventories ranging from 48 to 546 mBq/cm² Comparisons of these sediment inventories with the ⁷Be running inventory from atmospheric deposition (101 mBq/cm²) at the time of core collection indicated a large degree of spatial heterogeneity in sediment accumulation patterns and its potential use as a tool for assessing the impacts of environmental restoration activities in estuarine environments.     

Projecting Spatial Patterns of Flood Hazard: Recent Climate and Future Changes over Yangtze River Basin

Projection of hazard changes in climate extremes is critical to assessing the potential impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Using simulations of providing regional climates for impacts studies, five indicators (rainstorm days, maximum 3-day precipitation, elevation, gradient and distance from river or lake) were selected to project the spatial patterns of flood hazard over Yangtze River Basin for the baseline period (1961– 1990) and future (2011–2100) under SRES B2 scenario. The results ...     

Patterns and inventories of radioactive contamination of island sites of the Yenisey River, Russia

The distribution of radioactive contamination at three island sites downstream from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC) was studied with the objectives of mapping contamination levels, interpreting radionuclide distributions through consideration of alluvial processes and determining radionuclide inventories. Contamination was measured using in situ gamma spectrometry and landforms characterised using topographic surveying methods. Maximum (137)Cs contamination densities (700 kBq m(-2)) were found on low- and middle-level floodplains and low-lying interconnecting areas of Beriozovy Island (16 km from the KMCC). On Mikhin Island (180 km from the KMCC) maximum total (60)Co, (152)Eu and (154)Eu activity concentrations (30-40 kBq m(-2)) occur in low-lying areas inundated during flooding. Maximum (137)Cs and total (60)Co, (152)Eu and (154)Eu contamination densities on Cheriomukhov Island (250 km from the KMCC) were 390 and 50 kBq m(-2), respectively. Estimated (137)Cs inventories were 145, 148 and 16GBq for Beriozovy, Mikhin and Cheriomukhov Islands, respectively.     

汉江流域产水量时空格局及影响因素研究

汉江流域是南水北调中线工程重要的水源涵养区和生态屏障区,研究其生态系统产水服务功能的时空变化及影响因素对实现汉江流域高质量持续调水和生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于Google Earth Engine云平台多源异构数据以及气象、土壤等资料作为输入,采用InVEST模型产水模块和情景分析法估算和阐明了2001～2019年汉江流域产水量及其时空变化特征,并探讨了降水和土地利用变化对汉江流域产水量的影响。结果表明:(1)2001～2019年,汉江流域产水量先增加后减少,不同时期流域产水深度空间格局基本一致,呈中北部低、西南部及东南部高的空间分异特征;全流域产水深度以增加为主,增加区域集中于丹江口以上流域,减少区域主要在唐白河流域。(2)子流域尺度上,丹江口以上流域对全流域产水量的贡献最高,是汉江流域主要产水区,唐白河流域的贡献最低。(3)城镇与建成区、裸地和草地平均产水深度最大;稀疏森林、农田和郁闭森林是流域产水的主要贡献地类,三者提供了汉江流域产水总量的90%;平原区产水深度最高,较低中山区产水深度最低。(4)2001～2019年,降水变化和土地利用变化对产水量变化的贡献率分别为94%和6...     

Land cover composition determinants in the Uckermark (NE Germany) over a 220-year period

There is broad consensus that land use/cover has changed in central Europe over millennia. However, few studies have addressed the roles of the anthropogenic (socio-economic) and natural (biophysical) factors driving these changes over shorter periods (e.g., 100 years). In this study, we analyse the determinants of land cover composition at three discrete time periods (c. 1780, 1890, and 2000). We hypothesise that different anthropogenic and natural factors are the determinants of the main land cover types (arable fields, grasslands, and forests) and that the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on the main land cover types differ among landscapes with highly dynamic and more stable forest-open land distributions. The study was carried out in the Uckermark region located in northeastern Germany. We compiled data on natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. forest cover and number of inhabitants) of 65 municipalities in four landscape sections of equal size (10 × 10 km). Landscape sections were selected to reflect different dynamics (high/low) in conversion from forest to arable fields or grasslands and vice versa from 1780 to 2000. Averaged linear mixed-effect models explained between 7.5 and 81.2 % of the variance. The unique effect of anthropogenic factors varied from 2.1 to 18.7 % and that of natural factors varied from 0.2 to 43.4 %. In four of six models that included both types of factors, the natural factors were more influential than the anthropogenic factors. Except in three cases, anthropogenic and natural factors showed opposite effects on land cover types in more dynamic and more stable windows. Though the Uckermark region has been influenced by human activity for thousands of years, natural factors were a major determinant of land cover composition during all time periods, whereas anthropogenic factors became more important only during the latest time period under investigation.     

Geochemical speciation of heavy metals in semiarid soils of the central Ebro Valley (Spain)

This study describes the chemical speciation of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cr in four selected soil types representative of the more abundant agricultural soils in the central Ebro river valley in Aragón. Gypsisols, Calcisols, Solonchaks and Solonetzs represent around 20% of the total soil surface in the region. A total of 12 selected sites have been sampled and five subsamples were taken in each site to create a composite sample. The four elements have been analysed by the sequential extraction procedure of Tessier et al. [Anal. Chem. 51 (1979) 844.] by emission atomic spectrometry of solid state (ICP OES). Very little amounts of Fe and Mn were retrieved from the exchangeable phase, the ready available for biogeochemistry cycles in the ecosystems. Therefore, low quantities of Fe and Mn can be taken up by plants in these alkaline soils. Cr was not detected in the bioavailable forms as well as Zn that was only present in negligible amounts in very few samples. The absence of mobile forms of Cr in all soils eliminates the toxic risk both in the trophic chain and from its migration downwards the soil profile. The largest contents of Fe, Zn and Cr were retrieved from the residual phase where metals are strongly bound to minerals, whereas Mn from the carbonate and oxide phases amounts 80% of its total content. Gypsisols and Calcisols have the lowest metal contents while the highest are found in Solonetzs and Solonchaks.     

Influence of atmospheric stability on the mass concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric particles: a case study in Rome, Italy

PM(10) concentration and chemical composition (ions and carbon compounds) at three sampling stations in Rome and in its surroundings was determined daily during a one-month field study, carried out during December 2003. PM concentration at the traffic station was considerably higher than at the urban background and semi-rural stations; elemental carbon was detected as one of the chemical components responsible for this increase. The difference in the concentration of sulphate and ammonium was negligible, as it was expected for secondary pollutants. A negative artefact in the determination of ammonium nitrate by means of heated automatic monitors was highlighted. The dilution properties of the lower atmosphere were traced by means of a natural radioactivity monitor. This parameter has been found to play an essential role in pollution buildup. A considerable increase in PM concentration was observed to coincide with periods of atmospheric stability. The main difference in PM composition between periods of high concentration and periods of "clean" air was found to be in the increase of ammonium nitrate concentration.     

珠江流域西电东送能源空间配置的综合效益分析

“西电东送”作为跨区域能源合作工程,引发了区域间经济利益关系格局的重新调整,也日益突显出区域环境利益间的关系。在区域协调发展的战略背景下,从能源配置的经济效益目标、环境效应与社会效益三方面,以珠江流域“西电东送”为案例。测算跨区域能源合作所产生的综合效应即总体净福利。研究结果表明西电东送工程建设改善了西部的交通条件和投资环境,增加了当地财政收入和就业机会。缓解了东部即广东省的电力紧缺局面．优化广东的能源结构。已产生减排SO2、缓解酸雨危害等环境效应。针对西部电能输出区大规模开发水电可能改变地质构造引发地震、产生水库移民以及高耗能产业向西部聚集形成新的污染源等环境问题。提出以提高社会总体净福利作为能源配置合理有效性的重要依据的观点,所探讨的跨区域能源台作多方共赢的动力机制。如生态补偿的市场化建议期望能对跨区域能源合作提示有益的启发。     

Long-term sustainability of groundwater resources in the central Ganga Alluvial Plain,India: Study from Gomti River Basin

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Groundwater is the major primary source of drinking and irrigation water for nearly 500 million inhabitants in both rural and urban areas of the Ganga...     

岷江上游不同植被恢复模式枯落物层水源涵养能力

为了阐明不同植被恢复模式水源涵养功能，采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法，以岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带为研究对象，开展不同植被恢复模式枯落物层现存量、持水过程、吸水过程等方面研究。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式中，枯落物现存量大小依次是天然次生林>刺槐林>岷江柏-油松幼林>岷江柏幼林>沙棘+金花小檗灌丛>荒草地。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层占现存总量比例均在60%以上，且均大于未分解层占现存总量比例，其中岷江柏幼林最高（79.89%），天然次生林最低（60.66%）。刺槐林和天然次生林模式枯落物最大持水量较大，分别为53.25和53.22 t·hm-2，岷江柏-油松幼林模式次之，荒草地最小。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层持水量均大于未分解层，且持水量与浸水时间间呈对数、幂函数、线性和指数函数等关系；而枯落物未分解层、半分解层的吸水速率与浸泡时间均呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为区域合理选择植被恢复模式提供科学参考。     

Concentration measurements of 7Be at ground level air at Palermo, Italy-comparison with solar activity over a period of 21 years

Air activity concentrations of (7)Be in Palermo determined for the period January 1995-December 2002 by gamma-ray spectrometric analysis of particulate samples collected on paper filter by a high-volume sampler (approximately 900 m(3) h(-1)) are reported. The temporal behaviour of (7)Be concentration presents the same characteristics already observed in the measurements carried out over the previous 13-year (1982-1994) investigated period. The mean value of 5.06 mBq m(-3) obtained from the analysis of the 4636 particulate samples collected from 1982 to 2002 can be considered a representative value of (7)Be air concentration at ground level in our geographical zone. The comparison of long-term variation in the (7)Be concentrations with the cyclic solar activity-extended to the whole period of 21 years-confirms the inverse correlation between the two quantities.     

长江经济带城市土地价格空间分异特征及其影响因素

以2016年长江经济带129个城市的土地出让平均单价为基本数据,采用趋势分析与空间自相关分析探索长江经济带城市土地价格的空间分布和关联特征,并运用在分析共线性因素方面具有优势的地理探测器模型来测算长江经济带及其东、中、西部三大区域子市场中各地价影响因素的强弱差异,进一步探讨区域内城市地价空间分异的形成机制。结果表明:(1)以长江经济带城市地价分级为统计依据,城市数量与城镇人口呈现出中间大两头小的"纺锤型"等级分布;(2)长江经济带城市地价的行政等级差异明显,地价水平按"直辖市—副省级城市—非副省级省会城市—地级市—地级州"逐级递减;(3)从整体来看,长江经济带城市地价在东西方向上呈现出东部高、中西部低的趋势,在南北方向上呈现近江区域高、远江区域低的"倒U型"结构。从局部来看,长三角城市群高值聚集、武汉城市圈高低异质等空间聚集和异质的特征丰富;(4)影响东、中、西部城市地价空间分异的主导因素各不相同。房地产开发投资、第三产业增加值与城镇常住人口对东部地区地价的影响较大;第三产业增加值是中部地区地价分异的核心因素,城市等级的作用也在中部凸显;西部地区地价主要受到城市等级、第二产业增加值与城镇常住人口的影响。     

鄂西长江小流域土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

探究土地利用方式对长江中游小流域土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,为鄂西地区土地合理利用与管理以及土壤结构改良提供借鉴.以下牢溪小流域5种不同土地利用方式(柏树林、蔬菜地、石坎农田、撂荒地、天然林)土壤为研究对象,对比分析各土地利用方式间土壤团聚体粒径组成及稳定性差异.结果 表明:(1)柏树林、石坎农田、撂荒地和天然林土壤团聚体以＞2 mm为优势粒级,平均为57.66％,蔬菜地以＜0.25 mm微粒径团聚体为主,均值为60.86％;(2)林地(柏树林和天然林)土壤稳定性和抗蚀性要优于农用地(石坎农田和蔬菜地),耕地撂荒提升团聚体稳定性;(3)分形维数D与破坏率PAD、可蚀性K呈正相关,与团聚体直径(MWD和GMD)和水稳性大团聚体WR0.25呈负相关,分形维数较好反映小流域土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗侵蚀性.对流域内林区的封育是提升土壤结构稳定性的最优管理方式.     

长三角高铁网络时空演化格局及区域经济影响测度研究

高速铁路快速发展大大改善了交通通达性,在很大程度上影响空间资源再配置过程,进而影响区域经济发展格局。以长三角被纳入铁路网的40个设区城市为研究对象,在对比分析高铁开通前后(2009和2018年)铁路网络客流点强度和城际联系强度变化基础上,尝试构造改进生产函数模型,刻画了近10年间长三角地区高铁网络的时空演化格局及其对区域经济发展的影响。研究表明:(1)高铁快速发展使得长三角各城市平均最短时间可达性年均提高0.257 h,10年来网络连通性提高近一倍,区域间城际联系更为密切;(2)近10年间高铁发展对长三角各城市点强度提升及城际联系强度的影响有明显区域差异,且城市可达性和连通性的变化模式截然不同,位于长三角边缘地区的城市可达性提升最大,而发展水平高的城市连通性改善最大,中心城市的枢纽地位持续强化,呈现明显的"马太效应";(3)2018年基于铁路客流的城市点强度分布格局比2009年更加不均衡,这主要是由于强度大的极端节点(中心城市)较多造成的;(4)高铁网络演化影响着区域经济发展,且对第三产业的影响更为显著,使区域经济和第三产业发展分布更为极化。本研究可为区域发展与一体化政策制定、高铁建设与客运服务管理规划编制等提供参考。     

遥感降水产品在澜沧江流域径流模拟中的适用性研究

以澜沧江流域为研究区域,基于实测降水数据,从日尺度、月尺度到年尺度分别评价了TRMM 3B42 V7、CMORPH CRT、TRMM 3B42 RT、PERSIANN 4种遥感降水产品在格网尺度上的精度,并用实测降水数据和筛选出的精度较高的遥感降水产品驱动SWAT模型进行了径流模拟,以进一步探究遥感降水产品在澜沧江流域的适用性。结果表明：4种遥感降水产品在日尺度上精度都不高,与实测降水的相关系数都低于0.5。从整体看,TRMM 3B42 V7精度最高,月、年尺度下与实测降水的相关系数依次为0.95、0.90,CMORPH CRT精度稍低于TRMM 3B42 V7,其在月、年尺度下与实测降水的相关系数依次为0.89、0.77,TRMM 3B42 RT和PERSIANN精度较差,两者在不同时间尺度下与实测降水的相关系数都较低,基本都维持在0.5以下;径流模拟结果发现TRMM 3B42 V7和CMORPH CRT两种遥感降水产品对流域出口断面日、月径流模拟的能力均不如实测降水,但整体上三者都能够较好地反映出实测径流变化的趋势,三者径流模拟对应的纳西效率系数NS在0.65~0.94范围内;从纳西效率系数NS看,三者对应的数值相差幅度极小,从多年平均径流RE看,三者都表现出低估的情形,但与前两者（低估值在 -4%~-10% 范围内）相比,CMORPH CRT（低估值在 -10%~-20% 范围内）低估的幅度较大;TRMM 3B42 V7在整体上的径流模拟效果优于CMORPH CRT,在澜沧江流域具有更好的径流模拟适用性。     

HTO and OBT activity concentrations in soil at the historical atmospheric HT release site (Chalk River Laboratories)

Tritium is routinely released by the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) nuclear facilities. Three International HT release experiments have been conducted at the CRL site in the past. The site has not been disturbed since the last historical atmospheric testing in 1994 and presents an opportunity to assess the retention of tritium in soil. This study is devoted to the measurement of HTO and OBT activity concentration profiles in the subsurface 25 cm of soil.In terms of soil HTO, there is no evidence from the past HT release experiments that HTO was retained. The HTO activity concentration in the soil pore water appears similar to concentrations found in background areas in Ontario. In contrast, OBT activity concentrations in soil at the same site were significantly higher than HTO activity concentrations in soil. Elevated OBT appears to reside in the top layer of the soil (0-5 cm). In addition, OBT activity concentrations in the top soil layer did not fluctuate much with season, again, quite in contrast with soil HTO. This result suggests that OBT activity concentrations retained the signature of the historical tritium releases.     

Contamination of the southern Baltic Sea with 137Cs and 90Sr over the period 2000-2004

Changes of the (137)Cs activity concentrations in the southern Baltic Sea waters were investigated over the period 2000-2004 and distribution of the (90)Sr concentrations was determined in 2004. In the discriminated period further decrease of (137)Cs concentrations was observed. The average activity concentration of (137)Cs declined from 59.4Bq/m(3) in 2000 to 45.1Bq/m(3) in 2004. The greatest changes of (137)Cs activities occurred in 2003 as a consequence of the medium-size inflow of a saline waters from the North Sea. This inflow affected (137)Cs activities as well as its distribution in the Baltic Sea. Changes in (90)Sr activity concentrations proceeded at much slower rate. The average activity concentration of (90)Sr was equal to 8.7Bq/m(3) in 2004. The annual fluvial (137)Cs fluxes from the Vistula river were also estimated. In 2000, the (137)Cs load from Vistula was of an order of 0.15TBq/year, and in 2004 0.05TBq/year.     

Larval and Juvenile Fish Assemblage Structure of Inshore Habitats in the Middle Reaches of Li River,China: Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Relation to Abiotic Factors

To evaluate the effect of abiotic factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage in shallow waters of middle reaches of Li River, Guilin, China. Samplings were taken monthly at 7 stations in the mainstream and 2 stations in 3 tributaries from May 2014 to April 2015. Synchronously, temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen rainfall and discharge were obtained. In all, 11.886 larval and juvenile fish from 18 species belonging to 8 families, 16 genera was captured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed obvious significant difference between the environmental variables across sampling areas and months. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that water temperature, turbidity, discharge and rainfall were dominant factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage.