Errors and uncertainties in a gridded carbon dioxide emissions inventory

Emission inventories (EIs) are the fundamental tool to monitor compliance with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and emission reduction commitments. Inventory accounting guidelines provide the best practices to help EI compilers across different countries and regions make comparable, national emission estimates regardless of differences in data availability. However, there are a variety of sources of error and uncertainty that originate beyond what the inventory guidelines can define. Spatially explicit EIs, which are a key product for atmospheric modeling applications, are often developed for research purposes and there are no specific guidelines to achieve spatial emission estimates. The errors and uncertainties associated with the spatial estimates are unique to the approaches employed and are often difficult to assess. This study compares the global, high-resolution (1 km), fossil fuel, carbon dioxide (CO₂), gridded EI Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO₂ (ODIAC) with the multi-resolution, spatially explicit bottom-up EI geoinformation technologies, spatio-temporal approaches, and full carbon account for improving the accuracy of GHG inventories (GESAPU) over the domain of Poland. By taking full advantage of the data granularity that bottom-up EI offers, this study characterized the potential biases in spatial disaggregation by emission sector (point and non-point emissions) across different scales (national, subnational/regional, and urban policy-relevant scales) and identified the root causes. While two EIs are in agreement in total and sectoral emissions (2.2% for the total emissions), the emission spatial patterns showed large differences (10~100% relative differences at 1 km) especially at the urban-rural transitioning areas (90–100%). We however found that the agreement of emissions over urban areas is surprisingly good compared with the estimates previously reported for US cities. This paper also discusses the use of spatially explicit EIs for climate mitigation applications beyond the common use in atmospheric modeling. We conclude with a discussion of current and future challenges of EIs in support of successful implementation of GHG emission monitoring and mitigation activity under the Paris Climate Agreement from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21). We highlight the importance of capacity building for EI development and coordinated research efforts of EI, atmospheric observations, and modeling to overcome the challenges.

     

Forgotten carbon: indirect CO2 in greenhouse gas emission inventories

National governments that are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to submit greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories accounting for the emissions and removals occurring within their geographic territories. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides inventory methodology guidance to the Parties of the UNFCCC. This methodology guidance, and national inventories based on it, omits carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmospheric oxidation of methane, carbon monoxide, and non-methane volatile organic compounds emissions that result from several source categories. The inclusion of this category of “indirect” CO₂ in GHG inventories increases global anthropogenic emissions (excluding land use and forestry) between 0.5 and 0.7%. However, the effect of inclusion on aggregate UNFCCC Annex I Party GHG emissions would be to reduce the growth of total emissions, from 1990 to 2004, by 0.2% points. The effect on the GHG emissions and emission trends of individual countries varies. The paper includes a methodology for calculating these emissions and discusses uncertainties. Indirect CO₂ is equally relevant for GHG inventories at other scales, such as global, regional, organizational, and facility. Similarly, project-based methodologies, such as those used under the Clean Development Mechanism, may need revising to account for indirect CO₂.     

High-resolution spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector

The development of high-resolution greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories is an important step towards emission reduction in different sectors. However, most of the spatially explicit approaches that have been developed to date produce outputs at a coarse resolution or do not disaggregate the data by sector. In this study, we present a methodology for assessing GHG emissions from the residential sector by settlements at a fine spatial resolution. In many countries, statistical data about fossil fuel consumption is only available at the regional or country levels. For this reason, we assess energy demand for cooking and water and space heating for each settlement, which we use as a proxy to disaggregate regional fossil fuel consumption data. As energy demand for space heating depends heavily on climatic conditions, we use the heating degree day method to account for this phenomenon. We also take the availability of energy sources and differences in consumption patterns between urban and rural areas into account. Based on the disaggregated data, we assess GHG emissions at the settlement level using country and regional specific coefficients for Poland and Ukraine, two neighboring countries with different energy usage patterns. In addition, we estimate uncertainties in the results using a Monte Carlo method, which takes uncertainties in the statistical data, calorific values, and emission factors into account. We use detailed data on natural gas consumption in Poland and biomass consumption for several regions in Ukraine to validate our approach. We also compare our results to data from the EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research), which shows high agreement in places but also demonstrates the advantage of a higher resolution GHG inventory. Overall, the results show that the approach developed here is universal and can be applied to other countries using their statistical information.

     

长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究

在收集整理长江三角洲地区（简称＂长三角＂）各城市人为大气污染源资料的基础上,采用以＂自下而上＂为主的方法建立了2007年长三角地区人为源大气污染物排放清单.清单结果显示,2007年长三角地区的SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3等大气污染物排放总量分别达到2391.8、2292.9、6697.1...     

A comparison of five high-resolution spatially-explicit,fossil-fuel,carbon dioxide emission inventories for the United States

The quantification of fossil-fuel-related emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is necessary in order to accurately represent carbon cycle fluxes and to understand and project the details of the global carbon cycle. In addition, the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of carbon dioxide emissions is necessary for the success of international agreements to reduce emissions. However, existing fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO₂) emissions inventories vary in terms of the data and methods used to estimate and distribute FFCO₂. This paper compares how the approaches used to create spatially explicit FFCO₂ emissions inventories affect the spatial distribution of emissions estimates and the magnitude of emissions estimates in specific locales. Five spatially explicit FFCO₂ emission inventories were compared: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS), Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO₂ (ODIAC), and Vulcan. The effects of using specific data and approaches in the creation of spatially explicit FFCO₂ emissions inventories, and the effect of resolution on data representation are analyzed using graphical, numerical, and cartographic approaches. We examined the effect of using top-down versus bottom-up approaches, nightlights versus population proxies, and the inclusion of large point sources. The results indicate that the approach used to distribute emissions in space creates distinct patterns in the distribution of emissions estimates and hence in the estimates of emissions in specific locations. The different datasets serve different purposes but collectively show the key role of large point sources and urban centers and the strong relationship between scale and uncertainty.     

Uncertainties in the Norwegian emission inventories of acidifying pollutants and volatile organic compounds

The uncertainties in the Norwegian emission inventory data for SO₂, NO_x, NH₃ and non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) have been estimated based on expert judgements of uncertainties in input data and stochastic simulations. The SO₂ inventory is uncertain by about 4%, the NO_x inventory by about 12% and the NMVOC and NH₃ inventories by about 20%. Several possible systematic errors were identified; the SO₂ inventory is most likely overestimated, while the NH₃ and NMVOC inventories can be underestimated. Domestic shipping (for SO₂ and NO_x), crude oil loading (for NMVOC) and manure (for NH₃) are the sources that are most important for the overall uncertainty. These findings indicate that the inventory methodologies can be improved, leading to changes in the whole time series (recalculations). The robustness of emission obligations formulated as emission ceilings and percentage reductions have been compared with respect to uncertainties in input data. The formulation of obligations as emission ceilings is not very robust for any methodological improvements influencing the end year estimates. Relatively, small changes in the emission estimates can mean that obligations apparently are met without measures or that obligations hardly can be met at all. Obligations formulated as percentage reductions are on the other hand more robust, except when recalculations unequally affect the base and end year.     

兰州盆地人为源大气污染物网格化排放清单及其空间分布特征

基于所搜集的兰州盆地各类人为污染源排放大气污染物的活动水平数据及其排放因子,采用"自下而上"的方法建立了2009年兰州盆地(石油化工城市)1 km×1 km的7种(类)大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其来源和空间分布特征进行了分析研究.结果显示:2009年兰州盆地NOx、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH3的排放总量分别为1.2×10~5、8.8×10~4、4.3×10~4、4.1×10~5、9.6×10~4、4.2×10~4和1.4×10~4t;工业燃烧排放是兰州盆地NO_x和SO_2的主要贡献源,分别占其总排放量的85.70%和52.55%;工业非燃烧过程排放是VOCs的最大贡献源,占总排放量的81.25%;工业点源和工业非燃烧过程排放是CO的两大贡献源,分别占其总排放量的33.97%和28.32%;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)主要来源于工业非燃烧过程,贡献分别为51.09%和55.12%;氮肥使用和禽畜养殖是NH_3排放最大的贡献源,分别占其总排放量的39.20%和30.70%.空间分布特征表现为:以工业源为主要排放源的NO_x、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)主要分布在工业和人口最为集中的兰州盆地市区一带,NH_3的排放则主要集中在榆中县和皋兰县交界的农村地区.同时,还对2014年工业燃烧源和道路移动源的7种(类)大气污染物排放量进行了估算,并与2009年进行了排放比较研究.结果表明,2014年工业污染源的7种(类)污染物排放量与2009年相比平均增幅不高,最高不超过30%,但移动源污染物排放量却大幅增加,增幅将近1倍.此外,基于排放因子及活动水平的不确定性,本研究对排放清单的结果进行了不确定性分析,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟对各污染物的排放量进行了评估.本排放清单的建立,不仅填补了兰州盆地大气污染物网格化排放清单的空白,还可为兰州盆地大气污染物排放清单更新、区域环境过程、大气复合污染成因及大气污染预警技术等相关研究提供基本方法手段及基础数据.     

Emission inventory on company level: lessons from Russia

Developing a transparent,accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsinventory is the first step toward buildingan effective GHG management system. Todate, GHG inventories have been conductedprimarily at national levels. Theinternationally accepted inventorymethodology developed by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) is oriented to countrywideinventories. The electricity company RAOUESR is the largest single corporateemitter of GHG in the Russian Federation. The company is responsible for about 1/3 ofRussia's CO₂ emissions; RAO's fossil fuelemissions are comparable to the fossil fuelemissions of the United Kingdom. The GHGinventory prepared by RAO is the first suchcorporate emissions inventory undertaken ina non-OECD country. In this article wepresent a detailed independent examinationof the methodology RAO applied for theinventory. We identify the most importantsources of uncertainty and we estimate theuncertainty. The main conclusion of theindependent review is that the methodologyutilized by RAO and the informationsupporting the methodology are reliable andpresent a reasonably accurate company-widepicture of RAO's CO₂ emissions. The shareof other greenhouse gases is negligiblysmall and we did not focus on this fractionof RAO's GHG emissions. As a next step, RAOmay wish to conduct more precisefacility-by-facility inventories in orderto create a robust GHG emission managementsystem.     

城市能源碳排放估算方法探究

作为目前世界上最大的碳排放国家,中国在2015年巴黎气候变化大会上做出承诺,到2030年碳排放量要达到峰值并且单位GDP排放要在2005年水平上下降60%～65%.但现阶段中国碳排放数据主要集中在省级和国家层面,城市作为碳减排措施实施的主要区域,由于基础数据缺乏,长久以来没有完整的碳排放清单.为解决这一问题,本文构建了一套城市级CO_2排放估算方法.该方法从各省能源平衡表(EBT)出发,采取从省级到市级的比例分配方法,选取最为贴近城市碳排放的指标数据,对42个地级市2012年的能源消费型碳排放情况进行估算,并与中国高分辨率碳排放数据(CHRED)进行对比,发现差异均在10%以内,验证了该方法的准确性.同时揭示了此类自上而下的估算方法所带来的区域性差异,并且进一步分析了采用不同来源的化石燃料的排放因子所可能导致的不确定性,建议之后的研究在进行中国城市碳排放核算时采取最恰当的本地化化石燃料排放因子.本文为获得在时间尺度和空间尺度上均连续的中国城市碳排放数据提供了参考方法和合理思路,也能为在城市层面制定科学的碳减排措施提供可靠的数据支撑.     

Comparison of CH4 emission inventory data and emission estimates from atmospheric transport models and concentration measurements

CH₄ emissions from two sources of emission inventory data i.e. the National Communications and the EDGAR/GEIA database, are compared with emission estimates from six global and two regional atmospheric transport models. The emission inventories were compiled using emission process parameters to establish emission factors and statistical data to derive activity data. The emission estimates were derived from an evaluation of atmospheric transport modelling results and measured concentrations of CH₄. The comparison of emission inventories and the emissions derived from atmospheric transport models shows the largest differences on the global scale to occur in biogenic CH₄ emissions, i.e. by wetlands and biomass burning. Anthropogenic CH₄ emissions due to oil and gas production and distribution, also appear rather uncertain, especially with respect to the spatial distribution of the sources. A comparison of CH₄ emissions on a smaller scale (NW Europe) showed a fair amount of agreement between National Communications, EDGAR data and results of inverse atmospheric modelling. Because most of the CH₄ emissions in this area come from reasonably well-known CH₄ emission sources like ruminants and landfills, this is a good argument. CH₄ emission from some areas in the North Sea was underestimated by inventories. This could be due to CH₄ emissions of oil production platforms in the North Sea.     

四川省2008-2014年水泥行业大气污染物排放清单及时空分布特征

根据收集的四川省水泥行业活动水平数据及排放因子,建立了四川省2008-2014年水泥行业大气污染物排放清单,分析其年际变化趋势,识别时间分布特征,并利用GIS建立了高分辨率的网格化清单.此外,对水泥行业污染物排放的不确定性范围进行了定量估算.结果表明,2008-2014年水泥行业SO₂和NO_x排放显著增长,而PM₁₀和PM_2.5排放呈下降趋势;成都及周边地区以及川东北地区是水泥污染排放的主要贡献地区,大部分城市的污染变化与全省的情况基本一致;新型干法水泥产量比重由2008年的41%增长至2014年的88%,随之各污染物排放占比也显著增长,2014年约达到90%;水泥NO_x排放对空气NO₂质量浓度有一定影响,变化趋势较为一致,相比而言,PM₁₀质量浓度受水泥排放影响较小;水泥产量月变化特征不明显,年初1、2月份产量较低,下半年产量高于上半年;在空间分布上,污染物排放主要集中在德阳-绵阳、眉山-乐山及内江-自贡等地;水泥行业排放清单的不确定性主要来源于污染物去除效率及排放因子的选取,其中,PM_2.5不确定性范围较大,约为-64%~103%,SO₂的不确定性范围较小,为-45%~45%.     

Quantifying and managing regional greenhouse gas emissions：Waste sector of Daejeon, Korea

A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.     

基于在线监测的江苏省大型固定燃煤源排放清单及其时空分布特征

大气污染物排放清单是了解各地区大气污染物排放及其时空分布,精确模拟该地区环境空气质量的最基础资料.现有大气污染物排放清单的粗时空分辨率,极大地限制了空气质量数值预报的准确性.本研究以江苏省大型固定燃煤源为例,以2012年为基准年,收集江苏省电力企业在线监控系统数据及江苏省大气核查核算表数据,结合相关文献的排放因子,分析了江苏省大型固定燃煤源主要污染物的总排放量和月变化特征.分析结果表明:1 SO2、NOx、TSP、PM10、PM2.5、CO、EC、OC、NMVOC、NH3等大气污染物的排放总量分别达到106.0、278.3、40.9、32.7、21.7、582.0、3.6、2.5、17.3、2.2 kt.2呈现2~3、7~8、12月排放量高,9~10月排放量低的月变化特征,可能原因是2~3月处于春节阶段,为保证节日供应,在此期间居民取暖、用电等都有可能增加;7~8月高温天气用电量增加,12月北方城市冬季燃煤取暖导致的煤炭消耗量增加.另外,由于部分污染物排放因子取自国内外相关文献,是本研究清单不确定性的主要因素.今后的工作可以在排放因子实测更新以及将排放清单纳入空气质量预报模式等方面进行更为深入的研究.     

广东货船水运的温室气体排放和低碳发展对策

作为我国港口大省和低碳试点省,广东需先行测算船舶水运的GHG(温室气体)排放量基线,以探究低碳水运对策. 通过文献调研收集适用数据和资料,基于引擎功率法,测算了广东抵港货船在2010年的GHG排放量. 结果表明:广东专属经济区海域内货船水运的GHG总排放量为2887×104t,不确定性在-36%~45%之间,其中在领海区域内的排放量为730×104t;远洋集装箱船是GHG最大排放源,占总排放量的43%;集装箱船、干散货船、油轮和其他货船的GHG排放量不确定性均介于-30%~50%之间,远洋货船的主引擎在正常航行模式下输出功率是最主要的不确定性源. 基于分析船舶水运的GHG排放特征,提出船舶减速、向远洋货船供应岸电和内河货船主引擎转用天然气共3项低碳节能措施,共可减排40%的GHG排放量.该研究结果不仅为广东低碳水运发展提供基础性的GHG排放数据,也可为其他港口地区提供估算水运业GHG排放量的技术方法参考和实践经验.      

大气污染物排放源清单不确定性定量分析方法及案例研究

大气污染物排放源清单由于在数据收集过程中存在的不可避免的监测误差、随机误差、关键数据缺乏以及数据代表性不足等因素而具有不确定性,而排放源清单的不确定性指的是人们对排放清单的真实值缺乏认识和了解.介绍了目前大气排放源清单定量不确定性方法框架,并使用电厂NO_x在线监测数据,通过实际案例量化排放源清单中的不确定性.结果表明:即使对被认为具有较高准确性的火电厂点源排放清单,案例中NO_x的排放源清单来自随机误差的不确定性在±15%左右.对排放源清单的不确定性量化有助于决策者确定污染物排放削减目标的可达性和科学制定大气污染物控制策略,指导排放源清单的改进和数据收集工作.同时,对我国排放源清单开发中不确定性分析提出建议.      

四川省大气固定污染源排放清单及特征

根据收集到的四川省电厂、工业及民用部门的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了四川省2010年大气固定污染源排放清单.结果表明:12010年四川省固定源共排放SO₂ 84.1万t、NO_x 44.9万t、CO 318.8万t、PM₁₀ 44.1万t、PM_2.5 25.5万t、VOC 17.9万t;2电厂和工业过程是固定源排放的主要贡献源;3燃煤是固定燃烧排放的主要贡献源,煤矸石、焦炭、天然气对污染物的贡献也不容忽视,水泥、钢铁、轻工业制造是本地区主要的工业过程排放源;4宜宾、成都及攀枝花是固定源污染物的主要贡献城市,约占四川省总排放量的20%~40%;5电厂、能源工业燃烧清单的不确定性主要来自排放因子,而工业过程涉及排放源种类繁多且复杂,排放测试研究较少,不确定性较高.     

西宁市生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单

本研究根据调查的西宁市生物质燃烧源活动水平数据,采用排放因子方法,建立了 2018年西宁市生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了清单的时空分布特征和不确定性.结果表明,西宁市2018年生物质燃烧源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放量分别为 11 718.34、604.41、167.80、209.72、1 617.97、2 054.04、2 135.04、281.07和 1 224.78 t.秸秆露天焚烧 CO、NOx、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放对生物质燃烧源的排放贡献率最高;其中,秸秆露天焚烧NOx、VOCs和CO的贡献率分别为72.35％、63.94％和53.18％.户用生物质炉NH3和SO2的排放对生物质燃烧源的贡献率最大,分别为41.49％和42.05％.生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放地区分布不均衡,主要集中于大通县和湟中区.生物质燃烧源9项污染物的排放量在1、2、3、10、11和12月较大,占比在5％～33％.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95％置信区间下,不确定度最高的是森林和草原火灾的PM2.5排放,不确定度为-26.71％～29.78％.     

基于本地污染源调查的杭州市大气污染物排放清单研究

基于实地调查数据并辅以统计数据,采用物料衡算法和排放因子法,估算了杭州市2015年大气污染物排放清单,并选取经纬度坐标、路网、航道、土地类型和人口等数据作为权重因子,研究了该地区各类排放源污染物排放空间分布特征.结果表明,杭州市2015年SO_2、NO_x、CO、VOCs、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH_3年排放总量分别为22.20×10~3、108.17×10~3、192.10×10~3、134.94×10~3、78.12×10~3、27.65×10~3和59.75×10~3t.工业源是杭州市SO_2排放的主要来源,移动源对NO_x和CO的排放贡献最为显著,扬尘源是杭州市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放的最主要来源,其次为工业源;VOCs排放的主要来源依次为工业源、天然源和移动源;NH_3排放主要来自农业源.从空间分布来看,排放主要集中在中心城区及其周边的萧山、下沙、大江东、余杭和富阳等工业企业相对密集的区域.本研究建立的排放清单在污染源覆盖范围和排放因子方面仍然存在一定的不确定性,建议在后续研究中重点开展低、小、散企业及本地化排放因子调查研究工作,进一步提升大气污染物排放清单的准确度.     

兰-白城市群主要大气污染物网格化排放清单及来源贡献

甘肃兰-白城市群为我国西北地区重要的重工业基地,大气污染物排放总量较大.研究高空间分辨率的污染物排放清单对于区域空气质量预报预警、减排方案模拟研究及大气污染防治等具有重要的科学意义.本文以兰州和白银为主要研究区域,基于研究区域污染源排放及统计年鉴等数据资料,建立了兰（2015年）-白（2016年）城市群7种（类）主要大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其空间排放特征以及排放源贡献进行了详尽地讨论分析.结果表明,兰-白城市群7种主要污染物年排放量分别为：NO_x 2.22×10⁵ t、NH₃ 4.53×10⁴ t、VOCs 7.74×10⁴ t、CO 5.62×10⁵ t、PM₁₀ 4.95×10⁵ t、PM_2.5 1.91×10⁵ t和SO₂ 1.37×10⁵ t.其中CO的排放量最大,NH₃的排放量最小.本清单与北大和清华MEIC清单对比结果表明,交通源排放3个清单一致性较高,CO排放总量和其工业源排放与北大和清华MEIC清单排放源相差30%~40%,推测原因主要为清单计算过程中排放因子、分辨率和数据年份的差异.本清单网格化空间分布显示除NH₃外的其他6种（类）污染物,排放主要集中在市区,排放源中工业非燃烧过程源均为最大贡献占比,NH₃的主要贡献源是氮肥的施用及禽畜排放,其污染分布受耕地分布等因素影响较大.因此,减少工业非燃烧过程源、整合优质高效电力供应、使用清洁能源、严格控制工地扬尘、工业粉尘和做好城区绿化等,能有效地降低兰-白城市群NO_x、VOCs、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂这6种（类）主要污染物的排放.NH₃的减排则主要可从控制氮肥的使用及减少禽畜排放两方面考虑.本研究还利用蒙特卡洛法分析了排放清单的不确定性,NH₃的不确定性最大为-31%~30%,CO的不确定性最小为-18%~16%,清单整体可信度较高.     

基于多源数据融合的河南省建材行业排放清单

建材行业是典型的资源和能源消耗型产业,也是大气污染的主要排放源之一.中国作为全球最大的建材产品生产国和消费国,目前针对建材行业排放特征的研究总体较少,数据来源较为单一.以河南省建材行业为研究对象,首次将应急减排清单应用到排放清单构建中,通过对应急减排清单、排污许可和环境统计等多源数据的融合研究,完善和细化了建材行业活动水平数据,建立了更为精准的河南省建材行业排放清单.结果表明,2020年河南省建材行业的SO₂、 NO_x、一次PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放量分别为21 788、 51 427、 10 107和14 471 t.其中,水泥和砖瓦是河南省建材行业大气污染物排放占比最高的2个行业,合计超过50%,水泥行业NO_x排放问题较为突出,砖瓦行业整体治理水平比较落后.豫中和豫北是河南省建材行业排放贡献最高的地区,合计超过全省的60%.建议加快推进水泥行业超低排放改造,针对砖瓦等行业完善地方排放标准,持续提升建材行业大气污染治理水平.