Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

稻麦轮作田氮素径流流失特征初步研究

针对近年来氮素化肥施用量大而利用率较低现状，在江苏太湖地区设计田间试验，研究稻麦轮作田全年氮素流失特征。结果表明，在本试验条件下稻季和麦季径流中氮损失量相近，麦季略高，约占施氮量的2％左右。麦稻轮作田径流氮损失中氨态氮较少，以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主，其中氨态氮损失以稻季为主，硝态氮损失稻季和麦季相近，其他形态氮损失麦季较多。不同作物田径流氮组成存在差异，麦季径流氮以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主，氨态氮极少，而稻季在施肥后短时间内径流氮中氨态氮、硝态氮和其他形态氮大致相当，其他时间以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主。     

稻麦两熟农田稻季养分径流流失特征

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下江苏稻麦两熟农田稻季养分径流流失规律。结果表明：稻季径流水量可达5705.55m3·hm-2;常规施肥（T0）条件下,稻田径流流失全N（TN）、全P（TP）和速效K（AK）的总量分别为11.29、0.19和13.22kg·hm^-2,流失率分别为3.8%、0.21%和9.8%;径流水中全N和速效K质量浓度随距施肥时间的延长而呈逐渐下降趋势;较常规施肥处理而言,秸秆还田（T1）和还田减肥（T2）处理不仅能够有效降低径流水中TN、TP和AK质量浓度,而且能够减少稻季养分径流流失总量,分别减少13.48%、17.55%,25.00%、31.25%和22.69%、53.48%,并降低养分流失率,分别达13.16%、-2.63%,23.81%、14.29%和22.45%、41.84%。     

不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征

研究施肥对菜地径流氮、磷流失的影响,对控制水体富营养化有重要意义。采用田间小区监测的方法,研究常规施肥、减量施肥1和减量施肥2等三种施肥水平对菜地径流氮磷流失的影响。结果表明,（1）不同施肥水平的径流氮、磷流失浓度均较高,径流TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N的平均流失质量浓度分别在20.5~34、2.2~2.4、6.3~9.5 mg L-1之间,径流TP、DP的平均流失质量浓度分别在7.7~11.1、2.1~2.4 mg L-1之间,菜地土壤径流氮、磷流失风险较大。（2）减量施肥可明显降低径流TN和NO3--N的流失浓度,与当地常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别降低径流TN流失浓度的40%、32%和NO3--N流失浓度的23%、35%,而减量施肥对径流TP、DP的流失浓度影响不大。（3）不同施肥水平的径流TN、NO3--N流失负荷分别在5.8~7.6、1.6~2.3 kg hm-2之间,与常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别减少TN、NO3--N流失负荷的24%、19%和11%、29%。不同施肥水平的径流TP、DP流失负荷分别在1.7~2.9、2.5~2.7 kg hm-2之间,减量施肥并不能减少径流TP、DP的流失负荷。     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明：自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥（T0）条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕（T2）处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹（T1）与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮（TN）平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征

通过对安徽南部宣城地区梅村小流域的定位监测,研究了该小流域地表径流中氮磷输出特征。结果表明:氮输出以NO-3N为主,占氮素输出总量的60%,磷输出以悬浮颗粒结合态磷(PAP)为主,占磷输出总量的92%;各类形态氮素输出量间存在极显著线性正相关关系;PAP随悬浮颗粒输出量的增加而增加,PAP与水溶性磷(DP)输出量间存在着极显著的对数关系;氮磷输出具有明显的季节性变化规律,夏季输出量最大,其次是春季,再次是秋季,冬季最少,这是由降雨量的季节性变化所引起的。而且暴雨对氮磷输出的贡献率极大,因此控制雨季土壤侵蚀是有效控制氮磷通过径流输出的最重要方式。     

Phosphorus losses to water from lowland rice fields under rice-wheat double cropping system in the Tai Lake region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm2 for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm2 for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m2 and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/ hm2 in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm2 year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109-218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

秸秆还田对农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响

2009—2010年在大田试验条件下,小麦季和水稻季分别以扬麦16和运2645为供试材料,两季均设置常规处理（A）、秸秆还田（B）、秸秆还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和少免耕（E）5个处理组合。研究不同处理对稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响。结果表明：（1）稻麦两季农田共发生地表径流20次,总地表径流水量为6.4×106kg·hm-2;（2）秸秆还田能够显著降低稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量,不同处理周年地表径流总氮和钾的流失量由高到低均依次为少免耕、常规处理、肥料运筹、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,不同处理周年地表径流总磷流失量由高到低依次为少免耕、肥料运筹、常规处理、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量分别比常规处理下降7.7%、8.0%、6.8%;（3）水稻季农田地表径流总氮、总磷、钾流失量分别占稻麦两熟制周年总氮、总磷、钾流失量的61.5%、44.0%、73.3%;（4）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失率显著降低;（5）秸秆还田使水稻成熟期土壤速效养分质量分数显著提高;（6）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年作物产量比常规处理略有增加。     

Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique

Algal biofilmtechnology is a new and advanced wastewater treatment method. Experimental study on removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm under the continuous light of 3500 Lux in the batch and continuous systems was carried out in this paper to assess the performance of algal biofilm in removing nutrients. The results showed that the effect of removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algal biofilm was remarkable in the batch system. The removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 98.17%, 86.58%, 91.88%, and 97.11%, respectively. In the continuous system, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days was adopted; the effects of removing TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD by algal biofilm were very stable. During a run of 24 days, the removal efficiencies of TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD reached 95.38%, 83.93%, 82.38%, and 92.31%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm.     

Nitrogen mineralization in a high altitude ecosystem in the mediterranean phytogeographical region of Turkey

Interrelations exist in the terrestrial ecosystems between the plant type and characteristics of nutrient uptake. Annual net nitrogen mineralization in soils of different plant communities in the high altitude zone of Spil mountain located in the Mediterranean phytogeographical region of Turkey was investigated throughout one year by field incubation method. Seasonal fluctuations resulting from field incubation were markedly higher in autumn and spring than summer. These are mainly associated with the changes in soil moisture being at minimum in the Mediterranean summer. A significant correlation was developed between the net Nitrate (kg NO3(-)-N ha week(-1)) production and soil water content (p<0.05; r = 0.316 in soil of 0-5 cm; r = 0.312 in soil of 5-15 cm). The results showed that the annual productivity of nitrogen mineralization shows different values depending on communities. Annual net ammonium (NH4(+)-N) production in the soils of each community was negatively estimated. However annual net nitrate (NO3(-)-N) production (0-15 cm) was higher in grassland (27.8 kg ha y(-1)) and shrub (25.0 kg ha y(-1)) than forest (12.4 kg ha y(-1)) community. While annual net N(min) values were close to each other in grassland (14.5 kg ha y(-1)) and shrub (14.1 kg ha y(-1)), but negative in forest community (-3.6 kg ha y(-1)). The reasons for these differences are discussed.     

Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

Early responses of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen to forest gap harvesting of a Pinus massoniana plantation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

To understand the short-term effects of forest gap by human harvesting on soil available nutrient in Pinus massoniana plantations, the variations of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in the gap center and gap edge during growing season were observed in seven gaps of different size (Gl: 100 m2; G2:225 m2; G3:400 m2; G4:625 m2; G5:900 m2; G6:1225 m2; G7:1600 m2) and pure understory of a 39-year-old masson pine plantation in a hilly area of the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The results showed that in the early stage of gap formation, the gap size had significant effect on NH4+-N, the season changes on NP3--N, and the interaction effect of gap size and seasonal variation on NH4+-N and NO3--N. The difference of NH4+-N and NO3--N between the gap center and gap edge was not significant. (I) The NH4+-N content was 4.30-11.99 mg kg-1, and NO3--N content was 2.57-10.81 mg kg-1. There was no obvious difference in NH4+-N and N03--N among gaps of different size in early or late growing seasons, when both increased first and decreased afterwards in the middle of growing season. The gaps of 100∼400 m2 area had a higher content of available nitrogen. (2) The seasonal dynamic differed between NH4+-N and NO3--N, with the former lower in middle growing season whereas the latter higher in the middle growing season but lower in the end of growing season. The soil NH4+-N was higher than NO3- -N in the early and late periods, but lower in the middle period. (3) The soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in parts of gaps were lower than understory in the early and late growing season. (4) Correlation analyses showed that NH4+-N had significant positive correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and NO3--N with soil temperature, MBN and organic matter. But the impact of soil water content on available nitrogen was not significant. These results suggested that soil temperature and microbial activity variation caused by gap harvesting are the main factors affecting soil available nitrogen content of Pinus massoniana plantations.     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

牦牛粪便对川西北高寒草甸土壤养分的影响

川西北高寒草甸是我国四大牧区之一,也是"长江上游生态屏障"建设的重要"生态功能区"之一.近年来牦牛粪便被大量出售,显著地改变了生态系统的养分循环.通过模拟牛粪堆积,研究了牦牛粪便养分释放及其对周围土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4--N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N和全P)在不同时间和距离条件下的影响.结果表明,在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力,据初步统计,其值大致为N素699～932 kg hm-2,P素为110～147 kg hm-2;牛粪养分在夏季具有较快的分解速率,在3 mo左右之后基本分解殆尽;粪便在短期内能显著提高粪下土壤养分的含量,其中,对No3--N含量的提高最为明显,在2 mo左右之后其含量达到初始态的8.4倍,在实验后期,粪便对土壤养分的影响作用逐渐消失;粪便在夏季对周围10 cm内土壤的养分(NO3--N、NH4+N、速效K和无机P)含量能产生显著影响(P<0.05),但影响范围难以达到周围30 cm左右.与通常结论不同的是,在整个实验周期内,牦牛粪便并没有显著提高土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量.图4表1参31     

Effect of organic materials and rice cultivars on methane emission from rice field

A field experiment was conducted for two years on a sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) soil of Punjab to study the effect of organic materials and rice cultivars on methane emission from rice fields. The methane flux varied between 0.04 and 0.93 mg m(-2) hr(-1) in bare soil and transplanting of rice crop doubled the methane flux (0.07 to 2.06 mg m(-2) hr(-1)). Among rice cultivars, significantly (p < 0.05) higher amount of methane was emitted from Pusa 44 compared to PR 118 and PR 111. Application of organic materials enhanced methane emission from rice fields and resulted in increased soil organic carbon content. The greatest seasonal methane flux was observed in wheat straw amended plots (229.6 kg ha(-1)) followed by farmyard manure (111.6 kg ha(-1)), green manure (85.4 kg ha(-1)) and the least from rice straw compost amended plots (36.9 kg ha(-1)) as compared to control (21.5 kg ha(-1)). The differential effect of organic materials in enhancing methane flux was related to total carbon or C:N ratio of the material. The results showed that incorporation of humified organic matter such as rice straw compost could minimize methane emission from rice fields with co-benefits of increased soil fertility and crop productivity.     

不同水力负荷下凤眼莲去除氮、磷效果比较

采用人工模拟方法,研究了不同水力负荷(0.14、0.20、0.33和1.00m3.m-2.d-1)对凤眼莲去除富营养化水体氮、磷效果的影响,试验期间进水TN、NH4+-N、NO3-N、TP平均质量浓度分别为4.85、1.33、2.92和0.50mg.L-1。结果表明,凤眼莲净化系统对富营养化水体具有较好的去除效果,低水力负荷(0.14、0.20m3.m-2.d-1)下,出水TN、NH4+-N和TP均达到了GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅳ类水质标准;当水力负荷提高到1.00m3.m-2.d-1后,出水TN、NH4+-N、NO3-N和TP质量浓度明显上升。4种水力负荷下,凤眼莲净化系统对TN和TP去除率分别为84.95%和80.65%、73.87%和73.04%、51.60%和64.05%、30.77%和47.79%,即随水力负荷的提高而降低;相应的TN、TP去除负荷分别为0.58和0.06、0.72和0.07、0.83和0.11、1.47和0.23g.m-2.d-1,即随水力负荷的提高而增加。综合考虑净化效果和污水处理能力,本试验条件下凤眼莲系统的水力负荷宜控制在0.33m3.m-2.d-1。     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

稻田流失养分循环利用系统构建研究初探

针对长江三角洲经济发达地区集约化农田化肥投入超量、稻区水体N、P、K富集度超高,农田生态环境遭到严重破坏等现状,该文系统研究了农田流失养分从农田到水体,再由水体回到农田的循环利用过程,并构建农田养分流失循环利用系统工程,为我国农田流失养分循环利用和农业生态环境健康提供科技支撑。研究结果表明：本区域农田面积为18.6 hm2,水稻季农田化肥N、P、K投入量分别为305.7、44.9、150.8 kg·hm-2;整个水稻季本区域农田地表径流量为4 518.0 kg·hm-2,其中N、P、K流失量分别为16.6、0.5、9.6 kg·hm-2,占水稻季N、P、K肥投入量的5.45%、1.07%和6.37%;农田周围净化池塘中水生植物的N、P、K拦截量分别为67.8、8.1、99.7 kg,分别占本研究区域N、P、K流入量的21.84%、90.31%和55.73%。将水生植物还田,晒干水葫芦（Halerpestes cymbalaria）按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用,可分别减少农田化肥N、P、K的投入量106.2、9.5、105.8 kg·hm-2。该研究成果对于减轻农业生产面源污染,推进农业生产可持续发展具有积极意义。     

模拟稻田中氮磷的变化特征及其降污潜力分析

为研究稻田中氮磷的变化特征和降污潜力,采用室外微区模拟稻田春耕施肥耕整试验,在3、6cm和9cm等3个不同蓄水深度处理（分别表示为t-3、t-6、t-9）条件下,对稻田氮磷含量变化的动态特征及降污潜力进行了探讨。田面水氮磷质量浓度变化与土壤中氮磷的流失密切相关。土壤扰动、基肥（缓释肥）的释放、硝化-反硝化作用、悬浮颗粒物（SS）的物理沉降等综合因素的影响,是导致田面水氮磷质量浓度变化呈先升后降趋势的主要原因。在蓄水处理后1周内,各处理的田面水氮磷质量浓度大小顺序为：Ct-3〉Ct-6〉Ct-9,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）质量浓度与蓄水深度呈显著的负相关（Y=-33.97x＋133.4,R2=0.999和y=-0.115x＋0.61,R2=0.994）。春耕插秧时,因水分管理要求,需要立即排水,相对于蓄水3cm的常规水分管理,若能蓄水9cm后再排放,可减少排放总氮45.57%~86.88%、总磷33.02%~62.79%;若蓄水6cm再排放,可减少排放总氮35.76%~72.13%、总磷9.88%~50%。但考虑到＂浅水活苗＂之实际,以人工蓄水5~6cm较为适宜。另外,在蓄水5~6cm的前提下,于第5d或第7d排水,减排降污效果显著;第5d排水,相比第3d排水,可减少排放总氮21.22%~55.41%、总磷67.67%~83.70%。从稻田春耕生产实际要求和降污效能综合考虑,选择6cm的蓄水深度并在第5d排水,是提高稻田减排降污潜力的农艺措施之一。