油水两相流弯管处安全分析

针对油水两相流经过弯管时的流向改变会导致流体速度和压力发生突变,造成发生静电事故和腐蚀事故风险上升 的不利影响,提出了RSM模型和Mixture模型相结合的安全分析方法。该方法对不同入口速度和含水率的油水两相流进行 数值模拟,并用Origin软件拟合了进口最大允许流速与管径及含水率的经验关系。结果表明,在含水率和入口速度一定 时,随着管径的增加,弯管处的最大速度呈现逐渐减小的趋势:当管径和入口速度一定时,随着含水率的增加,弯管处 的最大速度也逐渐减小。最大压力出现在弯管外拱壁处,最小压力出现在弯管内侧拱壁处。在实际生产中,增加弯管下 游直管段内侧壁的壁厚,可有效防止空化腐蚀所造成的危害;通过含水率来确定安全流速,可有效降低静电事故的风险 。     

Numerical investigation of flow erosion and flow induced displacement of gas well relief line

High-pressure particle-laden gas flow should be discharged through relief line of gas well timely to ensure safe test and exploitation. Erosion and vibration usually take place on the bend in relief lines, bringing a potential safety hazard to field operation. The majority of this paper investigates the factors affecting the erosion of bend and displacement of relief line in the downstream of bend using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. A three-dimensional elbow pipe is selected as computational domain in this investigation. The kinematics and trajectory of discrete solid particles and liquid droplets are described by discrete phase model (DPM) while the hydrodynamic characteristics of continuous phase are obtained based on Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. An empirical erosion model is employed to predict the erosion rate of bend, and a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model is adopted to calculate the displacement of relief line. The effects of types of multiphase flow (such as gas–solid two-phase flow and gas–liquid–solid three-phase flow), inlet flow rate and pipe diameter on erosion and displacement are discussed. The results show that large displacement and severe erosion present with large inlet flow rate in minor diameter pipe. The increase in liquid droplet content has less effect on flow erosion than that by the same increase in sand particle content.     

Benchmarking of two-phase flow through safety relief valves and pipes

This paper compares calculated results for two-phase flows through safety relief valves and pipes using the TPHEM, CCFLOW and RRERSP computer programs. These studies were conducted to locate errors in the programs as well as to further our understanding of how each program worked. For most low-to-moderate viscosity flow examples, and for the frozen flow examples, the program results agreed despite differences in the calculation methods. Current thinking is that the TPHEM computer program gets better results for high viscosity flows through safety relief valves (nozzles) and for pipe down flows. This is because this program successively iterates nozzle flows to achieve results consistent with the choke pressure, temperature and quality and successively iterates pipe flows to achieve results consistent with the pipe length. Safety relief valve flows from the RRERSP computer program are reduced by the inlet pipe non-recoverable pressure loss. This effect is significant for several cases.     

Dynamic behaviour of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: II reduced order modelling

A previous study of gas-service direct-spring pressure relief valves connected to a tank via a straight pipe is continued by deriving a reduced-order model for predicting oscillatory instabilities such as valve flutter and chatter. The reduction process uses collocation to take into account a finite number N of acoustic pressure waves within the pipe, resulting in a set of 2N+3 ordinary differential equations. Following a novel non-dimensionalization, it is shown analytically that the model can exhibit, at experimentally realistic parameter values, instabilities associated with coupling between the valve and acoustic waves in the pipe. The thresholds for each instability are such that for a given flow rate, the first mode to go unstable as the inlet pipe length increases is the quarter-wave mode, then a three-quarter wave, a 5/4-wave etc. Thus the primary mode of instability should always be due to the quarter wave. In the limit of low flow rates, a simple approximate expression is found for the quarter-wave instability threshold in the form of inlet pipe length against mass flow rate. This threshold curve is found to agree well with simulation of the full model. For higher flow rates there is a need to include fluid convection, inlet pressure loss and pipe friction in order to get good agreement. The reduced model enables the dependence of the stability curve on key dimensionless physical parameters to be readily computed.     

Dynamic behavior of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: Model development,measurements and instability mechanisms

A synthesis of previous literature is used to derive a model of an in-service direct-spring pressure relief valve. The model couples low-order rigid body mechanics for the valve to one-dimensional gas dynamics within the pipe. Detailed laboratory experiments are also presented for three different commercially available values, for varying mass flow rates and length of inlet pipe. In each case, violent oscillation is found to occur beyond a critical pipe length, which may be triggered either on valve opening or closing. The test results compare favorably to the simulations using the model. In particular, the model reveals that the mechanism of instability is a Hopf bifurcation (flutter instability) involving the fundamental, quarter-wave pipe mode. Furthermore, the concept of the effective area of the valve as a function of valve lift is shown to be useful in explaining sudden jumps observed in the test data. It is argued that these instabilities are not alleviated by the 3% inlet line loss criterion that has recently been proposed as an industry standard.     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

弯管与盲通管冲蚀磨损对比分析研究

为了研究石油管道流向急剧改变处的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM模型,通过改变入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径,对90°弯管与盲通管的流场分布及冲蚀情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:弯管与盲通管最大冲蚀速率随入口流速的增大呈指数增长,随颗粒质量流速的增大呈线性增长;在50~100 μm粒径范围内,最大冲蚀速率随粒径的增加逐渐减小,在100~300 μm粒径范围内,随粒径的增加而增大;在入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径相同的条件下,弯管最大冲蚀速率明显高于盲通管最大冲蚀速率,盲通管的耐蚀性更强;由于流体在盲通管产生涡旋现象,增加了颗粒能量的耗散,从而减小了进入下游管线颗粒的速率,使得颗粒更易积存于盲通段形成堆积层,减小了下游管段冲蚀速率。     

人工煤气管道萘颗粒沉积规律研究

针对萘在人工煤气管道中沉积会造成管道堵塞,影响管道的安全运行的这一问题,以昆明人工煤气管道为例,运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,选用离散相模型和雷诺应力模型,对水平直管、水平弯管和三通管进行萘颗粒沉积的数值模拟,对于不同的管径、弯曲比、管径比,分别分析萘颗粒直径、入口速度、温度及压力对萘颗粒沉积的影响。研究结果表明:水平直管、水平弯管、三通管中的萘颗粒沉积率与颗粒粒径成正相关关系,而与气流入口速度、压力成负相关关系;萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积率主要受颗粒直径、气流入口速度的影响;萘颗粒的沉积率随着水平直管的管径增大而增大,随着水平弯管的弯曲比增大而增大,随着三通管的管径比增大而先增大后减小;可通过适当增大管内煤气输送速度、压力,降低温度来降低萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积速度,进而减少萘颗粒沉积的发生。     

Numerical study of choked two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through orifices

Valves and orifices are the most widely devices of flow control used in oil and gas industry. In particular, they are installed in relief piping system in order to control the discharge flow during potential plant overpressuring scenarios, thus ensuring plant safety. It is a common practice to flow liquid and gas mixtures through such restriction devices.Rigorous models are available to precisely size pressure relief devices operating in single phase flow; however for two-phase flow, no models are considered sufficiently reliable for predicting the relevant flow conditions.In the present paper, two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through an orifice under critical conditions has been numerically investigated.The existing literature has been analyzed and data on two-phase flow of highly volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons through openings have been collected. A comparison has been carried out with numerical simulations carried out by the multiphase flow simulation tool OLGA by SPT.The Henry–Fauske model has been used as orifice choke model and the orifice discharge flow coefficient, required as input by OLGA, has been calculated by Chisholm's model.Comparison between OLGA's results and experimental data shows that Henry–Fauske model markedly underestimates the mass flow rate through the orifice, if Chisholm's model is used to calculate discharge coefficient. It was found that the error of the model could be minimized using different values of orifice discharge coefficient (C_d).A new discharge flow coefficient model, suitable for choked two-phase flow across orifices, is proposed in this study and it has been determined to match the above mentioned experimental measurements.     

快速接头内壁冲蚀规律的数值模拟分析*

为进一步改善快速接头受连续相作用易失效、内壁冲蚀磨损严重的问题,采用CFD软件中的Realizable k-ε湍流模型,对不同入口速度下的快速接头冲蚀磨损情况运用数值模拟方法分析,得到快速接头内部的流场分布及其冲蚀磨损情况。结果表明:快速接头的冲蚀主要集中在管径缩小段的大小管道交界处,且在管径突变处流体的压力、速度会发生明显变化。在粒径不变,其余变量恒定的情况下,入口流速越大,最大冲蚀速率随之增大;改变相同粒径颗粒的质量流率,可以看出最大冲蚀速率与质量流率呈正相关关系。模拟得到的不同入口速度、质量流率下在快速接头中的流动冲蚀规律,可对提高接头使用寿命、液冷散热器的平稳运行提供必要的参考。     

中压天然气管道泄漏扩散模拟研究

建立了埋地中压天然气管道发生泄漏时时的数学模型,将土壤视为各向同性的多孔介质,采用FLUENT对天然气在土壤中的扩散规律及浓度分布进行模拟,分析不同时刻地表的危险区域范围,并对比了不同管道压力、泄漏孔径大小、泄漏位置等工况下危险半径随时间的变化。结果表明:管道压力越大,泄漏的体积流量越大,同一时间危险范围越大;相同的泄漏压力下,泄漏孔径对危险半径没有很大影响;不同泄漏孔位置,泄漏初期向上开口时危险半径最大,一段时间后向下开口危险半径最大。     

Assessment of the maximum possible liquid superheat during flashing leak flow

During the discharge of flashing liquids through leaks due to abrupt depressurization a transient thermodynamic non-equilibrium in the form of a boiling delay in the superheated liquid flow can occur. As a consequence the actual mass flow quality is smaller than calculated under the assumption of an immediate adjustment of the thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases. For the prediction of the leak mass flow for a given pressure difference the magnitude of this self-adjusting mass flow quality is needed.

Most of the models cited in the literature include only the equilibrium mass quality as limiting quantity and ignore further effects as that of the depressurization velocity or the mean nucleus distance. For the assessment of the maximum possible liquid superheat during flashing only the conduction heat transfer from a stagnant liquid to the bubble surface is used to describe the bubble growth.

The sub-model for the bubble growth due to expansion and mass transfer necessary for the global prediction of the transient thermodynamic non-equilibrium in flashing liquids was validated using bubble radii measured by Hooper et al. [Bubble growth and pressure relationship in the flashing of superheated water. Technical publication 6904, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Toronto, 1969] for the case of a sudden depressurization of initially saturated water. On this basis the calculated time-dependent temperature field, the actual mass quality, the mean liquid temperature and, in comparison to the corresponding values based on the assumption of immediate thermodynamic equilibrium, the maximum possible liquid superheat are predicted.     

瓦斯爆炸在角联通风管网中的传播特性研究*

为研究真实通风工况下瓦斯爆炸冲击波在复杂管网内的超压演化规律及高温传播规律,采用数值模拟方法,研究角联通风管网模型中各个监测点在不同通风条件下对瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压及高温的影响规律,研究结果表明:瓦斯爆炸冲击波在角联管网传播过程中产生3个局部高压区域,高温气体主要在左、右通路内传播,斜角联分支内只受到微弱影响;管网入口风流的存在,使得爆炸初期冲击波超压经相同距离传播用时更短,峰值更大,破坏力更强;风流的存在使得管网内高温气体传播状态发生改变,斜角联分支与左通路尾部热量发生积聚,温度峰值更大。     

受限空间内粉尘流动的浓度分布模型及其数值模拟

受限空间内颗粒的流动规律对研究颗粒输送和净化等有很大的作用,在其基础上运用气固两相流动理论中的欧拉-拉格朗日离散相模型和湍流等模型,并以该模型为基础,采用计算流体力学的软件,以通风管道为例,对受限空间内粉尘浓度分布规律进行数值模拟。分析和讨论气体风速、管径的变化对通风管道内浓度分布的影响,同时对管道后底部附近的直线和点处浓度随进口风速变化进行模拟和监测。通过结果和对比表明该模拟较好地体现了粉尘等颗粒在管道等受限空间实际情况,具有重要的参考和借鉴作用。     

基于稳态与非稳态的喷吹管内流场的对比研究

针对等孔径喷吹管,利用CFD软件对其内流场进行数值模拟,得到不同入口流量条件下的流场分布特性。对喷吹管进行非稳态流场模拟,并与稳态模拟结果分析比较,模拟结果误差控制在1%以内,验证了将喷吹管非稳态内流场简化为稳态流场分析具有一定的可行性。沿着喷吹管气流流动方向,喷嘴出口流量分布不均匀,整体有增大的趋势;沿喷吹管轴向气流渐趋均匀,即越靠近端面,喷吹偏心角越小,甚至为0。     

袋式除尘器喷吹管的气流均匀性研究

针对袋式除尘器喷吹气流不均匀性的问题,利用CFD数值模拟建立含有不同结构参数的喷吹管气流分布模型,通过正交试验方法,选取了喷吹管管径D,喷嘴孔径d,喷嘴个数N,喷嘴间距L及喷嘴长度H为主要因素,选取L25（56）正交表得到25组方案,用方差分析法找到了影响喷吹气流不均匀性的主要因素,并采用流量修正和重复迭代的方法对喷嘴孔径进行优化设计,获得较好的气流量分布,为喷吹管设计提供了参考;对修正后的喷吹管,得到不同入口流量下的喷吹管气流不均匀的变化情况。     

基于有限元的局部突变位移载荷下埋地管道力学分析

冻土融沉、盐渍土溶陷等地质灾害会导致局部土壤产生一定位移,对埋地长输管道安全性构成威胁。为保障埋地管道的安全运行,建立了局部突变型位移载荷作用下埋地管道力学分析模型,采用非线性土弹簧描述管土相互作用,分析了局部突变区域长度及突变位移量对埋地管道受力的影响。研究结果表明:因局部突变区长度与突变位移量的不同,管道存在3种受力状态,当局部突变区域长度大于临界突变区长度时,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不产生耦合,此时在突变区域两端可等效为2个垂直正断层,即为第一种受力状态;当突变区域长度小于临界突变区长度时,随着突变位移的增加,管道应变随之增加,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不断叠加,即为第二种受力状态;在第二种受力状态基础上,当突变位移大于临界突变位移时,管道应变不再发生变化,管道等效为受到垂向均布荷载的作用,即为第三种受力状态。研究结果可为工程中管道穿越地质灾害区域的设计提供参考。     

供水管网震后流量监测点的动态分级优化布局研究

为了提高管网地震监测点布局的准确性和合理性,基于管网微观水力计算模型和动态分级法,提出供水管网震后流量监测点的动态分级优化布局模型。首先,利用管网微观水力计算模型计算管段流量的影响系数,构建管段的影响系数矩阵,并利用信息熵确定管段权重;其次,标准化处理影响系数矩阵,通过聚类迭代提出供水管网地震流量监测点优化布局的动态分级方法,对供水管网震后流量监测点进行优化布置分级评定;最后,根据工程实例进行方法实践,结果表明:供水管网中的管线分类较为科学合理,地震监测点在供水管网上分布也比较均匀,而且该模型在一定程度上消除了人为因素的影响,保障了震时管网的监控效果和日常建设的合理性。     

电容层析成像技术及其在哈龙灭火剂两相流测量中的应用研究

分析了电容层析成像技术的原理、应用现状,针对灭火管网中常见的哈龙灭火剂与氮气(空气)两相流,研究了将电容层析成像技术应用于哈龙灭火管网内对哈龙灭火剂/氮气(空气)两相流的流动状态以及空隙率进行测量的方法。根据不同物质的介电常数不同,通过电容传感器获取初始数据,然后根据获取的电容测量值和图像重建算法重建哈龙灭火剂/氮气(空气)两相流横截面的图像,最终获得灭火管网内哈龙灭火剂/氮气(空气)两相流的流动状态以及空隙率。     

高速气固两相流作用下的煤化工管材冲蚀磨损行为研究

为解决煤化工业中节流阀突扩口高速气固两相流对管壁材质的冲蚀磨损问题,利用基于激波管原理驱动的气固两相流冲蚀实验装置,试验研究冲击角度、温度对煤化工管材(10#、AISI304)的冲蚀磨损规律。研究结果表明:10#、AISI304管材的冲蚀率将随着冲击角度的增加而先增大后减小;室温下,10#、AISI 304钢的最大冲蚀率均出现在15°~30°区间;随着温度的升高,10#的最大冲蚀率出现在30°~45°区间,AISI304最大冲蚀率出现在30°。10#在30°,45°冲击角度下冲蚀磨损率会随温度上升显著上升,在15°冲击角度下冲蚀磨损率反而会随温度上升而下降。AISI 304在15°,30°,45°冲击角度下,冲蚀磨损率均会随温度上升而上升;在特定条件下,10#管材的冲蚀性能将优于AISI304。