Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines

The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel pipelines and other fuel handling components is now becoming widespread. In the case of buried or underground pipelines in filling station forecourts the use of these materials offers superior corrosion resistance and increased longevity. This in turn reduces the risk of pollution due to fuel leakage. It is well reported that the flow of fuel under certain conditions in metal pipes can produce significant levels of electrostatic charge on the fuel. Little work, however, has been undertaken on plastic pipe where charge can accumulate at the fuel/pipe wall interface.This paper reports on tests performed on a full-scale, high-density, polyethylene pipework system. During the tests, an iso-octane/toluene fuel mix of controlled and known electrical conductivity was transferred through the system at varying flow rates. Both buried and free-standing pipeline configurations were simulated. A number of test runs were performed yielding considerable data relating to the resultant electrostatic activity including electrostatic potential, the nature and location of electrostatic discharges and the discharge energy. The influence of components such as in-line valves and couplings, which have a metallic component, are also evaluated. The extensive data resulting from this study are presented graphically. The paper concludes with an analytical section and draws important conclusions with regard to the parameters influencing the degree of ignition hazard present.     

Regulations of major accident hazards control in Serbia and their implementation

The paper presents a brief summary of contents and implementation of the current Serbian regulations on the prevention and control of major accidents involving dangerous materials. Further, it discusses issues connected with implementation of the regulation, including inspection, review, and approval of safety reports. This regulation comprises legal requirements and methodological guidelines for risk analysis and preparation of emergency plans. Although the roots of the Serbian regulation are basically in the Seveso I Directive, this study revealed significant differences compared with current regulations and practice in Europe.     

Global process industry initiatives to reduce major accident hazards

In the past 10 years, the vapor cloud explosion at Texas City, the ammonium nitrate explosion in Toulouse, a pipeline disaster in Belgium, and three near total loss events in Norway have highlighted that major accident process safety is still a serious issue. Hopes that PSM or Safety Case regulations would reduce process events by 80% have not proven true. The Baker Panel, convened after Texas City developed a series of recommendations, mainly around leadership, incentives, safety culture and more effective implementation of PSM systems. Many US-based companies are working hard to implement the Baker recommendations. In Europe, an approach built around safety barriers, especially relating to technical safety systems, is being widely adopted.The author’s company has carried out a global survey of process industry initiatives, for both upstream and downstream activities, to identify what the industry itself is planning to enhance process safety in the next 5-10 years. This paper presents a summary of some of the major programs and initiatives as apply to traditional oil majors, newer national oil companies, and the chemical industry. These are a mixture of Baker recommendations, barrier approaches and tighter integration of process safety and asset integrity. While the factor of 10 improvement achieved in occupational safety over the past 20 years seems unattainable for process safety, a factor of 3-4 improvement in the next 20 years does seem possible. This would call for significant effort on the part of operators, but the benefits fully justify the effort.     

重大危险源监控系统发展历程

从重大危险源安全监管的现实需求出发，对重大危险源监控系统进行全面系统地研究，及时掌握重大危险源监控技术的发展进程，是安全科研工作的必需．本文对重大危险源监控系统的发展历程进行研究与总结，指出各类监控系统的优缺点，便于科研人员及时了解与掌握重大危险源监控技术的最新进展，为重大危险源安全监管提供重要的科技支撑。     

放射性材料运输事故泄漏概率分析

根据放射性材料运输事故过程探讨了放射性材料道路运输导致放射性泄漏污染事故的风险评价模型,基于运输事故统计数据和事故载荷环境严重度分类建立了放射性材料运输泄漏事故发生率的定量评估方法.应用结果表明,该方法能对放射性材料运输泄漏事故概率进行初步定量估算.     

尾矿库事故隐患及风险表征与防控方法*

为解决尾矿库安全隐患及风险,应用基于证据(Evidence-based)方法和事故树分析模型,辨识并表征尾矿库事故影响因素、隐患及耦合状态,根据事件发生可能性、潜在后果严重性和受体暴露程度相关独立参数,给出尾矿库事故风险表征方法,建立尾矿库事故多情景、多阶段（3段）、多层次和多等级（4级）风险防控框架。结果表明:对尾矿库5类事故（溃坝、漫顶、渗流、输送冒漏、库区扬尘）进行分析,得出基本事件或蛰伏隐患对尾矿库事故结构重要度或影响程度,给出尾矿库事故风险3维表征方法,并结合巴西布鲁马迪尼奥尾矿库进行实例应用,确定尾矿库风险等级（最高级4级）,验证方法可行性与有效性。研究结果可为尾矿库减灾防灾提供理论支撑与实践指导。     

Risk indicators for major hazards on offshore installations

Major hazards risk indicators are proposed for offshore installations, based on what has been used by the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway for the Risk Level approach in the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry. Since 2002 also leading indicators are used, in the sense that indicators for barrier performance are included together with the lagging indicators. There are individual indicators for a number of barrier functions, including fire and gas detection, a number of safety valves, active fire protection and mustering of personnel. The performance of the leading indicators during several years of data collection as well as lessons learned from the project are discussed. This is followed by a review of how indicators may be used by individual companies, and how the lessons may be utilised by individual companies to develop risk indicators for individual installations as well as company wide indicators.     

重大危险源辨识与监控是企业建立事故应急体系的基础

本文简要介绍了重大工业事故预防控制体系要素和国家法律、法规与政策对企业重大危险源监控与应急体系建设的要求,论述了重大危险源辨识、监控是企业建立事故应急体系和重大事故预防控制体系的基础和前提,对企业重大危险源监控和应急预案编制要求提出了建议.     

基于集对分析法的重大危险源危险性评价

介绍了集对分析方法的基本原理,给出了考虑指标权重与不考虑指标权重两种情况下的系统危险性评价步骤,并将系统危险性的评价结果与集对势相结合来判断系统危险性态势,以某涂装车间为例,对其进行了危险性评价.结果表明,在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况下,该涂装车间均处于"一般安全"等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,也说明了该涂装车间需要进一步采取安全措施,提高其安全程度,从而避免事故的发生.     

广东省重特大火灾事故统计分析及预防控制

通过收集整理1991 - 2010年广东省重特大火灾事故数据,从广东省重特大火灾事故概况人手,归纳重特大火灾事故发生发展趋势、伤亡情况以及与经济增长的关系,并主要从直接原因、空间分布和时间分布等为分类依据对广东省重特大火灾事故进行深入分析.研究表明:广东省重特大火灾事故主要发生在凌晨和午后时段及夏季和季节转换期,主要分布于生产场所和普通仓库;广东省重特大火灾是管理疏忽、意识淡薄、设备陈旧、可燃物管理不善、自救能力弱等多因素综合的结果.本文从安全管理、安全技术以及安全法律法规等方面,提出火灾预防和控制对策,如针对性的安全检查、提高监控能力、合理制定应急预案及定期演练计划、强化初期火灾处理能力等,综合各方之力,保障消防安全.     

重大事故应急预案评审技术研究

重大事故应急预案评审是重大事故应急预案管理中的一个重要环节,为了进一步提高应急预案的针对性、实用性和可操作性,完善重大事故应急预案体系,应进行重大事故应急预案的评审。本文主要介绍重大事故应急预案评审的目的及原则,重大事故应急预案评审应遵循的基本准则,以及重大事故应急预案评审的基本方法和内容要求。     

基于层次-模糊评价法的山区油气管道地质灾害易发性研究

针对山区油气管道地质灾害的基本特征,将层次分析与模糊综合评价相结合,建立起可用于山区管道地质灾害易发性评价的层次-模糊评价模型;并从自然因素、管道敷设状况、灾害活动和设计与误操作四个方面建立山区油气管道地质灾害易发性评价体系.首先依据专家经验构造各层影响因素的判断矩阵,并利用层次分析法求出各影响因素的权重集,然后对山区油气管道地质灾害易发性进行多级模糊综合评价,最终根据评价结果确定山区油气管道地质灾害易发性等级.通过具体实例检验了本文所建立评价方法的应用效果.     

重大危险源事故风险预警技术研究

重大危险源事故风险预警技术是事故控制技术中的一大研究重点。本文通过对比分析安全生产领域常用事故预警模型的优缺点,总结了事故预警模型的发展趋势,提出了基于模糊综合评判技术和动态模糊神经网络技术的重大危险源事故风险预警模型,详细陈述其构建过程,最后对液化石油气蒸气云爆炸事故应用该模型,得到了较好的预测效果,实现了风险程度的定量化预警。该预警模型具有快速的自学习能力和容错能力,能够同时处理多种风险因素、自动生成模糊规则并满足预警系统的实时性要求,可应用于重大危险源在线监控预警系统,为企业端和政府端监管者提供有效的重大危险源事故风险定量化预警信息,为遏制重大灾难事故的发生、减少死亡人、数受伤人数和直接经济损失提供先进的理论和技术支撑。     

流动危险源毒气泄漏事故伤害模型研究

笔者介绍了危险货物道路运输的现状和特点，阐述了进行流动危险源事故后果分析的必要性，提出了流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故伤害模型，并利用该模型进行了数值模拟，证明该模型分析流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故的后果是可行的。     

城际重大危险源应急网络协同及其经济性研究

为提高城际应急资源的利用效率,本文从城际应急网络资源协同共享的角度分析应急网络协同的经济性,研究当前应急工作不断增加的资源需求与应急资源有限性之间的矛盾,指出城市应在注意节约、维护及合理使用与配置自身拥有资源的同时,更要加强与周边城市进行城际资源共享协调.提出了发生灾害时的城际应急资源协同模式,建立此时所需应急资源量的最小化模型,并证明了城际网络协同能够在对灾害做到快速应急反应的同时,节约资源.实现城际资源协同的经济效益.     

Learning organisations for major hazards and the role of the regulator

A learning organisation is one that not only values and encourages learning from its own experiences, but also looks beyond itself for lessons, and avoids complacency. To be a learning organisation is a key part of the safety culture of any organisation involved with major hazard processes. It facilitates learning which can reduce the risk from major accident hazards. The paper provides a learning organisation toolkit which synthesises, from various literature sources, an understanding of what a learning organisation is and how to begin to develop one within an organisation. The paper illustrates how the regulator can be a learning organisation for major hazards, using the example of HSE's offshore fire, explosion and risk assessment team.     

贮罐类重大危险源三维风险分级模型研究

为了实现重大危险源分级监管,基于风险管理理论,建立贮罐类重大危险源定性三维分级模型和风险定量分级模型。提出风险评价敏感性因素,选取可能性影响因素、严重性影响因素、敏感性影响因素3类风险评价指标。使用层次分析法(AHP)计算贮罐风险分级指标权重。根据风险可接受准则,将贮罐类重大危险源风险等级划分为4级,实现基于三维风险模型的贮罐类重大危险源快速分级。结果表明:用贮罐类重大危险源三维风险分级模型,通过简单数学模型计算贮罐风险值,能为企业提供风险分级标准,有助于实现政府对贮罐类重大危险源分级监管。     

The major accident risk (MAR) process - developing the profile of major accident risk for a large multi national oil company

The paper describes a programme to develop the profile of major accident risk across a large multi national oil company. It describes the concepts, tools and processes for constructing the risk profile and some of the key learnings from the exercise.     

Risk assessment of major hazards: the effect of ground slope

Liquefied gases, such as chlorine and ammonia, are stored in large quantities at industrial sites. If released accidentally, they form a heavy gas cloud that has the potential to kill or injure large numbers of people. The dispersion of such a cloud is thus of interest to the risk assessment community [Nussey, Pantony, & Smallwood, 1992. HSE’s risk assessment tool, RISKAT. In: Major Hazards: Onshore and Offshore. pp. 607–638].Little is understood about the effect of slope on risk. Here, the risk (probability) of being exposed to the gas cloud, given a release, is considered; probability language is needed because wind direction is assumed to be a random variable.This paper shows how the risk of being exposed to toxic gas released over a slope may be estimated using simple physical modelling.The physical model used is that of Tickle [J. Hazard. Mater. 49 (1996) 29], who showed that a finite-volume instantaneous release on an inclined plane can form a stable wedge-shaped cloud that moves down the line of greatest slope. Nonzero windspeeds are accounted for by following Tickle’s suggestion of vectorially adding windspeed to the advection induced by the slope.A range of windspeeds and slopes are considered. The slopes substantially affect the risk in the sense that the predicted risk contours are far from circularly symmetric.     

基于人机可靠性的重大危险源事故概率计算

重大危险源的管理与控制一直以来都是应急工作的重中之重.运用马尔可夫过程研究了化工企业重大危险源事故发生的概率,在基于马尔可夫事故概率假设模型的基础上,分析了化工企业重大危险源事故概率数学模型,并且考虑到有外界环境作用的影响下对重大危险源发生事故的影响,以及考虑在外界人员干预的条件下人员的素质及其操作正确与否对突发事件发生的影响,并进行了相关实例计算.所给概率模型可用于重大危险源的安全评价.