易燃与可燃液体的特性

正凡遇火、受热或与氧化剂接触能着火或爆炸、闪点≤60℃的液体称为易燃液体。评价液体的火灾爆炸危险性,可以按液体的下述物理化学性质来进行。(1)闪点和燃点闪点和燃点是鉴别液体火灾危险性的重要标志,闪点和燃点越低则越易引起燃烧。对于易燃液体,由于燃点和闪点很接近,一般只差1℃~5℃,因此在有关资料中只标记闪点而不标记燃点。对于可燃液体,其闪点在100℃以上的,它们的闪点和燃点之间相差30℃以上。在生产中控制在燃点以下,即可达到安全生产的目的。     

多组分可燃液体闪点的实验研究

利用闭口闪点测定仪、开口闪点测定仪对不同情况下组成的多组分可燃液体的闪点进行了实验研究,并对闪点测试准确性的影响因素进行了探讨,总结出部分可燃液体混合物闪点的变化规律及测试准确度的影响因素。研究发现:①完全互溶的混合物,其闪点靠近闪点低的物质的闪点;随着闪点低的物质含量的增加,闪点降低;②含有水的混合物,闪点随不燃液体含量的增加而升高;③样品量、点火次数、加热速率等对闪点测试值均有一定的影响。该研究结论为可燃液体混合物的闪点预测与安全储运提供重要依据。     

含卤代烃类物质闭口杯闪点测试探究

总结了常见的闪点测试方法,介绍了卤代烃燃烧自由基理论及闪点预测模型,通过实验研究了卤代烃在闭口杯闪点测试中对常见可燃液体闪点的影响。     

可燃气体(液体蒸气)的爆炸极限与最大允许氧含量的对比研究

通过实验研究了可燃气体(液体蒸气)的爆炸极限规律,从全新的角度分析了各种浓度可燃气体(液体蒸气)的最大允许氧含量的规律,并运用数值分析原理拟合出其规律函数,可从理论上求得各种浓度可燃气体(液体蒸气)的最大允许氧含量值。通过爆炸极限和最大允许氧含量规律的对比研究,分析了两者相辅相成的重要关系,指出两者从不同角度界定了可燃气体(液体蒸气)的爆炸范围,是衡量可燃气体(液体蒸气)爆炸危险性的两个重要参数。     

正丁醇-乙二醇二元混合液体系的闪点性能研究

使用一种二元理想溶液的闪点预测模型预测不同物质的量配比的正丁醇-乙二醇混合物的闪点,分析闪点预测值的变化规律,并进行非线性拟合,得出拟合方程。随后进行一系列实验测定不同物质的量和体积配比的混合物闪点,分析两者的数据变化趋势及影响因素。最后将闪点实验值与预测值进行对比,得出正丁醇-乙二醇的混合可燃液体整体闪点虽然较低,但有一定的危险性。     

乙二胺-水混合液闪点的试验研究

乙二胺为水溶性液体,能与水以任意比例互溶,其混合液的闪点随乙二胺体积比的降低而升高。通过试验研究乙二胺水溶液的闪点,确定其火灾危险性,为乙二胺液体火灾采用水作为灭火剂的可行性提供试验支持。     

闪燃 闪点 着火 燃点

一切可燃物质,由于种类及其组成该物质元素的不同,其闪点、燃点、受热自燃、本身自燃和爆炸着火的现象也不相同。掌握可燃物质燃烧的基本现象; 对于我们预防火灾的发生和同火灾作斗争有着很重要的作用。 闪燃与闪点 可燃液体受热时所挥发的蒸气与空气混合后,遇明火引起闪电式的燃烧现象,称为闪燃。为什么会发生闪电式燃烧呢? 当用明火放到不同温度的可燃液体表面上去试验时,会发生不燃、闪燃、着火三种现象。当某种可燃液体的温度被提高到一定程度后,这种液体蒸发速度加快,蒸气浓度增加,用明火接触时,即能引起闪电式的燃烧。但由于液体在该…     

二元互溶可燃混合液体闪点预测模型研究

基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)原理,开展二元互溶可燃混合液体闪点与其结构信息间的内在定量关系(M-QSPR)研究。以332个不同组成和配比的二元互溶可燃混合液体闪点试验数据作为研究样本,根据体系中各纯组分的结构信息,计算相应的混合物描述符(SiRMS,Simplex Representation of Molecular Structure),应用遗传-多元线性回归(GA-MLR)算法从中优化筛选出一组与该体系闪点最密切相关的原子碎片参数作为输入参数,分别采用多元线性回归(MLR)和支持向量机(SVM)算法建立理论预测模型,并将其与文献已有模型进行比较。结果表明,MLR和SVM对测试集样本的平均绝对误差(AAE)分别为4.142 K、1.551 K,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为4.911 K、2.220 K,决定系数(R~2)分别为0.818、0.962。研究表明,影响二元混合液体闪点的主要SiRMS结构因素是■和■,并且随体系中■、■、■四原子碎片增多,闪点升高;随体系中■、■、■四原子碎片增多,闪点降低。同时,与内部交互作用和分子间非加和作用相比,分子间的可加和作用对该体系闪点的影响更为显著;与原子的局部电荷相比,原子类型对该体系闪点的影响更为显著。     

危险化学品安全知识(下)

正(接上期)十一、易燃、可燃液体是如何分类的?根据闪点,将能燃烧的液体分为两类四级:第一级:闪点在28℃以下,如汽油、酒精等。第二级:闪点在28~45℃之间,如丁醇、煤油等。第三级:闪点在46~120℃之间,如苯酚、柴油等。第四级:闪点在121℃以上,如润滑油、桐油等。属于第一、第二级的液体称为易燃液体,属于第三、第四级的液体称为可燃液体。十二、化学品中毒应急     

二元混合液体闪点的计算

以混合溶液纯组分易燃液体闪点的饱和蒸气压为基础,应用乌拉尔定律、双液系的气-液相平衡理论,运用Le Chatelier方程和安托因方程导出二元混合液的闪点计算方法。并例举易燃液体与易燃液体组成的理想混合液、易燃液体与易燃液体组成的非理想混合液、易燃液体与不燃液体组成的非理想混合液的计算过程。乙醇溶液闪点的计算结果与现有的文献资料比较,误差在允许范围内。计算数据用Excel处理,快捷准确,用于确定二元混合液体的火灾危险性。     

Analyzing effective factors on leakage-induced hydrogen fires

Currently, novel energy resources are receiving increasing attention as a response to the limitation in fossil fuels as well as their adverse effects on human health. Hydrogen, one of the most abundant elements on the earth, can be regarded as a new energy source to replace fossil fuels. Therefore, safety assessment of the relating processes is very crucial by increasing use of hydrogen as a fuel source. In this regard, consequence analysis for risk assessment and power reduction is very important. The present study aims at modeling hydrogen dispersion along with consequence analyses for such events as jet fire and flash fire. The model was validated by using the data derived from a study on hydrogen leakage in supply pipelines in the laboratory of the University of Pisa. Modeling results reveal that ambient conditions will impose a milder impact on leakage consequences if internal pressure is high in release source. The safe distance was also estimated to be 14 m. Dispersion consequence modeling was performed, followed by the evaluation of the effect of environmental (i.e., stability, ambient temperature, surface roughness, wind speed, and humidity) and process (i.e., vessel temperature and pressure, leakage diameter, and releasing point height) parameters on maximum size flammable vapor cloud and maximum level jet fire radiation on the ground. The size of flammable vapor cloud (consequence dispersion index) and the maximum flux of radiation were affected by process parameters more than ambient parameters. Leakage diameter and the vessel pressure were found to have the highest impact on the operational parameters.     

易燃液体仓库安全监控系统研究

通过对易燃液体仓库的潜在危险的分析和研究,以及火灾爆炸危险性分析,说明安全监控技术的重要性。在对监测参数进行分析的基础上,给出了对监测易燃液体仓库的安全监控系统和监测点的布置以及采用合适的探测器。     

The study of burning behaviors and quantitative risk assessment for 0# diesel oil pool fires

The liquid fuel safety issues on fuel storage, transportation and processing have gained most attention because of the high fire risk. In this paper, some 0# diesel pool fire experiments with different diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted with initial fuel thicknesses of 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively, to obtain liquid fuel combustion characteristics. Some key parameters including mass burning rate, flame height and the flame radiative heat flux, associated with fire risk, were investigated and determined. Subsequently, a detail quantitative risk assessment framework for 0# diesel pool fire is proposed based on the 0# diesel burning characteristics. In the framework, the probability of personal dead and the facility failure are calculated by the vulnerability models, respectively. In the end, 10 special tank fire scenarios were selected to show the whole risk calculation process. The tank diameter and the distance to pool fires were paid more attention in the cases. The safety distances in the cases are provided for the persons and nearby facilities, respectively. The paper enriches the basic experimental data and the provided framework is useful to the management of 0# diesel tank areas.     

常压及低压下锂电池热失控随数量变化特性

为明确在地面常压环境和商用飞机巡航高度低气压环境下锂电池热失控火灾危险特性随电池数量的变化关系,分别于95 kPa地面常压环境和20 kPa低压环境下,开展不同电池数量梯度的热失控试验,测量热释放速率,总热释放量,烟气温度,CO、CO2和碳氢等气体的实时体积分数.结果表明:最高热释放速率和总热释放量与电池数量均呈幂函数...     

Performance evaluation of a water mist system in semiconductor wet bench fires

Wet benches are typically utilized in semiconductor facilities for wafer and parts cleaning. Heaters and some flammable liquids, such as acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA), are employed during the cleaning process. Wet bench fires have caused serious losses in the semiconductor industry. To assess the fire protection performance, several field tests were performed using a water mist system installed in the wet bench. In this study, acetone pan fuel was used as fire source. The test parameters were operational pressure, pan size, nozzle location, cylinder obstruction and degree of door closure. An appropriate design for operating pressure and the location of water mist nozzles extinguished wet bench fires effectively in the early fire stages. The nozzles are suggested to be fixed above or on the each side of the pan, ensuring that mist can completely cover a pan surface with sufficient momentum. With this suggested design, fires can be extinguished in the pan and do not spread over the wet bench.     

Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines

In this paper, safety distances around pipelines transmitting liquefied petroleum gas and pressurized natural gas are determined considering the possible outcomes of an accidental event associated with fuel gas release from pressurized transmission systems. Possible outcomes of an accidental fuel gas release were determined by performing the Event Tree Analysis approach. Safety distances were computed for two pipeline transmission systems of pressurized natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas existing in Greece using real data given by Greek Refineries and the Greek Public Gas Enterprise. The software packages chetah and breeze were used for thermochemical mixture properties estimation and quantitative consequence assessment, respectively. Safety distance determination was performed considering jet fire and gas dispersion to the lower flammable limit as the worst-case scenarios corresponding to immediate and delayed cloud ignition. The results showed that the jet fire scenario should be considered as the limiter for safety distances determination in the vicinity of natural and petroleum gas pipelines. Based on this conclusion, the obtained results were further treated to yield functional diagrams for prompt safety distance estimation. In addition, qualitative conclusions were made regarding the effect of atmospheric conditions on possible events. Thus, wind velocity was found to dominate during a jet fire event suppressing the thermal radiation effect, whereas gas dispersion was found to be affected mainly by solar radiation that favors the faster dissolution of fuel gas below the lower flammable limit.     

The effect of changing the fuel of the LASTFIRE test

The LASTFIRE test is intended for the evaluation of foams used in extinguishing fires of flammable and combustible liquids in storage tanks in refinery and oil related facilities. The purpose of this study is to find, experimentally, an alternative fuel to be used in the LASTFIRE test, as a replacement for the heptane fuel, which is normally used in this test. Beside heptane, three other fuels are tested in the current study: diesel, jet A1 and kerosene. The study involved performing the LASTFIRE test, using each of the fuels and then comparing the results. The same foam is used as an extinguishing agent for all the tests and for each fuel, tests are conducted three times with separate foam discharging nozzles: semi-aspirated, aspirated and system. Using a commonly used scoring system, the results of the four fuels are evaluated. Any replaceable fuel should obtain the similar score as that is obtained by heptane. The study shows that none of the three alternatives has been judged to be suitable to replace heptane, in the LASTFIRE test.     

Experimental investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene,hexane, and hydrogen

Quantifying the risk of accidental ignition of flammable mixtures is extremely important in industry and aviation safety. The concept of a minimum ignition energy (MIE), obtained using a capacitive spark discharge ignition source, has traditionally formed the basis for determining the hazard posed by fuels. While extensive tabulations of historical MIE data exist, there has been little work done on ignition of realistic industrial and aviation fuels, such as gasoline or kerosene. In the current work, spark ignition tests are performed in a gaseous kerosene–air mixture with a liquid fuel temperature of 60 °C and a fixed spark gap of 3.3 mm. The required ignition energy was examined, and a range of spark energies over which there is a probability of ignition is identified and compared with previous test results in Jet A (aviation kerosene). The kerosene results are also compared with ignition test results obtained in previous work for traditional hydrogen-based surrogate mixtures used in safety testing as well as two hexane–air mixtures. Additionally, the statistical nature of spark ignition is discussed.     

阻燃抑爆柴油的燃烧性能和排放研究

以-10号军用柴油为基础油配置阻燃抑爆柴油,在WP10.290发动机上进行了台架实验,考察了使用阻燃抑爆柴油时的动力性、经济性和排放性。结果表明:燃用阻燃抑爆柴油相比于燃用-10号军柴会一定程度上降低输出功率和扭矩,动力性能下降2.31%~4.26%;燃用阻燃抑爆柴油时平均质量燃油消耗率较燃用军用柴油时增加了5.74%。体积燃油消耗率与军用柴油相比,平均增加了4.32%;能够降低NO的排放,NO的排放量相较于-10号军柴降低了7%~19%;能够降低排气温度,相比较于-10#军柴,阻燃抑爆柴油的排气温度最大可以降低19.5℃。     

纸喷雾离子源质谱对易燃液体的快速分析方法研究

为提高对易燃液体的快速检测分析能力,在经典纸喷雾质谱的基础上,发展建立了三种新型的基于纸喷雾离子化的质谱方法,分别为基于针尖辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于导电纸辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于金属网辅助纸喷雾质谱。结果显示,在优化的实验条件下,可以迅速检测到样品中的目标化合物质子化峰。对于汽油样品,目标化合物主要是烷基吡啶类同系物;对于柴油样品,目标化合物主要是几种系列的含氮杂环芳香族化合物的同系物。对汽油和柴油样品的检测浓度均能达到5×103 ppm。这三种敞开式离子源质谱方法在对易燃液体的分析中,具有选择性好、无需样品前处理、分析迅速的特点。