环己烷泄漏事故模拟与风险控制措施研究

环己烷具有闪点低、爆炸极限宽等特点,一旦发生泄漏,着火爆炸的危险性随时存在。利用计算流体动力学模拟的方法对工程项目中环己烷的泄漏事故进行模拟及风险分析,建立环己酮生产装置的全尺寸三维模型并进行仿真计算,模拟了不同泄漏场景所形成的环己烷可燃气体云团瞬态发展过程及影响范围,并对建构筑物的布局对可燃气体云团的扩散行为的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,通过优化建构筑物布局,可有效降低该装置环己烷的燃爆风险,为企业相关装置的总图布置及环己烷泄漏的安全监控和应急响应提供有价值的参考数据。     

化工园区泄漏事故安全风险评估模式研究

为减少化工事故频发造成严重人员伤亡及财产损失,在分析危化品泄漏事故类型的基础上,从事故发生概率和事故后果两方面提出危化品泄漏事故风险评估模型.以中毒事故为例,对重庆长寿化工园区内某企业一液氨储罐进行风险评估.基于概率模型计算中毒事故概率,结果表明该储罐发生泄漏引起中毒的概率较小;数值模拟结果显示:影响范围随时间的增加而...     

基于SAFETI软件的天然气储配厂罐区定量风险分析

为了评估城市燃气设施的风险、提高周边居民区的安全水平、保障城市燃气的正常安全生产,通过DNV公司的SAFETI软件对于某储配厂的天然气罐区进行了泄漏后果的模拟和定量风险分析,得出了罐区天然气泄漏产生的爆炸和火灾的事故后果,及该储配厂的个人风险和社会风险水平。提出了防止和减轻事故危害的措施,并为储配厂的风险防控和应急准备提供了科学依据。结果表明即使城市燃气设施建设运营符合国家的各项标准,在发生大孔泄漏时依然可能对周边环境造成影响。     

基于FLACS的LPG槽车卸车作业泄漏后果影响研究

为探究LPG槽车发生泄漏时环境因素的影响关系,针对LPG槽车的万向管与槽车连接处脱落卸车场景,通过后果模拟软件FLACS进行事故仿真,研究LPG槽车在不同风速、风向、环境温度下的泄漏规律。研究结果表明：风速越大,可燃气云体积越小,达到峰值的时间更早,物料浓度更低;不同风向下扩散距离越大,可燃气云体积越小,物料浓度越低;LPG浓度随泄漏扩散距离呈衰减现象,环境温度对于LPG扩散的浓度分布影响较小;发生泄漏事故时,应保持直立状态尽快逃离泄漏区域。     

风险严重度指数法在毒气泄漏评价中的应用

为评价某区域或某设备潜在的毒气泄漏事故场景的风险水平,以对不同的风险等级进行风险控制和安全规划,详细介绍了工业事故风险评估方法ARAMIS所采用的风险严重度指数法.首先基于事故频率和后果的风险矩阵选取毒气泄漏事故场景;然后运用毒气当量浓度计算任意暴露时间下不同风险严重度等级所对应的特征距离,并根据同一风险等级内风险严重度指数与距离的线性关系计算任意点的风险严重度指数;最后应用1个实例分析了考虑所研究区域的风向概率后对风险严重度指数的真实影响,便于工厂或企业识别不同的风险等级,进行不同场景下风险水平的对比性研究,为其安全设计及风险分析提供了一种新的评估方法.     

液氨储罐泄漏中毒事故的个人风险分析

分析液氨储罐泄漏中毒事故的个人风险,为厂区的安全规划及防护措施方案的制订提供科学依据.以天津某化工厂液氨储罐为例,根据中毒事故个人风险计算方法计算液氨储罐周围区域的个人风险值,同时采用Surfer 8.0软件绘制该区域的个人风险等值线,实现风险分析结果在地图信息中的可视化.结果表明,液氨储罐泄漏可能会造成严重中毒事故;中毒事故个人风险值受该地区风向概率影响较大.首次将Surfer 8.0软件应用于绘制个人风险等值线,展示了该软件在表示个人风险方面很大的应用和推广价值.     

基于PHAST的甲醇储罐定量风险分析

基于甲醇在储存中可能存在的各种泄漏事故类型,结合挪威船级社(DNV)定量风险分析软件SAFETI中的PHAST模块,分析了甲醇的危险特性以及储存中泄漏事故危险性,并运用PHAST对甲醇储罐发生泄漏后的火灾、爆炸事故后果及风险进行定量风险评价,模拟预测事故后果及风险。通过模拟分析,得出事故影响程度的计算机模拟图表和报告,并提出了防止和减轻事故危害的措施,从而为甲醇罐区的安全提供指导。     

芳烃装置歧化单元苯泄漏及暴露风险模拟研究

为定量评估芳烃装置歧化单元安全和环境风险,采用机制模型与传统危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)相结合的方法,对该装置的循环氢压缩机失效等3个典型事故进行定量危害分析;针对3起事故中发生的苯泄漏情形,进一步采用工艺危害分析软件(PHAST)和危险环境区域(ALOHA)软件,模拟苯泄漏和扩散行为,并定量评价不同人员环境暴露吸入风险。结果表明:由于气团爬升效应和泄漏速率连续变化,PHAST的计算结果比ALOHA更准确;苯泄漏下风向不同位置的环境暴露风险处于10~(-5)~10~(-4)范围。     

危险化学品大气污染事故模拟

近年来国内突发性危险化学品大气污染事故频繁发生,为及时做出风险评估及救援决策,需要在事故初发阶段快速模拟确定其危害程度和范围。以东部沿海地区某一假想化工厂突发性泄漏事故为例,对其可能的危害范围进行模拟,采用WRF-CALMET模式模拟事故区域的高分辨率气象场,耦合随机模式模拟污染物的扩散过程。结果表明,WRF能精确地模拟1 km分辨率的近地面气象场的演变趋势。将该结果用于CALMET模式获得了高分辨率风场数据,再输入随机模式中进行扩散模拟,结果显示该模式能合理地模拟出污染物的危害范围及地面最高浓度。     

基于BP神经网络的苯储罐泄漏事故风险评价模型研究

为了在事故发生之前对苯储罐进行风险评价，提出1种基于BP神经网络的泄漏事故风险评价方法，利用该方法构建了苯储罐的风险评价模型，并对模型进行了训练及验证。研究结果表明:BP神经网络成功完成了建模任务，且模型训练结果较好，可利用基于BP神经网络所构建的苯泄漏事故风险评价模型对苯储罐发生泄漏事故的风险进行评价。     

在役工业厂房建筑维护管理分析评价

在调研了全国各区域各行业工业厂房结构安全的基础上,提出工业厂房后期运营阶段的结构安全性和可靠性需要通过科学的维修制度来保证。分析了引起工业厂房结构失检、误判的因素,建立了相应的评价指标体系,以评价企业厂房结构安全的维护管理水平。理论分析和实例评价表明,通过提高维护管理水平可以减少厂房结构失检、误判事件的发生,加强厂房的检测、维护,可以有效预防工业厂房结构渐发性事故发生,在有限成本内实现对工业厂房结构安全管理的效益最大化。     

对非国有企业因工伤亡事故的思考

针对非国有企业频发因工伤亡事故的现象，概括分析了引发因工伤亡事故的原因，只重生产、忽视安全、设备陈旧、工艺落后、从业人员素质低、上岗前不进行安全教育和必要的培训、家庭传统式的安全管理在非国有企业随处可见，导致伤亡事故频发。因此，加强对非国有企业的领导，各生产工序严格安全生产操作规程，企业加大安全生产投入，加强安全监管力度，发现隐患，及时整改，这是杜绝和控制伤亡事故频发的基本途径。     

Fuzzy Application Procedure (FAP) for the risk assessment of occupational accidents

This paper concerns a procedure to quantify the risk of occupational accidents based on Fuzzy Logic approach, named Fuzzy Application Procedure (FAP). FAP was developed as a support tool, after the method based on fuzzy logic was developed and validated. The methodology and FAP support tool were found to be able to quantitatively assess the risk of occupational accidents for different industrial and site activities and to identify the most efficient intervention measures that can be taken to reduce risks. The application of FAP to two Italian industrial plant allowed the validation of the procedure. It can be seen how FAP should be considered easy to use for any type of company, with the only requirement of having a sufficient and homogeneous number of accidents recorded, so as to be able to correctly tune the reference parameters of the fuzzy methodology.     

A proactive process risk assessment approach based on job hazard analysis and resilient engineering

Complex systems often experience a long period of incubation before accidents occur. Therefore, a proactive risk assessment is essential for process safety. The conventional job hazard analysis (JHA) method has been an effective tool to conduct a process risk assessment in the high-risk industrial field. However, the conventional JHA is inadequate for the proactive risk assessment since it is usually conducted during and before one specific operation process. Operations such as startup and maintenance are performed repeatedly on the lifecycle of a plant. Therefore, the risk reduction measures for the industrial process should include not only preventive actions obtained from the conventional JHA but also recovery ones. Resilience engineering (RE) has proven to be helpful for the recovery analysis of a complex system. The objective of this paper is to propose a proactive and comprehensive process risk assessment approach based on JHA and RE. The mechanism of applying RE to address operation process risk is illustrated. The integrated approach can provide guidelines to establish proactive risk reduction measures as well as maintain a low-risk level. Finally, a gas transmission startup process risk assessment case is presented to demonstrate its applicability.     

The unfolding of Bhopal disaster

As an employee of Union Carbide India at the Bhopal plant, I know how the disaster happened. The merciless cost-cutting severely affecting materials of construction, maintenance, training, manpower and morale resulted in the disaster that was waiting to happen. Significant differences between the West Virginia, USA plant and the Bhopal, India plant show the callous disregard of the corporation for the people of the developing countries. The narrative below, if given a proper thought by the management and governments, should help in significantly reducing industrial accidents.     

Loss prevention in turnaround maintenance projects by selecting contractors based on safety criteria using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

Turnaround maintenance (TAM) is a usual plant shutdown that is done by process industries to perform asset inspections, repairs, and overhauls. TAM engineering projects are needed on a periodic basis to optimize a plant's performance. Process industrial plants usually don't have enough in-house manpower to carry out needed TAM jobs; it is not uncommon for a process industrial plant to outsource its TAM manpower supply to external contractors. This will create a peculiar management challenge regarding how to assure orientation of safety practices for the newly hired labor. Although accidents during process plant shutdowns may have severe consequences, the safety management systems in place for many companies only cover normal operations and few explicitly address TAM projects. Usually, contractors are evaluated from a safety perspective after handling the project by monitoring safety indicators such as number of injuries, incidents, etc. This paper emphasizes safety attributes to be included in selecting contractors at the bidding stage to assure loss prevention and better safety orientation during TAM implementation. The paper starts with reviewing TAM literature and defining main needed safety attributes to prequalify contractors. It develops an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model that is applied to rank TAM contractors' selection. A case study is presented for a petrochemical plant in Saudi Arabia to demonstrate the AHP model.     

企业重大事故应急预案编制探讨

针对企业编制预案时存在的共性问题,提出了企业预案的核心内容要求,明确了企业预案中应当包括的主要应急行动程序;采用基于应急功能分析的整体预案编制方法,提出了企业预案的基本框架,并对预案中有关报警、警报和备案等问题进行了讨论.     

基于风险的工业管道在线检测技术研究

化工装置工业管道面临焊接和腐蚀两大问题,装置的长期运行与管道定期检验的矛盾日益突出.通过对数字射线、脉冲涡流、超声导波三种管道在线检测技术的对比分析,结合基于风险的检验(RBI)理念,探索出一套适用于工业管道在线检验的技术,对节约企业成本、保障管道安全具有重要意义.     

工业噪声对脑认知影响的功率谱估计分析

为明确工业噪声对大脑认知的负面影响,采集火电厂球磨机的工业噪声,征集10名在校大学生在90 dB(A)的稳态工业噪声状态下及安静状态下的32导联脑电图(EEC).采用傅里叶变换方法进行频域分析,提取δ频段、θ频段、α1频段、α2频段和β频段功率谱,并进行统计分析.结果 表明:噪声环境与静音环境相比较,被试在δ频段、θ频...     

工业园区污水处理厂运行管理控制要点分析

本文以某工业园区污水处理厂日常运行管理为例,总结了工业园区污水处理厂运行过程中的管理控制要点。