腐殖酸对污染土壤中铊赋存形态的影响

通过实验室土壤培养实验,研究腐殖酸对土壤中铊形态转化的影响.结果表明:添加腐殖酸后,铊的酸可交换比重由30.51%下降到13.57%;铊的Fe/Mn氧化物结合比重由3.7%增加到10.96%;铊的有机质结合态比重由0.67%增加到11.08%;铊的残余态比重几乎无变化.随着腐殖酸用量增多,可促进土壤铊酸可交换态向Fe/Mn氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化,降低重金属的可迁移性和生物可利用性.说明腐殖酸可以固定土壤中的铊,其作用机制在于腐殖酸具备的络合(螯合)能力和胶体特性.     

土壤性质对土壤中汞赋存形态的影响

土壤是一个复杂的生态系统,典型相关分析表明,土壤的组成性状对土壤中汞的形态分布影响较大,影响因子主要有ＦＡ,ＨＡ,有机质和碳酸盐含量,土壤粘粒作用较小,土壤有机质表现出很强的表面络合能力。     

腐殖酸对铊污染土壤中铊形态和分布的影响

选用云浮含铊硫铁矿周围冲积土壤为供试样品,在土样中投加不同比例腐殖酸,采用连续浸提法对比研究了外源腐殖酸对受铊污染土中的铊不同形态及活性的影响.结果表明:随腐殖酸投入比的加大,酸可交换态含量明显下降,Fe/Mn氧化物结合态反之,有机质结合态与Fe/Mn氧化物结合态雷同,残余态几乎无变化;腐殖酸对酸可交换态铊分配比率最高为13.6%～30.5%,分别是有机态铊和Fe/Mn氧化态铊的2.8～15.1倍和2.8～3.7倍.结果说明腐殖酸有降低冲积土壤上有害活动态铊的功能,其作用机制在于腐殖酸具备的络合(螯合)能力和胶体特性.研究确认,腐殖酸可作为土壤重金属污染修复的优质材料.     

改良剂对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响

采用室内模拟培养修复方法研究海泡石、骨炭、油菜秸秆和生石灰对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响,结果表明,酸性土壤中添加这4种改良剂均显著性地提高土壤的pH.添加油菜秸秆和生石灰处理可显著地降低土壤酸可提取态Zn含量,培养2个月后,土壤酸可提取态Zn含量分别比对照降低17.4%和34.6%.4种改良剂中,除了海泡石外,油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰处理均可以显著地降低土壤中酸可提取态Pb含量.添加油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰可使土壤可交换态Pb比对照分别降低87.1%、82.6%和25.6%(培养1个月),93.7%、73.3%和39.0%(培养2个月).油菜秸秆和骨炭是具有修复Pb污染土壤的潜力材料.     

湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤中重金属铅、铜形态影响

采用田区试验研究了田间种植冬小麦条件下,底泥土地利用前后土壤中重金属铅、铜的形态演变及小麦各器官中铅、铜的富集。结果表明,随着底泥施用量的增加,土壤中重金属铅、铜的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残渣态均有不同程度的增加,本试验所有处理中,可交换态铅的质量分数范围为0.02~0.10 mg·kg-1,碳酸盐结合态铅的质量分数范围为0.04~0.24 mg·kg-1,铁锰氧化物结合态铅质量分数为0.41~1.88 mg·kg-1,有机物结合态铅质量分数范围为1.23~4.92 mg·kg-1,残渣态铅质量分数范围为4.82~23.66 mg·kg-1;各处理与对照相比,可交换态铜质量分数增加了40.00%~200.00%,碳酸盐结合态铜质量分数增加了36.84%~363.16%,铁锰氧化物结合态铜质量分数增加了7.17~45.15%,有机结合态铜质量分数增加了7.98%~62.61%,残渣态铜质量分数增加了0.12%~9.69%,各处理的残渣态铅、铜质量分数均较高。随着底泥用量增加,小麦根系、茎叶、籽粒中铅、铜质量分数均呈增加趋势,植株对重金属铅、铜的富集顺序为根系>茎叶>籽粒,铜的富集系数均大于铅。小麦籽粒产量、茎叶生物量及地上部生物量随着底泥施用量的增加,均出现了先增加后减少的现象,当小麦籽粒产量达到最大值时,籽粒中铅、铜质量分数未超出我国相应标准,依此确定底泥环境安全施用量为3051.29 t·hm-2。     

有机酸对根际土壤中铅形态及其生物毒性的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续浸提方法研究外源柠檬酸、EDTA对根际土壤中Pb形态转化及其生物毒性的影响。结果表明，有机酸能明显活化根际土壤中的Pb，高浓度(3mmol／L)比低浓度(0．5mmol／L)的柠檬酸对Pb的活化能力强；EDTA在低浓度(0．5mmol／L)时对Pb的活化能力就很强。柠檬酸、EDTA能增强土壤Pb的毒性，提高小麦根部对Pb的吸收，并促进Pb由根部向地上部转移。     

土壤pH对锰赋存形态的影响

以热带亚热带土壤为研究对象，用连续分级浸提法探讨了土壤中锰赋存形态与ｐＨ值的关系。结果表明：土壤中的锰处于一种动态平衡状态，各形态锰的含量及其占全锰的比例随ｐＨ的变化而变化，其中代换态锰和有机态锰随ｐＨ值升高而减少，氧化态锰、无定形铁结合态锰和晶形铁结合态锰则随ｐＨ值升高而增加，土壤中锰的生物有效性则随ｐＨ值升高而降低。     

水分条件对紫色土中铅形态转化的影响

以培养试验模拟3种水分条件（80％田间持水量、于湿交替及淹水）下,重金属铅（Pb）在紫色土中形态转化的动态过程,结果表明,外源Pb进入紫色土后,随着培养时间的增长由交换态向碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化物态、有机结合态转变,残渣态所占比例基本稳定．Elovieh方程可以拟合交换态Pb在紫色土中转化的动力学过程．交换态Pb在土壤中的...     

改良剂对土壤Sb赋存形态和生物可给性的影响

采用室内土壤培养法研究不同改良剂(骨炭、生物调理剂、沸石、石灰、油菜秸秆、生物炭、堆肥和赤泥)对土壤Sb化学形态转化和生物可给性的影响.结果表明,除堆肥处理外,添加5%的其他7种改良剂均显著地提高了土壤的p H值,其中石灰处理p H最为明显.BCR分级提取表明,土壤Sb主要以残渣态形式存在.添加生石灰、骨炭和生物调理剂显著地提高了土壤Sb的移动性,而添加赤泥、生物炭和堆肥却显著地降低了土壤Sb的移动性.添加不同的改良剂对土壤Sb的生物可给性也有影响,但是受不同培养时间影响较大.培养2个月后,添加5%的堆肥、5%赤泥和5%生物炭处理导致土壤Sb的生物可给性含量分别比对照降低38%、23%和20%;而添加5%的石灰、5%油菜秸秆和5%的生物调理剂处理导致土壤Sb的生物可给性含量分别比对照提高1.07倍、1.06倍和1.11倍.堆肥、赤泥和生物炭是钝化Sb污染土壤的潜力材料.     

土壤中腐殖酸对外源农用稀土生物可利用性的影响

采用盆栽实验方法,研究了腐殖酸对稀土元素在土壤-植物体系中的迁移、富集和生物可利用性的影响,结果表明,在试验土壤红壤中,稀土元素主要富集在小麦根部,加入低浓度的腐殖酸后,促进了小麦对稀土元素的吸收：而高浓度的腐殖酸则抑制小麦对稀土元素的吸收,腐殖酸浓度过高时,对小麦生长产生毒害作用,同时发现,小麦中叶绿素含量与小麦中稀土含量存在相关关系。     

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2,4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) of humic acids (HAs) were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong. UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C=C content. The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration. The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B. This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D ? C > A > B, and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.     

酸性紫色土腐殖酸对毒死蜱的水解和吸附作用

土壤组分与农药的环境化学行为之间存在着密切的关系。腐殖酸是土壤有机质的重要成分,由于其复杂的结构和所含的多种功能基团,对各种污染物具有强烈的吸持作用,从而对农药的环境行为产生重要影响。采用平衡振荡法研究酸性紫色土腐殖酸对毒死蜱水解的影响和毒死蜱在酸性紫色土腐殖酸上吸附的影响因素。结果表明,酸性紫色土腐殖酸可促进毒死蜱水解,腐殖酸质量浓度从0mg·L-1增大到360mg·L-1时,毒死蜱的水解速率常数k增大了2倍。毒死蜱在腐殖酸上的吸附行为均可用Linear方程和Freundlich方程来描述,拟合效果均达到显著水平;试验条件下温度为15℃时的吸附量最大,随着试验温度的升高吸附量呈现出先降低后增大的趋势;pH减小,吸附能力增大;离子强度对吸附影响不明显;腐殖酸添加量增大,单位质量腐殖酸的吸附量减小。     

呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响

土壤在维持全球碳、氮循环中起着重要的作用。利用土壤粒级分组的方法,分析了呼伦贝尔草原土壤有机碳、全氮、阳离子交换量,并探讨其空间差异与成因。结果表明,(1)在呼伦贝尔草原,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)在不同地质发育的土壤类型中变异较大,而土壤粘粉粒组分中的有机碳(SOCclay-silt)、全氮(TNclay-silt)质量分数变异较小。在土壤表层(0~20cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.24%~3.70%、0.0316~0.3403mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均质量分数分别为3.61%±0.50%、0.3440%±0.0251%。在土壤下层(20~40cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.13%~2.91%、0.0175~0.2511mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均值分别为2.65%±0.63%、0.2622%±0.0923%。(2)土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤粘粉粒比例之间呈显著的正相关,表明土壤粘粉粒比例愈高,土壤有机碳和全氮在土壤中稳定性就愈强。     

不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其组分影响研究

测定了5种土地利用方式下（人工草地、围封样地、一年耕地、弃耕地、自由放牧样地）土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳组分含量特征,比较分析土地利用变化对典型草原土壤起源下土壤有机碳组分的变化。结果表明,1）人工草地土壤有机碳含量为（14．98±3．47）g·kg-1,围封样地的为（12．41±6．40）g·kg-1,一年耕地的为（12．20±5．59）g·kg-1,弃耕样地的为（10．39±5．08）g·kg-1,自由放牧样地的为（9．45±3．19）g·kg-1。人工草地土壤有机碳含量明显高于其他样地,围封样地和一年耕地的含量相似,自由放牧样地的含量最小。2）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的含量在不同土地利用方式下的变化趋势与土壤有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致。土壤有机碳及其组分含量在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低。3）土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化态碳和轻组有机碳的平均分配比率在不同类型样地范围分别为0．24％～0．66％、0．002％～0．019％和0．05％-0．25％,显示出各组分对土壤环境变化的敏感度不同,其中土壤微生物生物量碳更能反映土壤有机碳的早期变化,可以作为表征土壤有机碳变化和土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

典型pH条件下水中离子对腐殖酸絮凝体构造的影响

分析评价了几种典型化学条件对腐殖酸絮凝体构造的影响.研究结果表明,在pH=5.0低投药量下以共聚络合为主要混凝机理所形成的絮凝体结构密实,粒径分布均匀,强度大.而pH=5高投药量以及pH=7.0两种情况下的混凝机理都是以吸附和网扫絮凝为主,此时形成的絮凝体构造特征相似,尽管尺寸较大,但是结构松散,强度较小.针对水中常见的主量阴阳离子,分析探讨了典型离子对絮凝体构造特征的影响.研究表明,Cl-在腐殖酸水样中的存在对絮凝体构造基本没有影响,而SO24-和SiO23-在水样中的存在可使腐殖酸絮凝体尺寸增加0.05—0.13 mm左右,但结构比较开放松散,同时絮凝体的黏结力(即抗剪切力)大大削弱,降低了约0.018—0.047 N·m-2,并且SO24-对腐殖酸絮体构造的影响大于SiO23-对其的影响.然而,引入阳离子会对絮凝体的构造起到不同程度的改善作用.其中以Ca2+、Mg2+为代表的高价阳离子对絮凝体构造影响较大,形成的絮凝体结构密实,尺寸较大,抗剪切能力强.高价阳离子的存在会使絮凝体的粒径增加0.08—0.15 mm,抗剪切力增加0.002—0.013 N·m-2,而以K+、Na+为代表的低价阳离子对絮凝体构造的影响较小.     

Effects of humic acid and surfactants on the aggregation kinetics of manganese dioxide colloids

The aggregation of common manganese dioxide (MnO₂) colloids has great impact on their surface reactivity and therefore on their fates as well as associated natural and synthetic contaminants in engineered (e.g. water treatment) and natural aquatic environments. Nevertheless, little is known about the aggregation kinetics of MnO₂ colloids and the effect of humic acid (HA) and surfactants on these. In this study, the early stage aggregation kinetics of MnO₂ nanoparticles in NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂ solutions in the presence of HA and surfactants (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) were modeled through time-resolved dynamic light scattering. In the presence of HA, MnO₂ colloids were significantly stabilized with a critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of ~300 mmol·L^-1 NaNO₃ and 4 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂. Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) measurements confirmed that steric hindrance may be primarily responsible for increasing colloidal stability in the presence of HA. Moreover, the molecular and/or chemical properties of HA might impact its stabilizing efficiency. In the case of PVP, only a slight increase of aggregation kinetics was observed, due to steric reactions originating from adsorbed layers of PVP on the MnO₂ surface. Consequently, higher CCC values were obtained in the presence of PVP. However, there was a negligible reduction in MnO₂ colloidal stability in the presence of 20 mg·L^-1SDS.     

Effects of humic acid on residual Al control in drinking water treatment plants with orthophosphate addition

This study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) on residual Al control in drinking water facilities that used orthophosphate addition. The results showed that adding orthophosphate was an effective method for residual Al control for the raw water without HA. When orthophosphate was added at 1.0 min before the addition of poly aluminum chloride (PACl), the concentrations of soluble aluminum (Sol-Al) and total aluminum (Tot-Al) residue were 0.08 and 0.086 mg·L^-1, respectively; both were reduced by 46% compared with the control experiment. The presence of HA would notably increase the residual Al concentration. For the raw water with 5 mg·L^-1 of HA, the concentrations of Sol-Al and Tot-Al increased from 0.136 and 0.174 mg·L^-1 to 0.172 and 0.272 mg·L^-1, respectively. For water with a HA concentration above 5 mg·L^-1, orthophosphate was ineffective in the control of residual Al, though there were still parts of orthophosphate were removed in coagulation. The amounts of Al removal were positively correlated with the solids freshly formed in coagulation. Similar to the raw water without HA, the best Al control was obtained with orthophosphate salt added at 1.0 min before PACl. HA concentrations in the raw water, solution pH, and the orthophosphate dosage suitable for residual Al control by orthophosphate precipitation were also investigated.     

土壤性质对水稻土中外源镉与铅生物有效性的影响

为定量了解土壤理化性质对进入土壤中的外源镉和铅生物有效性的影响,采集了性质相差较大的16个水稻土,通过添加Cd(或Pb)培养和老化处理(Cd的加入量为0、0.2、0.5、1、2和5 mg·kg-1;Pb加入量为0、20、50、100、200和500 mg·kg-1,培养时间为1年),研究了不同土壤中Cd(或Pb)负荷与土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)的关系.结果表明,随着Cd(或Pb)污染水平的提高,土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)均显著增加,但不同土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)随土壤Cd(或Pb)积累的增加幅度有很大的差异.相关分析表明,水稻土中水溶性Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平和pH值有关;而交换态Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平、pH值、CEC及质地等有关.数据显示,pH值较高、质地较黏的土壤可大大减缓因污染引起的CA和Pb生物有效性的提高.     

Comparative effects of different maize straw returning modes on soil humus composition and humic acid structural characteristics in Northeast China

In order to evaluate the effects of different maize straw returning modes on humus composition and humic acid (HA) structural, a field experiment was designed to have five treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (no straw returned), Treatment EIS (straw incorporated evenly into the soil using the crashing-ridging technique), Treatment SP (straw plowed into the soil), Treatment SM (straw returned as mulch) and Treatment SG (straw returned as pellets). Our results showed that Treatment EIS significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil humus substances (HEC), soil humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC) by 27.8%, 47.6%, 63.3% and 33.8%, respectively, as compared with CK. Among all the straw returning treatments, Treatment EIS was the most significant in effect of increasing the content of HEC, HAC and FAC. Moreover, Treatment EIS altered the composition of humus more significantly than all the other treatments, by increasing the proportion of alkyl C and the ratio of aliphatic C/aromatic C. These results suggest that straw returning accelerated the accumulation of soil organic C and various components of humus, significantly improved the structure of soil HA, with the practice of EIS in particular.