藻类对甲基汞的富集与传递研究进展

甲基汞是一种高毒性的污染物,其易累积在水生生物体内,从而对水生生态系统和人体健康产生危害.作为水生生态系统的初级生产者,藻类控制着进入食物链的甲基汞浓度和总量.藻类对甲基汞的显著富集作用及水生食物链传递过程导致其在高营养级生物中显著累积.因此,厘清藻类在甲基汞的富集与食物链传递过程中的作用对于揭示甲基汞的生物累积和预测甲基汞的环境风险具有重要意义.本文概述了藻类对甲基汞的富集与食物链传递特征与机制,总结了影响富集与食物链传递的生物与环境因素,讨论了全球变暖和富营养化等环境变化对藻类富集与传递甲基汞的影响,并展望了藻类富集甲基汞研究的发展方向.     

东海外海海域生物体内总汞蓄积差异性研究

为了解东海外海海域不同种类生物体内总汞的蓄积差异性,使用直接测汞仪测定在东海外海海域捕捞的不同种类生物可食组织中的总汞含量,从不同生物的食性、食物链层级、栖息水层等方面对其总汞含量差异性进行了初步比较分析。研究发现,东海外海海域22个品种共计104个样本中,总汞含量范围在0-0.557mg?kg~(-1)之间,平均值为0.103mg?kg~(-1),均低于GB 2762—2017标准限量值。不同食性生物体内的汞含量的差异关系为:底栖动物食性鱼类(0.153 mg?kg~(-1))浮游生物食性鱼类(0.093 mg?kg~(-1))鱼食性鱼类(0.084 mg?kg~(-1));汞可通过海洋食物链产生生物放大作用,处于食物链上层营养级的物种通过捕食行为使汞在食物链传递过程中产生一定的富集和放大效应;不同栖息水层的生物体总汞含量均值分布趋势为:泥沙底层(0.122 mg?kg~(-1))底层(0.067 mg?kg~(-1))中下层(0.060 mg?kg~(-1))中上层(0.041 mg?kg~(-1)),说明鱼体内的汞含量与其栖息水层密切相关,尤其是生活在泥沙底层或底层和中下层的生物体内的汞含量高于生活在中上层的生物,如短鳍红娘鱼(Lepidotrigla microptera,0.178 mg?kg~(-1))汞含量平均值高于竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus,0.042 mg?kg~(-1))。结果表明,东海外海海域生物体内总汞蓄积含量差异性与生物的种类、生活习性及其所处食物链结构和长度等因素有关。     

陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

稻田水体中汞的非生物甲基化研究

本文采用稻田原位培养的方法,考察了稻田水体汞的非生物甲基化及沼灌对稻田水体汞非生物甲基化的影响.结果表明,开阔水面无机汞甲基化的转化率为3.14%—3.17%,明显高于水稻行间(0.83%—1.95%),光照加速了稻田水体无机汞的甲基化过程.常规稻田水体中甲基汞以生成为主,表现为随着培养时间的延长,水体中甲基汞的含量逐渐增加至0.63 ng·L~(-1).与常规稻田水体相比,沼灌稻田水体先出现甲基汞的峰值,随着体系光量子的累积,甲基汞逐渐光解,其含量逐渐降低.常规稻田水甲基汞的含量与光照呈线性正相关关系(R~2=0.71—0.86),而沼灌稻田水中甲基汞的含量与光照呈抛物线关系(R~2=0.33—0.80).沼灌稻田水体中高分子量的溶解态有机质如腐殖质和富里酸的含量明显高于常规稻田水体,且芳香性物质含量占比较高,使其中无机汞的甲基化过程要更复杂.     

渔业养殖区水环境中汞的形态分布

为研究渔业养殖对水生生态环境中汞形态变化的影响,采用气相色谱-冷原子荧光法对浙江省舟山市六横岛海水样品中不同形态汞含量进行测定分析.结果表明,对于总汞(THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)和颗粒态汞(PHg),养殖区上浮水体与对照区上浮水体之间无显著差异(P0.05).纵向分布看,底层水体PHg含量要显著高于中间层和表层(P0.05),主要是由于沉积物向上浮水体释放大量颗粒物,而颗粒物本身对汞的吸附能力很强.对于上浮水体甲基汞含量分布,总甲基汞(TMe Hg)主要以(PMe Hg)的形态存在,且TMe Hg和PMe Hg在颗粒物含量较高的养殖区的含量要高于在对照区.但是,底层水体中可被微生物利用的溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)含量在对照区(0.066±0.009 pmol·L-1)要显著高于养殖区(0.031±0.007 pmol·L-1)(P0.05),这可能是由于常年养殖活动致使沉积物中大量有机物积累,有机物与无机汞离子络合,减少了汞的生物有效性,从而抑制了甲基汞的生成.     

五里河水体甲基汞污染及沉积物中甲基汞释放速度的初步研究

河流水体的汞污染,主要来源于工业生产中所排放的含汞废水。环境监测报告表明,生产氯碱的化工厂的含汞废水排入河流后,会使水体造成严重的汞污染。五里河就是这样一条被汞严重污染的河流,它是构成锦州湾海域汞污染的主要污染源。 从汞的化学形态来看,五里河水体的汞污染,可分为无机汞污染和有机汞(主要是甲基汞)污染。而处于水生生态环境中(主要是沉积物中)的无机汞,可以转化为甲基汞。由于甲基汞污染比无机汞污染对环境和人类具有更大的危害性,所以五里河水体中甲基汞     

万山矿区土壤汞对蚯蚓的生物有效性研究

以威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillemi)为试验生物,研究贵州万山矿区水稻土中汞〔w(总汞)为0.14~76 mg·kg-1,w(甲基汞)为0.65~3.8μg·kg-1〕的生物有效性。暴露试验结果表明,矿区土壤中甲基汞的生物富集因子(BAF)为5.37~17.55,高于无机汞的生物富集因子(0.14~1.14),说明甲基汞生物有效性比无机汞更高,具有潜在的生物放大效应。对蚯蚓体内汞形态的分析表明,蚯蚓体内甲基汞占总汞比例为0.26%~4.23%,高于土壤中甲基汞占总汞比例(0.1%)。随着土壤中汞浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内w(无机汞)(0.20~10.20 mg·kg-1)和w(甲基汞)(7.2~47.8μg·kg-1)增加。土壤无机汞浓度与蚯蚓体内无机汞浓度之间呈极显著线性相关(P0.01),但土壤甲基汞浓度与蚯蚓体内甲基汞浓度之间则不存在显著相关关系(P0.05)。综合文献调研结果,发现土壤无机汞浓度能较好地预测蚯蚓体内无机汞的富集。尽管万山矿区汞被认为是"惰性汞",但研究表明这些汞对蚯蚓仍具有较高的有效性,并可能在陆生生态系统中对蚯蚓捕食者产生潜在的生态风险。     

上海市吴泾工业区周边土壤和树叶中汞污染调查

对上海市吴泾工业区热电厂、氯碱厂、焦化厂周边土壤和树叶中汞及甲基汞的含量作了调查.结果显示,三个厂区周边土壤中总汞含量在几十到几百ng·g-1,而甲基汞的含量则很低.树叶中总汞浓度约为十几到几十ng·g-1.三个厂中以热电厂周边土壤和树叶中的总汞含量最高,氯碱厂甲基汞含量比较大.三个厂区周边土壤和植物部分受到了汞污染.     

不同条件下河口裸滩地汞、甲基汞含量变化

选择辽河口裸滩表、底层(0—10 cm和10—20 cm)沉积物作为研究对象,利用恒温培养法进行模拟培养,探讨在不同盐度(CK、0.50%、1.50%和1.80%)、不同温度(10℃、20℃和30℃)以及不同淹水状态(全淹水和半淹水)下河口裸滩表层和底层(0—10 cm和10—20 cm)沉积物中汞和甲基汞含量的变化趋势.研究发现,随着淹水盐度升高,沉积物中总汞含量逐渐降低;在10℃时,沉积物中甲基汞含量均低于纯化后沉积物,但随淹水盐度升高逐渐升高;温度为20℃和30℃时,甲基汞含量在淹水盐度为1.50%时最高.相同盐度条件下,沉积物中总汞含量随环境温度(10—30℃)升高而逐渐降低,甲基汞含量则逐渐增加;沉积物淹水状态为全淹水时比半淹水状态更有利于沉积物中无机汞的释放和甲基汞的形成.淹水盐度和环境温度的改变,更容易引起表层(0—10 cm)沉积物中汞的释放和甲基汞的产生.     

典型城市人工湿地优势植物汞分布特征

以重庆市4个典型城市人工湿地(观音塘湿地公园、彩云湖国家湿地公园、园博园湿地公园、秀湖湿地公园)为研究对象,分别于2017年3、6、9、12月调查并采集了湿地优势植物样品,分析样品总汞、甲基汞浓度,探讨城市人工湿地中植物汞的时空分布特征.结果表明,调查区域植物汞质量浓度范围为45.29—231.01μg·kg~(-1)(平均值为33.99±8.61μg·kg~(-1)).甲基汞质量浓度范围为45.29—232.01 ng·kg~(-1)(平均值为145.45±48.72 ng·kg~(-1));其中,园博园湿地植物总汞质量浓度最低,观音塘湿地公园植物甲基汞质量浓度均较其他3个湿地公园植物高;在同一湿地中,植物总汞春秋浓度较高,夏季略有降低,冬季最低,而甲基汞浓度先逐渐升高,并在6—9月达到最大值,随后开始下降;植物根部总汞、甲基汞含量高于茎和叶.城市人工湿地植物有一定的汞富集能力,可在一定程度上减轻水体汞污染.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

The impact of the Jonglei Canal on the economy of the local people

The idea of saving the water lost in the ‘Sudd’ swamp through evaporation was conceived by Egypt and Sudan for their own interests, but not for those of the Nilotic peoples living in the flood plain. Concern for the local development was only taken into consideration after the 1974 Juba riots, when three people were killed and 200 arrested. The canal has caused displacement of people from their settlements and is blocking the seasonal movement of livestock and wildlife. Conflict may arise over the use of land for grazing or irrigation. The Nilotics are concerned about the possible negative environmental impact, and the loss of their cultural identity. They maintain that Egypt should pay them monetary compensation for the disruption that the canal has caused to their livelihood.

This paper assesses the impact that the Jonglei canal project will have on the economy of the Nilotics; traces the historical development of the project; outlines the social, political and economic organization of the Nilotics; and assesses the impact the project will have on the local population. The paper concludes by casting doubt on the benefits the canal will bring to the Nilotics.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明,目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。     

浅谈校园网ARP欺骗攻击与防御

ARP欺骗木马病毒是校园网络中经常出现的病毒攻击形式．基于ARP协议的概念和工作原理,并通过分析ARP欺骗的工作原理,提出了几种可行的解决ARP欺骗攻击的实用方法,以达到防范并解决ARP欺骗的目的．参5．