连云港市主要工业污染物排放强度的区域差异分析

污染物排放强度反映了单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小。运用均方差赋权法对连云港市各县区的工业废水量、化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、烟尘、工业粉尘和工业固体废物等7种主要污染物排放强度的区域差异进行了评价;然后分别将各县区污染物排放强度的最小数值作为各地区污染物排放强度目标值,计算各县区的污染物排放强度降低潜力。结果表明,七种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全市平均水平为1.30,市区污染物排放强度明显比县域的小;主要污染物排放强度减排潜力具有显著的区域间差异与区域内差异。最后从增加环境保护投资、改善能源使用结构、调整和优化产业结构和大力发展循环经济等方面提出了促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议。     

基于环境投入产出的多视角全球二氧化硫排放

国际贸易的迅速发展是贸易隐含污染物排放转移的主要驱动因素,排放转移的出现将排放责任的研究从生产者视角贡献逐渐引向了消费者视角贡献.合理的排放责任界定成为区域减排的重要参考.本研究利用多区域环境投入产出模型,以当前社会广泛关注的大气污染物二氧化硫为载体,详细分析了2007年全球各地区基于生产者视角、生产链末端视角、消费者视角、考量区域减排努力的改进的消费者视角的大气污染物排放贡献,并对各个视角下的区域排放进行比较和分析.结果表明:西欧、北美、日澳新等地区生产者、生产链末端、消费者视角的排放依次升高,而南亚、东亚地区的排放依次减小.大量的二氧化硫排放从西欧、北美随着国际贸易供应链转移到东亚地区.全球各地区二氧化硫排放强度的差异和全球贸易导致的生产格局的变化均为排放转移的原因.本研究是贸易引致环境问题研究的重要补充,为区域乃至全球从贸易角度降低区域大气污染问题提供了科学依据.     

污染物联合削减费用函数的建立及实证分析

以计量经济模型为手段,利用全国上千家重点污染源数据,从微观角度对工业企业的污染行为进行了经济分析,建立了企业污染物联合削减费用函数,并对水和大气污染物削减费用函数进行了回归.以2004年为例,说明了主要污染行业在不同的有效收费强度下的污染物排放强度,并在此基础上分别提出了不同行业不同污染物削减的边际费用,对排污收费政策进行了初步经济评估.结果表明:利用污染物联合削减费用函数对目前我国工业企业的污染物削减费用、边际削减费用和污染物排放浓度与有效收费强度之间进行定量分析是可行的;不同行业企业的水和大气污染物边际削减费用不同;为增强工业企业污染物削减的合理性和有效性,应针对不同行业制定污染物排放标准和收费标准;排放标准与削减费用的关系表明,企业要达到既定的污染物排放标准,其污染治理投入应达到一个合理的水平.      

通过废气量减排降低污染物排放技术综述

煤炭消费是我国SO2、NOx和颗粒物三大污染物排放的主要来源,世界上一半的煤炭在中国燃烧,废气量和污染物排放量巨大。相关行业的排放标准在逐步加严,而在排放标准限值固定条件下,废气排放量决定了污染物的排放总量。介绍了以钢铁和水泥工业为主的废气量减排技术,包括废气循环技术和废气梯度利用技术;并对其废气量减排潜力进行了分析。结果表明,通过废气量减排可有效降低污染物总量。     

海河流域主要污染物排放强度及其源结构解析——以2007年为例

以海河流域污染源普查数据为基础,通过污染物排放量、排放密度和排放行业结构分析,系统解析流域污染源结构.结果表明,流域废污水来源复杂,污染物排放空间差异显著,工业行业结构性污染突出.流域北部废污水排放以生活污水为主,南部以工业废水为主,COD排放以工业源为主.污染物排放空间格局上,COD排放主要集中在北三河、子牙河及徒骇马颊河水系;氨氮排放在子牙河水系高度集中;重金属、氰化物、挥发酚仅在局部区域集中排放.污染物行业结构上,造纸、食品和石化是COD主要排放行业,占排放总量75%;石化、食品和皮革是氨氮排放主要行业,占排放总量80%;重金属主要排放行业为石化、皮革和冶金.根据污染物排放强度分布和排放结构,子牙河水系是海河流域污染治理重点区域,造纸、食品和石化行业是污染负荷削减重点行业.     

浙江省制药行业典型挥发性有机物臭氧产生潜力分析及健康风险评价

以浙江省4类制药工艺8家大型制药企业排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)为基础,通过国际公认的臭氧产生潜力和健康风险评价指标对制药行业排放VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行了初步的评估.结果表明,制药行业排放VOCs的臭氧产生最大潜力介于16.1～79.2 mL.m-3之间,主要贡献物为乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲苯、二甲苯等9种物质,其中4种为VOCs排放特征中的主要污染物.另外,VOCs产生的健康危害主要是苯、环氧乙烷、甲醛及二氯甲烷这4种致癌物造成,占非致癌风险评估值的69%以上,占致癌风险值的100%.此外,通过对排放特征、臭氧产生潜力及健康风险评价比较发现,在制定VOCs排放标准时,特别是控制因子的筛选中不能忽视VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害.     

安徽经济增长与主要污染物排放量模型研究

本文以安徽1992-2006年环境统计数据和工业污染物排放量为基础,利用SPSS系统软件模拟了单位GDP和主要污染物排放的数量关系,建立了工业废水、COD、挥发酚、石油类、工业废气、SO2和烟尘排放量及工业固体废物产生量随单位GDP变化的数量模型.研究结果表明安徽的经济增长与主要工业污染物排放没有显示环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,工业污染物排放还没有达到转折点.     

上海市大气污染物排放现状评价、预测及对策研究

通过对1985-2001年间上海市大气污染物排放情况的考察,分析了SO2排放强度和人均SO2排放量等大气污染物排放指标变化的原因;与国内主要城市和美国的大气污染物排放指标对比情况表明,上海市大气污染物排放强度在国内处于较低的水平,但与发达国家相比还有较大差距;采用Sigmoid模型对上海市大气污染物排放进行了预测;提出了降低大气污染物排放的几点对策.     

市场一体化的工业污染排放机制:长江经济带例证

采用长江经济带2003~2015年105个城市面板数据,利用动态面板系统GMM方法探讨了市场一体化影响长江经济带工业二氧化硫、工业烟尘以及工业废水的实证结果及中间机制.研究表明：长江经济带各类工业污染物排放都具有动态累积效应以及存在路径依赖问题,市场规模加剧了工业污染排放,第三产业结构比例以及技术水平的提升则降低了各类工业污染排放水平,市场一体化存在影响各类工业污染物排放的规模、结构与技术传导路径.具体地,全样本中,市场一体化对各类工业污染排放物都具有技术中介效应,对于除工业烟尘之外的其他工业污染物排放具有市场规模中介效应,但第三产业结构中介效应不显著;分析区域异质性可知,与中下游地区相比,长江经济带上游地区市场一体化水平偏低,导致其对技术进步的促进不显著,缺乏影响各类工业污染物排放的技术中介效应,另外市场一体化对各地区工业烟尘的排放都具有一定的显著中介效应,至少能够从规模、结构以及技术进步层面找到一条显著的传导路径.本文推测,市场一体化对工业污染排放的影响可能受到了经济发展阶段、地区企业所有权属性、产业结构以及交通基础设施建设等潜在因素影响,而且工业烟尘排放量较大的行业是未来降低长江经济带工业污染排放的政策重点.     

“十二五”期间中国工业水污染排放的达标路径

该研究采用投入产出分析和结构分解分析方法,将影响中国"十二五"期间化学需氧量和氨氮排放量变化的因素分解为污染物排放浓度效应、强度效应、技术效应和最终需求效应。并对各效应引起水污染物排放量变化的影响程度进行评价。结果表明:(1)污染物排放浓度因素和强度因素对水污染物的减排具有积极效应,而技术因素和最终需求因素均起到负面作用。(2)总体而言,影响化学需氧量和氨氮排放量变化程度大的行业具有一定的集中性,工业方面主要集中在化工、食品、造纸、纺织、冶金、煤炭、石油和供应行业,大多为高耗水、高排放的行业。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.