大连市普兰店湾海域污染原因调查分析

近年来普兰店湾局部海域无机氮污染,污染源主要来源于陆源,针对这个问题对陆源进行了详细调查,调查范围主要是入海河流和入海排污口,通过对每条入海河流进行情况调查,分析污染原因,并跟踪调查监测入海排污口,并对入海河流和入海排污口的污染物排放量进行分析统计,得出结论普兰店湾局部海域无机氮污染的主要来源为入海河流,由于普兰店湾为...     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

入海排污口排查整治进展与分类分级整治策略研析

生态环境部将入海排污口排查整治作为渤海综合治理攻坚战的“当头炮”“牛鼻子”,在入海排污口排查、监测、溯源、整治上取得了积极成效。本文在总结入海排污口排查整治工作经验和问题的基础上,根据管理需求将入海排污口分为重点管理、一般管理和简化管理三级,并以问题为导向,提出不同类型和管理分级的入海排污口整治策略,将入海排污口整治与长效监管有机衔接,保障整治成效。     

唐山市近岸海域入海排污口监管对策研究

“十三五”期间,唐山市加大重点流域和海域综合整治力度,入海污染物总量大幅减少,近岸海域优良水质面积比例呈上升趋势,但入海排污口数量仍然较大,陆源污染物通过入海排污口进入海洋,对海洋生态环境质量产生一定影响。唐山市作为渤海入海排污口排查整治试点城市,通过总结排查整治方法和监管措施经验,提出明确排污口管理责任、推进排污口分类整治、加强监管能力建设、开展排污口动态更新等监督管理措施建议,为渤海入海排污口全面排查整治提供可复制、可推广、可借鉴的排污口排查整治经验。     

广东省入海污染变化趋势及减排对策措施研究

控制和削减入海污染是当前海洋环境保护和生态防控的重要内容和有效措施,通过对2011年-2015年广东省主要入海污染监测统计数据的综合比较分析,表明广东省主要入海排污口污染减排已取得一定成效,但是入海河流污染入海量仍呈上升趋势,局部近岸海域污染总体形势依然严峻.同时探讨了当前广东海洋污染减排的存在问题,进而提出构建基于环境容量的入海污染总量控制管理体系、推进流域环境综合治理、提升入海排污口减排效果、建立海陆统筹的海洋环保联动机制等对策措施.     

要闻

<正>为打好渤海综合治理攻坚战和长江保护修复攻坚战,生态环境部于2019年1—2月分别开展渤海入海排污口和长江入河排污口排查整治工作,采取"试点先行与全面铺开相结合"方式,计划利用2年时间完成"排查、监测、溯源、整治"4项任务。排污口排查整治工作有序推进A确立可复制推广的排污口排查整治责任机制通过试点工作,建立了排污口"交办给政府、落实到河长"的排查整治责任机制,先后制     

东海无机氮排海通量年际变化估算

通过系统收集和推算1980～2005年东海几种入海污染源的无机氮数据(河流、排污口、陆源面源、大气沉降和海水养殖)基础上,研究估算了东海无机氮的入海年际通量变化情况.结果表明,自20世纪80年代初至21世纪初,东海无机氮入海通量总体呈现上升趋势:由20世纪80年代初的8.8×105t.a-1左右逐渐增加到本世纪初的2.6×106t.a-1左右,年平均增长率为4.3%.长江作为东海最大入海河流,其无机氮排海通量占河流排海海通量的76.5%,排放量由80年代初的4.0×105t.a-1上升到80年代中期的6.2×105t.a-1,后保持在此值上下浮动,然后从90年代开始快速上升到本世纪初的1.8×106t.a-1.东海无机氮主要来源是以入海河流为主的陆源排放,大约为总量的79%,其中河流、排污口和陆源面源分别为73%、4%和2%.除陆源外,大气沉降约为18%,海水养殖约为3%.     

入海排污口选址生态适宜性分析与比选研究——以深圳近岸海域为例

入海排污口选址和方案比选对保护海洋环境资源,维护海洋生态系统安全起着非常重要的作用。针对近岸海域的区域特点,在广泛咨询与调研的基础上,辨析入海排污口选址的影响要素,从水域纳污适宜性和排污口工程建设可行性两方面构建入海排污口选址的生态适宜性评价指标体系;通过专家咨询与层次分析法相结合的方式确定单因子的权重,并采用生态适宜性方法进行综合评价;最后以深圳固戌污水处理厂为研究对象,通过计算分析确定其最优的入海排污口位置。该研究可为入海排污口的选址提供技术与决策支持,对于科学地开展海洋环境管理具有重大意义。     

惠州:六大会战"九全"治水

以剿灭直排七大水系劣Ⅴ类河涌为主攻方向,以国考省考断面水质全面达标为终极目标,全面打响"剿灭劣Ⅴ类河涌大会战、重点流域(海域)污染治理大会战、入河入海排污口整治大会战、污水处理设施建设大会战、养殖污染治理大会战、工业污染治理大会战"六大标志性战役。     

天津市入海排污口监管体系研究

入海排污口监管是海洋生态环境保护管理制度的重要一环,也是陆海统筹、系统治理的重要措施。本文聚焦入海排污口监管体系设计,针对天津市入海排污口监管存在的主要问题,系统地提出了入海排污口长效化管理机制建设思路和保障措施建议,为全国推广开展入海排污口监管提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.