上海市光化学污染期间挥发性有机物的组成特征及其对臭氧生成的影响研究

光化学污染导致的高浓度臭氧(O3)是上海面临的重要大气污染问题.本研究分别选取了市区(徐汇)、城郊(青浦)和郊区(南汇)3个典型地区在夏季光化学污染易发季节开展了O3及其前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)的观测,结合光化学箱模型研究探讨了O3生成的主控污染物.研究表明,不同地区O3污染呈现较强的同步性,日最大浓度也比较接近;但南汇郊区由于受机动车排放影响较小,NOx浓度显著低于其他两个地区,导致该地区O3浓度日变化曲线相对平缓,夜间O3浓度也维持在较高水平.大气VOCs浓度较高时,往往伴随高浓度的O3;3个地区VOCs浓度和组成差异明显,就VOCs浓度而言,徐汇青浦南汇;浓度贡献最主要的物种为甲苯、C2~C3的烷烃和烯烃、丙酮以及辛烷;而C7~C10芳香烃、C3~C4的烯烃、异戊二烯以及乙醛是上海大气臭氧生成潜势贡献最大的VOCs类物质.3个地区O3的生成主要受人为排放的二甲苯类和C3~C4烯烃类物质控制;对于徐汇,只控制NOx会导致O3浓度升高,而南汇郊区O3的生成对NOx排放不敏感.     

2020年成都市典型臭氧污染过程特征及敏感性

2020年4月24日至5月6日成都市臭氧(O3)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)复合污染过程期间,在成都市城区开展大气臭氧及其前体物(NO,、VOCs)和气象参数观测实验,基于观测数据采用OBM模型对市区臭氧敏感性和主控因子进行识别,并采用PMF模型对关键VOCs物种进行来源解析.结果表明,臭氧超标日各污染物浓度均有所上升,VOCs物种中芳香烃和含氧(氮)化合物上升幅度较大;成都市城区O3超标天对应的臭氧处于显著VOCs控制区,芳香烃和烯烃对O3生成最为敏感,且存在削减NOx的不利效应;结合VOCs来源解析,城区VOCs主要来源:移动源(22.4％)、餐饮及生物质燃烧源(21.8％)、工业源(15.1％)和溶剂使用源(9.3％),臭氧超标天溶剂使用源、餐饮及生物质类燃烧源贡献率明显上升.成都市城区春季应以VOCs减排为重点,并加大芳香烃和烯烃相关源控制力度.     

北京奥运时段VOCs浓度变化、臭氧产生潜势及来源分析研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平往往直接影响着臭氧的污染水平.以2008年夏季北京大气中VOCs浓度观测资料为基础,分析了VOCs浓度和组分随时间的变化特征,比较了各组分对臭氧产生的影响潜势,并利用主成分分析法研究了VOCs主要来源.结果表明,北京大气总VOCs在上午和下午的浓度分别是34.38×10-9(体积分数)和27.13×10-9(体积分数),组分中以烷烃最高,芳烃次之,烯烃最低,下午大气中VOCs浓度显著低于上午,烯烃、芳烃和烷烃依次下降28%、26%和15%;其中1,2,4-三甲苯等效丙烯浓度最高(8.05×10-9C),其次为间对二甲苯(6.97×10-9C)、甲苯(6.41×10-9C)和1,3,5-三甲苯(5.64×10-9C);芳烃对大气O3生成贡献最大(47%),其次是烯烃(40%),烷烃最低(13%).北京大气中VOCs主要来源于机动车(28%)、溶剂挥发(19%)、液化气泄漏(15%)和工业排放(12%).为遏制近年来夏季O污染加重趋势,北京应大力减少VOCs排放,特别是芳香烃的排放量.     

上海市大气挥发性有机物化学消耗与臭氧生成的关系

本研究基于夏季上海3个不同功能站点臭氧(O3)及其前体物的观测结果,分析了上海不同地区O3及其前体物的污染特征及空间差异;采用参数化的方法估算了VOCs的大气化学消耗水平.结果表明,观测期间上海市区VOCs浓度约为20×10-9,高于西部郊区的17×10-9;两个地区VOCs最大增量反应活性(以O3/VOCs计)的平均值比较接近,约为5.0mol·mol-1.但是,市区VOCs的大气消耗水平(4.0×10-9)不足西部郊区VOCs消耗水平(8.3×10-9)的一半,这是西部郊区O3污染更重的重要原因;东部沿海郊区O3浓度的变化主要是由于区域输送.不同地区VOCs消耗水平与O3生成浓度的比值接近,说明不同地区VOCs消耗生成O3的效率接近;烯烃和芳香烃是最主要的VOCs消耗物种,二者对VOCs消耗量的总贡献高达90%.VOCs的消耗水平在正午达到最大,夜间消耗水平最低,日分布曲线与O3生成的日变化曲线相似,但O3峰值出现时间略晚于VOCs消耗水平峰值出现的时间.     

南京夏季市区VOCs特征及O3生成潜势的相关性分析

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平直接影响着臭氧的污染特征.本研究运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年8月对南京市区大气中98种VOCs进行观测,分析南京夏季VOCs体积分数水平及组成特征,分析臭氧及其前体物的变化,运用VOCs/NOx比值法研究南京臭氧生成敏感性控制因素.结果表明,夏季南京市区大气VOCs最高体积分数达200×10-9,平均体积分数为52.05×10-9,各物种体积分数大小为烷烃含氧有机物烯烃芳香烃;臭氧平均质量浓度76.5μg·m-3,小时质量浓度超标率为5.9%.臭氧质量浓度高值期,其前体物VOCs与NOx变化趋势基本一致,并与O3变化呈明显的反相关;不同臭氧质量浓度阶段,同种类的VOCs体积分数也存在一定的差异;夏季南京市区的臭氧生成对VOCs较敏感,属于VOCs控制区.     

我国机动车排放VOCs及其大气环境影响

挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)作为大气中主要污染物之一,是O3和二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)的重要前体物.为全面了解我国城市机动车排放VOCs对空气质量的影响,本文系统介绍了我国部分城市大气中VOCs的源解析最新成果,并分车型、分燃料综述了我国机动车VOCs的排放因子、成分谱及其对二次污染的贡献,以期为未来机动车VOCs排放和控制提供数据和理论支持.研究发现,机动车是我国城市大气VOCs的最大源,平均贡献率为36.8%;摩托车和轻型汽油车是主要排放车型.机动车尾气排放VOCs对城市O3和SOA生成都有重要贡献,随着排放标准提升和运行工况改善,机动车排放因子和臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potentials,OFPs)明显降低,成分谱以芳香烃和烯烃等活性组分为主,对二次污染的贡献较大.     

广州森林大气中VOCs昼夜变化特征及对O_3的影响

挥发性有机物化合物(VOCs)是大气光化学过程的重要前驱物,对大气中的臭氧(O)3有重要影响。文章对广州市花都区王子山森林公园大气中VOCs的昼夜变化特征进行了分析,并且评估了其对大气中O3的相对贡献。共定性和定量了21种VOCs,其中1,2,4-三甲基苯(21.50±32.90)μg/m3、甲基环戊烷(20.40±23.30)μg/m3和异戊二烯(14.90±39.20)μg/m3浓度最高。对于大多数VOCs来说,活性VOCs与相对惰性的VOCs表现出相反的昼夜变化特征,这反映了大气光化学反应对于VOCs的影响。采用Propy-Equiv浓度对大气VOCs对O3的影响评估结果表明,该地区大气VOCs对O3贡献的大小为:烯烃>苯系物>烷烃。     

基于VOCs加密监测的上海典型臭氧污染过程特征及成因分析

针对2017年8月4—7日在上海市及周边城市发生的臭氧污染过程,结合30个采样点连续4 d的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品分析数据及O_3和NO_2在线监测数据,分析了此次污染过程的O_3和NO_2的时间变化特征、VOCs组分及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的空间分布特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究.结果表明,采样期间,上海市的O_3和NO_2平均浓度水平总体均高于周边的5个城市.VOCs均值浓度的空间分布总体为西北部高于东南部,上海市VOCs均值浓度为48×10~(-9),相较周边城市处于中间水平.上海市各类VOCs浓度为OVOCs烷烃卤代烃芳香烃烯炔烃,OFP贡献为芳香烃烯炔烃烷烃OVOCs和卤代烃.VOCs源解析结果显示机动车、溶剂使用、化工和石化工艺过程是上海市VOCs的3个主要来源.结合VOCs来源解析与OFP的贡献分析,控制上海市臭氧污染需重点削减溶剂使用和化工工艺过程中的甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯等芳香烃的排放,同时加强机动车和石化工艺过程中丙烯、乙烯和乙炔的排放控制.     

泰安市大气臭氧污染特征及敏感性分析

2018年5～7月对泰安市城区站点的臭氧及前体物进行在线监测,并基于特征比值法和光化学模型分析了臭氧及前体物的污染特征及臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性.结果表明,观测期间泰安市正遭受较为严重的臭氧(O_3)污染,臭氧浓度的日变化呈典型的单峰型变化,15:00左右出现最高值,氮氧化物(NO_x)和VOCs的日变化趋势整体呈现夜间高白天低的变化特征.由O_3生成效率(OPE)、VOCs/NO_x和H_2O_2/NO_z特征比值法及基于EKMA曲线的方法均得出观测期间泰安市大气O_3光化学生成偏向于NO_x敏感区及过渡区,削减NO_x和VOCs均对O_3生成具有控制作用.同时基于EKMA曲线的方法还得出在O_3前体物浓度减排时按照丙烯等效浓度(PE)与NO_x浓度比值为8∶3进行VOCs(PE)和NO_x削减可以达到O_3浓度控制的最佳效果.     

加油站污染现状及控制措施

正挥发性有机物(VOCs)广泛存在于大气对流层,且组分多、结构复杂,在大气化学过程中充当了很活跃的角色,是生成细颗粒物(PM2.5)和臭氧(O3)的重要前体物质,对大气环境、人体健康都有重要影响。加强VOCs污染防治工作,对于改善大气环境质量、打好污染防治攻坚战、满足人民群众日益增长的健康生态环境需要具有重要现实意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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