河流-湖泊系统中溶解有机质的示踪及迁移

应用同步和三维荧光光谱对夏季贵州红枫湖、百花湖河流-湖泊系统的DOM(溶解有机质)进行识别和示踪,重点揭示了人为来源DOM的迁移和影响.结果表明,人为来源DOM比例较大的水体r(287 nm/332 nm)(同步荧光光谱指数)均大于1,r(B/C)(三维荧光光谱指数)较高,287 nm处的同步荧光峰是有机污染物的特征峰.与红枫湖表层水相比,百花湖表层水出现明显的类蛋白荧光峰,且r(287 nm/332 nm)(2.7)远大于红枫湖(0.7),指示百花湖中人为来源ρ(DOM)高于红枫湖.东门桥河向百花湖输送了较多人为来源DOM,但在百花湖水体纵向剖面4 m以下受到的影响较小.经过稀释和净化百花湖出口人为来源的ρ(DOM)已降至较低水平.同步荧光和三维荧光光谱联合可用来识别和示踪水体中人为来源ρ(DOM).      

水源水库沉积物及其上覆水DOM光谱特征

为探究水源水库溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构及来源,以深圳市茜坑水库为例,采用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-Vis)并结合平行因子分析法三维荧光光谱技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)对水库表层沉积物及其上覆水的DOM光谱特征进行分析.结果表明:PARAFAC识别出3类荧光组分,分别是Cl(Ex/Em=270/304nm,类蛋...     

两个水库型湖泊中溶解性有机质三维荧光特征差异

应用三维荧光光谱技术(3D-EEM),研究了两个典型水库型湖泊(长寿湖和大洪海)水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特征,结合沿岸生态系统差异,讨论其对两个湖泊中DOM性质及来源的影响.结果表明,沿岸生态系统的差异性(尤其是人为干扰)是导致两个水体DOM地球化学特征存在明显差异的重要原因.两湖水体中DOM均存在4个荧光峰,且长寿湖样本中类蛋白物质含量更高;而大洪海水体中腐殖化程度较高的组分(C峰)含量较高.相关性分析表明,两湖DOM样本中类蛋白和类腐殖组分来源不同,而A、C峰代表的类腐殖组分存在共源性.通过荧光参数分析显示,沿岸以森林系统为主的大洪海水体DOM陆源性更强,腐殖化程度高;而长寿湖受两岸农田、果园的输入以及人为排放影响,其水体DOM具有明显的自生源特征,新生DOM含量较高,其荧光特征也反映了该区域水体受人为干扰较大.与其他不同湖泊对比,进一步表明沿岸生态系统类型及人为土地利用是决定水体DOM来源和特性的关键因素.     

雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期水体溶解性有机物的空间分布、光谱特征及来源解析

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)以及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期不同特征区域水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,冬季冰封期白洋淀水体DOM吸收系数无特征峰,不同特征区域的差异显著;表层水体DOM与底层水体DOM的吸收系数差异不明显;冰封期白洋淀水体的E3/E4均大于3. 5,说明DOM以低腐殖质成分为主,E2/E3为6. 35±0. 72,表明DOM中小分子量的居多,而且SR为1. 33±0. 14均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、类色氨酸(C2)和陆源腐殖质(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2之间具有显著的相关性(P 0. 001);白洋淀各个特征区域间的DOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分荧光强度呈现显著的差异(P 0. 01); DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出唐河入淀口高、烧车淀低的特征,C1+C2是DOM的主要成分;冰封期白洋淀水体的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为1. 23±0. 18,荧光指数FI为2. 30±0. 16 ( 1. 8),表明白洋淀DOM来源于生物活动并且以自生源为主,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合; PCA结合Adonis分析显示,白洋淀不同区域水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显(P 0. 05),表层与底层的DOM光谱特征相近(P 0. 05);并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(HIX、BIX、Fn280、Fn355)以及水质参数(总氮、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性总磷)构建的多元线性回归方程显著相关性(P 0. 001).综上,通过对冬季冰封期白洋淀各个典型淀区水体DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以为分析白洋淀水体有机物污染特征和白洋淀的水质管理提供技术支持.     

五种红树植物根区原位溶解性有机物(DOM)浓度及其荧光构成分析

红树植物对根际微生物群落产生影响,应与其根区微域中的溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,简称DOM)密切相关.采用总有机碳(TOC)分析仪和三维荧光分析法对5种主要红树植物建群种的DOM浓度和组分进行原位采样与测定.根际土和非根际土孔隙水DOC的总平均值分别为207.87 mg·L-1、144.51 mg·L-1.从三维荧光光谱图及荧光特征值r和荧光指数FI判断,根际土中有机物浓度及成分均大于非根际土中,根际土孔隙水DOM的内源性较非根际土中强,外源输入的腐殖酸量大于富里酸量.     

改良剂调控下水稻镉累积和土壤溶解性有机质光谱特征的响应

研究土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的化学组成和特征差异对理解改良剂对Cd的稳定机制具有重要意义.土壤改良剂被广泛应用于受污染农田以缓解重金属在农作物中的累积,但改良剂调控下土壤DOM的光谱特征却鲜见报道.采集南方典型Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,通过投加三大类改良剂(有机类、无机类和石灰类,共11种)进行水稻种植盆栽试验,研究了不同改良剂对土壤DOM的影响.利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)对比分析了不同改良剂调控下根际土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,石灰类改良剂提高土壤pH,促进土壤固相中有机质的溶解,从而显著提高了土壤DOM的质量分数.与对照相比,有机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的相对分子量和新生自生源贡献率,无机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的芳香性和疏水性组分,石灰类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的显色组分和腐殖化程度.通过PARAFAC分析和OpenFluor数据库验证,解析出了4个荧光组分C1(255/465)、 C2(325/400)、 C3(275/390)和C4(240/460),均为类腐殖质.两种光谱相互印证,表明土壤DOM来源以陆源输入的类腐殖质为主.相关...     

周村水库主库区水体热分层形成过程中沉积物间隙水DOM的光谱演变特征

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)以及紫外-可见光谱技术,对周村水库热分层形成过程中沉积物间隙水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的垂向分布及光谱特性进行分析.结果表明:周村水库沉积物间隙水DOM的紫外-可见吸收光谱吸收系数的变异系数在-400%~400%之间,表明其性质在不同深度上存在差异; E2/E3变化说明随着热分层的形成,富里酸所占DOM的比例也随之升高; E3/E4 3. 5以及SR 1表明DOM为生物源,以富里酸为主;荧光光谱中出现了类富里酸峰(C1、C3)、类蛋白峰(C2、C5)和类腐殖酸峰(C4、C6);类富里酸以及类蛋白是DOM的主要构成组分; DOM总荧光强度、各组分荧光强度随着热分层形成过程呈下降趋势,垂向间和采样点的分布差异明显;热分层形成过程中水库沉积物间隙水的高BIX、FI、β:α以及低HIX,表明沉积物间隙水DOM以生物活动的内源为主,具有低腐殖化,强自生源特征.     

污水厂深度处理过程中有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析研究

基于三维荧光光谱考察了污水厂深度处理过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征,结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)解析出3个荧光组分,包括2个腐殖质类物质(C1、C3)和1个色氨酸类蛋白物质(C2).臭氧工艺对组分C1、C2、C3去除率分别为69.1%、71.5%和66.5%,表明臭氧对DOM有较好去除效果.三维荧光光谱结合PARAFAC分析能够较好反映水中DOM的去除情况,有利于污水处理效果的定性分析、定量评价,易于实时在线监测.     

三峡库区典型农业小流域水体中溶解性有机质的光谱特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)作为重要的地球化学因子,在流域水体环境中扮演着重要的作用.本研究以三峡库区消落带典型农业小流域——重庆涪陵区王家沟为研究对象,结合该流域内不同土地利用类型,通过紫外-可见光吸收和荧光光谱,对小流域内水体DOM的光谱特征进行了表征和分析.结果表明,该农业小流域水体DOM空间差异较大,其组成和来源均存在明显不同.CDOM在DOM中所占比例[a*_g(355)]大小顺序为:稻田水沟渠水池塘水井水出口水,其中稻田水和沟渠水的SUVA_(254)较井水和出口水大,芳香性更明显.三维荧光光谱中2类4个荧光峰(A、C和B、T),DOM来源都是内部(微生物、藻类)以及外源(腐殖质)的双重贡献.除自生源微生物活动的影响外,外源生活污水和农业生产用水的影响也是导致DOM组分中类蛋白组分增多的重要原因.对比了不同种植季时相同位置水样DOM光谱特征,类蛋白组分是控制两个种植季水体DOM特征波动的重要因素.土地使用方式变化后水体DOC、CDOM和DOM当中的类蛋白/类腐殖荧光组分[r_(T/C)]比例存在明显差异,而FI、BIX和r_(A/C)差异不显著.     

荧光光谱结合平行因子分析研究夏季周村水库溶解性有机物的分布与来源

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型,解析了2015年8月夏季周村水源水库中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组分并利用主成分分析法对影响水体DOM的主要因素及其相对贡献量进行了研究.结果表明,周村水库水体中的DOM可分为3个组分,分别为类富里酸荧光组分C1(260,350/420 nm)、类蛋白荧光组分C2(280/360 nm)和类腐殖酸组分C3(270,390/530 nm),且3个组分具有同源性;各组分平面分布均匀,入库口总荧光强度略高;较高的荧光指数FI,较高的自生源指标BIX,较低的腐殖化指标HIX以及接近于1的新鲜度指数(β∶α)综合表明夏季周村水库DOM的来源以自生源为主,并结合主成分分析得出,内源对DOM贡献率高达70.96%.与此同时,周村水库水体DOM各组分与aph(440)拟合相关性较好.因此可以通过对DOM三维荧光光谱的研究,有助于水库管理者更有目的地进行污染源的控制和治理,同时可以在一定程度上指示周村水库水体富营养化水平.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.