时空交互视角下淮海经济区城乡融合发展水平演化

以淮海经济区为研究对象,界定城乡融合内涵,并构建多维指标体系,测度城乡融合发展水平,并探索时空演化特征及驱动机理。(1)在空间集聚方面,淮海经济区城乡融合发展水平集聚较为明显,并且集聚性整体呈现增强趋势。(2)在时空联动方面,具有相对动态的局部空间结构和相对稳定的空间依赖方向,同时空间格局演化方面具有较强的整合性;城市自身因素对城乡融合发展水平空间结构的改变影响较大,受相邻城市城乡融合发展水平的溢出效应的影响较小。(3)要素驱动模式方面,低分位驱动和高分位驱动城市的城乡融合发展水平变化受经济发展—城镇化驱动,低分位制约类型城市的城乡融合发展水平变化受城镇就业—政府行为制约,高分位制约类型城市的城乡融合发展水平变化受产业—政府行为制约。     

交通运输业碳排放效率时空演变及趋势预测

为探索周围邻域对交通运输业碳排放效率演变的影响,分析了交通运输业碳排放效率的时空演变特征,并对其长期演变趋势进行预测.首先,采用超效率SBM模型测度我国30个省份的交通运输业碳排放效率,利用核密度估计方法分析其随时间演变的特征;其次,构建传统与空间马尔可夫概率转移矩阵进一步分析了交通运输业碳排放效率的时空演变特征;最后,针对不同类型的省份提出相关建议.结果表明：(1)交通运输业碳排放效率的平均水平低于0.6,但呈逐年递增的趋势,且区域差异逐渐缩小.(2)各省份交通运输业碳排放效率至少有71%的概率维持原有状态,且短期内难以实现跨阶段转移.(3)地理空间格局影响交通运输业碳排放效率的演变过程,当某省份与碳排放效率高的省份相邻时,转移到高效率的概率增加,而与碳排放效率低的省份相邻时则相反.此外,在空间溢出效应的影响下,交通运输业碳排放效率的演变逐渐呈现“俱乐部收敛”的趋势.(4)从长期演变趋势来看,各省份交通运输业碳排放效率向高水平转移的可能性增大,呈现出由低到高递增的态势,同时“俱乐部收敛”现象逐渐消失.     

基于城市化的浙江省湾区经济带碳排放时空分布特征及影响因素分析

基于STIRPAT扩展模型与2003-2017年浙江省湾区经济带面板数据,分析碳排放时空分布特征并应用时空地理加权回归模型(GTWR)实证考察城市化视角下碳排放的驱动机制及其时空异质性。结果表明:(1)浙江省湾区经济带各地市碳排放规模逐年增加但增幅不大,增速放缓,碳排放量差异明显,碳排放强度逐年下降,空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐加大的趋势;(2)经济发展水平和对外开放程度是碳排放的主导因素,其他依次为能源消费结构、技术进步和城市化;(3)各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,不同时间、地区各驱动要素的波动方向和强度并不相同。在此基础上具体分析各地区碳排放驱动因素影响情况,为实现区域差异化碳减排策略提供指导。     

中国县域碳排放时空演变与异质性

县域是实现减排控碳的关键空间单元,研究并揭示县域碳排放的时空演变特征和影响机制对于实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义.以县域作为分析单元,运用数理统计和面板数据回归模型等方法,分析2000～2017年中国县域碳排放时空演变和异质性特征,探究其影响机制.结果表明：(1) 2000～2017年碳排放年均增速为7.12%,历经“大幅上升-缓慢上升-高位波动”3个发展阶段,最终稳定在90×10⁸ t左右;在县域尺度上表现为显著正向空间自相关.(2)普通面板回归模型显示,GDP、建设用地规模、人口规模、人均GDP和人均金融机构存款余额和碳排放关系显著,前三者对碳排放的促进作用最为强烈.(3)时空地理加权回归模型拟合优度较高,除国民生产总值在全局上稳定表现为促进作用以外,其余影响因素的作用方向和强度均在时空上发生了较大转变;表明我国不同类型县域间碳排放水平和主要影响因素各异.该研究一定程度上揭示了县域碳排放的演变特征和异质性,有助于优化“双碳”目标的空间实施路径.     

中国省际服务业碳排放空间网络结构及其驱动因素

在碳达峰、碳中和的时代背景下,探索服务业碳排放空间网络结构及其驱动因素对于推进服务业节能减排具有重要的实践价值. 基于2000—2018年中国省际服务业碳排放的面板数据(不含西藏自治区及港澳台地区数据),综合运用修正后的引力模型和社会网络分析法刻画服务业碳排放空间网络结构特征并厘清其驱动因素. 结果表明:①研究期内中国服务业碳排放空间联系强度不断增大,服务业碳排放空间网络结构趋于复杂化且稳定性显著提升. ②上海市、北京市、江苏省和浙江省等省份在中国服务业碳排放空间网络结构中扮演“中心行动者”的角色,这些省份是其他省份进行服务业碳排放空间关联的重要“桥接”和“枢纽”,控制与主导中国服务业碳排放的空间关联和空间溢出. ③省份间的地理位置越邻近,产业结构优化、城镇化水平和科技发展水平的差异越大,中国服务业碳排放空间的联系越多;而服务业碳排放强度的差异越大,服务业碳排放空间的联系越少. 研究显示,中国省际服务业碳排放存在空间关联和空间溢出,但空间网络结构仍较为松散,未来在推进服务业节能减排的工作中,需重视建立省际协同减排机制.      

“一带一路”沿线省域交通碳排放影响因素时空异质性

选取“一带一路”沿线17个省（自治区、直辖市）行政单位作为基本空间单元,核算2000~2021年“一带一路”沿线省域交通碳排放,在利用空间自相关法分析交通碳排放时空分异特征的基础上,结合固定效应回归模型和地理探测器探究交通碳排放影响因素的时空异质性.研究发现：①“一带一路”沿线省域交通碳排放具有显著的空间正相关性,整体呈上升趋势.并且交通碳排放高低值聚类演变在空间上呈现出两极分化的特征,高值聚类区主要分布在开放先行区,低值聚类区主要分布在丝路核心区. ②对外开放水平和机动车保有量是交通碳排放的正向驱动因素,能源强度、交通运输结构、行业发展规模和政府干预程度是交通碳排放的负向驱动因素. ③能源强度和交通运输结构是交通碳排放空间分异的主要驱动因子,且多数因子在与其他因子空间叠加后会产生非线性增强作用,即驱动因素之间存在较强的协同性.结果表明“一带一路”沿线省域交通碳排放受周边地区影响且影响程度不断加强,同时交通碳排放关键驱动因素之间存在协同作用.因此建议“一带一路”沿线省域充分考虑交通碳排放影响因素的时空异质性特征,制定差异化的交通碳减排政策.     

中国城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势

合理控制城市碳排放强度对于中国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标愿景以及应对气候变化的意义重大.采用夜间灯光数据反演得到2001～2020年城市碳排放量,测算碳排放强度,并对城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势进行研究.结果表明：(1)中国城市碳排放强度持续下降,从2001年的2.79 t·万元-1降至2020年的0.88 t·万元-1,年均降幅5.94%.各大区域城市碳排放强度的差距存在收敛特征.空间分布上,城市碳排放强度的高值区集中在东北地区,以及内蒙古、宁夏和陕西等地,南北地区差异拉大,中南部与东部地区的碳排放强度降幅明显,高低集聚层次分明.(2)中国城市碳排放强度的global Moran’s I较高,均值为0.436,空间自相关性显著.碳排放强度以城市自身与邻域城市均未发生跃迁的类型为主,不同类型间时空跃迁的概率较低,凝聚度指数高达82.57%.跃迁类型的稳态较高,碳排放强度的时空演变存在空间锁定效应和“俱乐部趋同”现象.(3)城市碳排放强度的σ收敛不显著,但存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.绝对β收敛速度差异明显,全国的收敛速度为3.137%.东部和西部地区的收敛速度略低,分别仅有3...     

基于LMDI的长江经济带交通碳排放变化分析

基于LMDI分解模型,探究了2000~2019年长江经济带交通运输业碳密度、运输结构、能源效率、能源强度、经济结构、经济水平以及人口规模等因素对交通碳排放的贡献程度及时空特性,并使用泰尔指数测算了碳排放的区域差异性.结果表明,经济规模持续扩张是长江经济带交通运输业碳排放增长的第一主导因素,对碳排放的正向驱动效应为116.33%,其次是人口规模（6.19%）;运输结构和经济结构的转变则是抑制碳排放增长的关键因素,其负向驱动率分别为-26.18%和-16.25%;而技术水平（能源效率和能源强度）的提升有助于抑制碳排放增加.此外,基于人均碳排放和碳排放强度的泰尔指数均显示长江经济交通碳排放量的区域差异性明显,其中区域内差异大于区域间差异,且基于碳排放强度的区域差异呈现出“俱乐部趋同”现象.最后,对长江经济带交通绿色发展提出了政策建议.     

中部地区碳排放时空演变及其影响因素分析

为实现碳达峰、碳中和目标,研究我国中部地区的碳排放时空演变及其影响因素有着重要的意义.使用2012—2019年NPP-VIIRS夜光遥感数据计算中部地区的碳排放量,结合地理探测器对碳排放时空变化及其影响因子进行分析.分析结果显示：①山西省碳排放量居中部地区首位,河南省次之,安徽省碳排放量位居第三,后为湖北省和湖南省,江西省碳排放最低;②2012—2019年在中部地区碳排放量聚集程度逐年减弱,高高聚集面积从210742.9 km²减少到153999.3 km²,低低聚集面积由148249.2 km²减少到103804.0 km²;③通过地理探测器分析的结果得到：对中部地区各省份碳排放影响因子解释力较大的为经济要素：地区生产总值和第二生产总值;中部地区各省份碳排放因子解释力较高的双因子交互多为经济要素.研究显示,中部地区各个省份碳排放分布及影响因素存在一定的差异,在制定碳达峰、碳中和行动方案时应考虑到不同地区碳排放的差异,本研究为中部地区制定节能减排政策提供数据支撑.     

中国省域能源消费碳排放时空异质性的EOF和GWR分析

利用自然正交函数(EOF)揭示中国各省份能源消费碳排放量变动的时空特征,借助地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析了碳排放量驱动因素的空间分布状况.研究结果表明:中国省域能源消费碳排放量整体处于增长状态,但其增长速度有减缓趋势;EOF第一模态结果显示,碳排放量以四川省为中心向南北方向扩散,低值区集中分布在西北地区和珠三角地区;第二模态结果显示,碳排放量增长速度表现出西南地区和东南沿海地区较快,而中部省份碳排放量增长速度较慢的态势.碳排放量影响因素的重要程度由大到小依次为:总人口变化量、人均GDP变化量、城镇化率变化量、二产比重变化量、贸易开放程度变化量和能源消耗强度变化量,其中,总人口变化量的影响程度最为剧烈,每当总人口变化1%时,碳排放量相应地会变化0.5358%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.