从硫化锑矿渣中回收硫实验研究

采用浸取法对硫化锑矿渣中硫单质回收进行了实验研究，选用特殊的有机溶剂I^*做浸取剂，对液固比、加热时间、加热温度及冷却温度等主要影响因素进行了实验分析。正交实验表明：当特殊的有机溶剂I^*与矿渣的液固比为10：1，混合搅拌的加热时间为15min，加热温度为150℃，冷却温度为0℃时，硫的回收效果最佳，回收率可以达到96．6％。所得硫磺的粒度可达到5μm，硫磺的纯度为98％。     

利用高炉瓦斯泥中的锌制备活性氧化锌的研究

利用高炉炼铁瓦斯泥中的锌,采用火法富集和湿法浸取制取活性氧化锌。考察了温度、时间对火法富集产品中氧化锌含量和原料瓦斯泥中锌挥发率的影响,确定了富集工艺的最佳条件为:在氮气氛围下,温度从常温以10℃/min升温至1 000℃并且在1 000℃下保持1 h,得到的富集产品中氧化锌含量82.24%;瓦斯泥中锌挥发率97%。同时考察了温度、氨水用量、碳酸氢铵用量和液固比等因素对氧化锌浸取率的影响。确定的最佳工艺条件为:浸取温度40℃,氨水用量为理论量的2倍,碳酸氢铵用量为理论量的2倍,液固比4∶1,浸取时间2 h,氧化锌浸取率达99.9%。湿法制得的活性前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧得到纯度为98.4%的活性氧化锌产品,氧化锌的总回收率达95.3%。     

煤矸石中氧化铝溶出的实验研究

煤矸石是主要的煤系固废,其中氧化铝的含量占到25%左右,又是一种可以利用的资源.本实验以山西潞安煤矿的煤矸石为原料,采用正交试验的方法,研究了盐酸作为酸浸介质浸取煤矸石中氧化铝.主要影响因素为煅烧温度、酸量、固液比及酸浸时间,最佳工艺条件为:煅烧温度为650℃,酸量为225mL(按照煤矸石中氧化铝和盐酸反应的摩尔比为1:6计)、固液比为1:3、酸浸时间为3 h,单因素重复试验结果和正交实验的结果相符,在最佳条件下,氧化铝的溶出实验验证结果表明,三氧化二铝溶出率为71.49%.本研究对实现煤矸石的资源化综合利用具有重要的意义.     

高铁脱硫渣制备高纯度硫酸亚铁及草酸亚铁的研究

以高铁脱硫渣为原料,采取酸浸、除杂和结晶等工艺制备出99%以上硫酸亚铁晶体。研究了酸浸过程中硫酸浓度、浸取温度、时间对铁浸出率的影响,分析了各个影响因素的规律性。结果表明：适宜的浸取条件为硫酸溶液质量分数为25%,在70℃下,不断搅拌浸取6 h。固液分离后调节硫酸亚铁溶液pH=1～2,在70℃下蒸发浓缩结晶,即可得到99%以上硫酸亚铁晶体。     

燃煤电厂粉煤灰中汞的稳定性研究

燃煤飞灰中高度富集了痕量元素汞,而汞具有易挥发特性、较强的毒性和不易降解等特点,在粉煤灰的利用过程中汞极易逸出,造成二次污染,对人体健康有极大危害,所以对燃煤飞灰中汞稳定性的研究具有重要的意义。通过模拟加工利用和储存的自然环境,对飞灰和漂珠进行煅烧实验,研究飞灰和漂珠中汞的含量与煅烧温度之间的关系;对飞灰进行浸取实验,研究飞灰中汞的含量受浸取液pH以及浸取时间的影响情况。结果表明:在煅烧实验中,煅烧温度是影响汞释放的主要原因,随煅烧温度的增加汞的流失量越大,随煅烧时间的延长汞的流失量越大,在相同煅烧温度(500℃)和不同煅烧时间条件下,飞灰中汞的流失率最高达98.5%,漂珠中汞的流失率最高达86.4%,在相同煅烧时间和不同煅烧温度条件下,飞灰中汞的流失率最高达97.8%,漂珠中汞的流失率最高达85.7%;在浸取实验中,浸取时间越长,汞的流失量越大,当浸取液pH为1、浸取时间24h时,飞灰中的汞由0.331 8μg/g降低至0.137 1μg/g,说明浸取时间越长,汞浸出率越高,在不同pH条件下,汞含量随pH的降低而减少,飞灰中汞的浸出率最高达58.7%,最低为15.7%。     

常压硫酸浸闪锌矿降低含硫化合物气体排放量的研究

研究了在常压、不需通氧或空气的条件下用硫酸浸取铁闪锌矿制硫酸锌过程中硫化物气体污染物的控制条件。试验结果表明，在硫酸浓度２０％￣４０％，浸取温度１１０℃￣１３０℃，固液比１：５￣１：７，以及强烈搅拌的条件下，浸取过程中Ｈ２Ｓ和ＳＯ２排放量最低，浸以２ｈ，锌的一次浸取率在９２％以上，闪锌矿中的硫绝大部分转变为单质硫。     

钡渣中钡离子的淋溶释放规律

采用静态浸渣正交实验和动态淋溶实验 ,研究了钡渣中钡离子的淋溶释放规律。结果表明 ,在 p H为 5 .6、固液比 1∶ 7、浸取时间 60 min时 ,静态最大浸出率达到 92 .8% ,Ba2 + 的浸出浓度为 42 680 mg/L。动态淋溶释放规律 :淋溶初期当液固比 x<5时呈二次多项式 ,x >5后符合指数衰减模型 C=C0 ·Ψ· e- bx ,p H为 2 .6、5 .6时的模拟雨水下最大 Ba2 +淋溶浓度分别出现在 x为4.0、3 .76处。     

响应曲面法优化炼铅高砷烟尘的浸出工艺

考察炼铅高砷烟尘中砷在水中的浸出行为。采用响应曲面法常用的中心复合设计对液固比、温度和时间工艺参数进行优化研究。结果表明,温度对砷浸出率的影响最大,时间次之,液固比最小。通过响应曲面法优化得到的最佳浸出工艺为:液固比=14∶1,温度85℃,时间120 min。该条件下3次验证实验的砷浸出率平均值为89.64%,与预测值89.88%无显著差异,表明所建模型切实可行。烟尘经过二次水浸后砷的总浸出率达到98.1%。     

转炉钢渣中铁组分的氧化改质与磁选回收

在不同工艺参数下对转炉钢渣进行了固相氧化改质,并对改质后钢渣进行了磁选处理,分析对比了干式磁选和湿式磁选对改质钢渣的磁选效果。实验结果表明:通过氧化改质处理,能够使钢渣中无磁性铁氧化物向有磁性镁铁尖晶石发生转变,后者可通过磁选进行有效分离。原钢渣进行氧化改质的最佳加热温度和气体通入速率分别为1 100℃和7.5 L·min~(-1)。钢渣通过固相改质后,更容易获得高回收率的高品位精矿,对钢渣的磁选宜为湿式弱磁选,实验范围内磁选工艺的最佳磁感应强度为0.102 T。在加热温度1 100℃,保温时间30 min,气体通入速率7.5 L·min~(-1)的条件下,改质钢渣产率达到22%,铁品位达到62%,回收率达到64.95%。     

浓磷酸预处理废弃棉织物回收葡萄糖和涤纶的优化

为了实现废弃棉织物的高效资源化利用,采用浓磷酸预处理,将棉纤维转化为葡萄糖,并回收高纯度涤纶。以磷酸浓度、磷酸与原料液固比、预处理温度和时间为研究对象,以涤纶回收纯度、葡萄糖收率为考察指标,采用中心组合设计(CCD),建立响应面模型对预处理工艺参数进行优化。并确定了最佳的浓磷酸预处理工艺条件为:磷酸质量分数85%,液固比15∶1,预处理时间7 h,预处理温度50℃。在此条件下涤纶回收纯度可达100%,葡萄糖收率可达79.0%,且实验验证值与模型预测值较为接近,模型精度较高。此外,再生纤维素不经干燥直接酶水解,葡萄糖收率可被进一步提高至83.0%。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.