Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

Abstract

In this article, annual evapotranspiration (ET) and net primary productivity (NPP) of four types of vegetation were estimated for the Lushi basin, a subbasin of the Yellow River in China. These four vegetation types include: deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, dwarf shrub and grass. Biome-BGC—a biogeochemical process model was used to calculate annual ET and NPP for each vegetation type in the study area from 1954 to 2000. Daily microclimate data of 47 years monitored by Lushi meteorological station was extrapolated to cover the basin using MT-CLIM, a mountain microclimate simulator. The output files of MT-CLIM were used to feed Biome-BGC. We used average ecophysiological values of each type of vegetation supplied by Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) in the University of Montana as input ecophysiological constants file. The estimates of daily NPP in early July and annual ET on these four biome groups were compared respectively with field measurements and other studies. Daily gross primary production (GPP) of evergreen needle leaf forest measurements were very close to the output of Biome-BGC, but measurements of broadleaf forest and dwarf shrub were much smaller than the simulation result. Simulated annual ET and NPP had a significant correlation with precipitation, indicating precipitation is the major environmental factor affecting ET and NPP in the study area. Precipitation also is the key climatic factor for the interannual ET and NPP variations.     

Decline of woody vegetation in a saline landscape in the Groundnut Basin,Senegal

Several studies have documented that vegetation in the Sahel is highly dynamic and is affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, as well as by human use of the areas. However, little is known about vegetation dynamics in the large saline areas bordering the rivers of West Africa. Combining satellite imagery, the perception of local people and botanical information, this study investigated the vegetation dynamics and the drivers of vegetation changes in Fatick Province, Senegal. Satellite images showed a change in vegetation composition, i.e., a loss of tree cover and an increase in shrub cover, herbaceous cover and tans (highly saline areas with sparse vegetation). Although the trend was the same, the three villages had different vegetation histories. A survey of the woody vegetation showed that shrubs and young trees were dominating with relatively few large trees. Local people perceived a general decline of woody plants from 1993 to 2013. Among 60 species mentioned by local people, 90 % were declining and 10 % increasing. Together the three methods documented a decrease in density and diversity of the woody vegetation, mainly influenced by salinity and land use. The large numbers of young trees indicate a potential for regeneration of some, but not all, tree species. As many tree species appreciated by local people were reported to be declining, local communities have experienced a reduction of their natural resources. Based on villagers’ recommendations for improved vegetation management, we discuss possible contributions including reforestation, desalinization and environmental protection for restoration of the vegetation.     

基于时序NDVI的湖北省植被覆盖动态变化监测分析

基于1998～2011年7、8月份SPOT VEGETATION NDVI数据,求取两月份NDVI平均值,构建14 a间的NDVI时序文件,通过对NDVI时序文件进行信息提取、分析,反映湖北省植被生长情况,从而监测、研究湖北省植被生长高峰期植被覆盖动态变化及趋势。具体为：利用植被覆盖分区法,将研究区分为弱植被覆盖区、稀疏植被覆盖区、低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区、高植被覆盖区和密集植被覆盖区等区域,监测各区域14 a间植被覆盖动态变化,结果表明,研究区整体上植被覆盖变化不大;利用Mann Kendall趋势分析法,对研究区植被覆盖变化趋势进行研究,结果表明绝大部分呈现无明显变化趋势,1655%的区域表现增加趋势,033%的区域表现减少趋势。通过以上分析结论可知,植被覆盖分区法和Mann Kendall趋势分析法的分析结果基本一致,表明两种方法能从植被覆盖状况和变化趋势角度动态反映植被的变化情况     

秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀评价

为详细了解水库建设期秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀风险情况,使用TM和SPOT等中高分辨率遥感数据获取的秭归县1992、2007年1〖DK〗∶50 000土地利用分类、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀风险及1999～2007年SPOT VEGETATION NDVI等。利用景观格局方法研究植被景观格局演变,分析植被结构与土壤侵蚀风险变化特点。结果表明：1992～2007年,植被景观格局更加破碎,斑块离散程度变大,多样性提高,乔、灌等仍是优势类型,受不同人类政策的影响,不同类型植被类型景观特征响应表现出差异性。植被覆盖度得到改善,其中秭归中南部植被水平密度结构得到明显改善,对降低土壤侵蚀风险起到了积极作用。水库周边地区作为人类活动扰动的集中区,水土保持任务依然艰巨。通过遥感和GIS手段分析区域土地景观格局演变及其生态环境效应,分析变化背后的驱动机制和限制因素,甄别人类活动影响力,为研究三峡人地关系和谐发展提供借鉴和参考     

长三角地区植被退化的空间格局及影响因素分析

植被退化是陆地生态系统功能下降的重要表征。利用2000~2010年SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI遥感数据、土地利用数据,采用趋势分析、叠加分析和格网计算方法,对长三角植被退化的空间格局及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:10a间长三角地区最大化NDVI均值空间分布南北高、中间低,区域14%的植被覆盖面积显著退化。植被退化呈现一定的空间分异,而人类活动是导致植被退化的主要原因。在长江以南、太湖的北部与东部,环杭州湾地区及南京、南通和台州等城市快速无序的城镇化,造成了建设用地面积增加和耕地的破碎化,使植被退化区域集中连片分布。经济利益驱动农民将水田转化为向水产养殖,引起植被退化。部分区域植被面积未减少而呈退化态势的原因有待研究。     

基于MODIS NDVI的攀枝花市植被覆盖变化及其驱动力#br#

攀枝花市位于金沙江与雅砻江的交汇处是长江上游生态脆弱区,也是天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程等的重点实施区。基于2001~2010年MODIS NDVI数据,以及同时期的气象数据和其他辅助数据,利用最大值合成法（MVC）、趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法研究了攀枝花市植被覆盖时空变化及其与气候因素和人类活动的关系。研究结果表明：攀枝花市植被覆盖整体较高,属于高植被覆盖区域,年际尺度上,植被覆盖呈上升的趋势,增长速率为0.02/10 a;从年内来看,9月NDVI达到最大值,NDVI最小值出现在3月;植被覆盖在水平空间上呈“南低北高”的分布特征,并在垂直空间上呈现出显著的差异性,研究区植被覆盖分别在海拔2 000~3 000 m、坡度30°~40°达到最大值;受水热条件的影响,阴坡（0°~45°, 315°~360°）植被覆盖高于阳坡（135°~225°）,而平地（-1°）植被覆盖度最低;就整个研究区而言,植被退化的面积与增加的面积分别占0.7%和44.4%,增加的面积远大于退化的面积;年际尺度上植被受气温的影响高于受降水的影响;大规模生态工程建设是研究区植被覆盖增加的主要驱动因素。 关键词： 植被覆盖变化;归一化植被指数;气候变化;人类活动;攀枝花市     

基于MODIS像元尺度的三峡库区植被覆盖度变化的地形分布特征

区域植被覆盖变化监测是研究资源环境承载力的基础，其对区域可持续发展至关重要。基于MODIS NDVI数据，采用像元二分模型计算了2001~2018年三峡库区植被覆盖度，结合植被覆盖度变化类型提取模型及分布指数，揭示了库区植被覆盖度变化在不同地形因子上的分布特征。研究表明：（1）三峡库区植被以高和中高覆盖度为主，其分别占库区总面积的65.72%和28.61%。18年来，库区年均植被覆盖度增长率为0.14%；（2）库区植被稳定类型占总面积的79.50%，植被改善占16.71%，植被退化占3.79%。26个区（县）中，长寿区、江北区等7区的植被改善面积小于植被退化面积，存在生态退化风险；（3）高程小于500 m、坡度小于6°的区域植被退化优势显著；高程500~1 100 m的区域植被改善为主导类型；坡度6°~15°的区域无明显优势分布；高程大于1 100 m、坡度大于15°的区域植被稳定和植被改善类型为优势分布；（4）库区不同坡向上，平坡上的植被退化类型显著，当坡向由阴坡向阳坡转变（西坡→南坡，北坡→东坡）时，植被覆盖度变化优势分布类型由植被退化型转变为植被改善型。研究结果揭示了三峡库区植被覆盖的空间分布和变化特征，对库区生态环境评价和植被恢复及保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于时序植被指数的湖北省物候空间特征分析

湖北省地貌类型多样,植被类型丰富,也是农业大省,物候信息监测对于自然生态和农业生产具有重要意义。使用MODIS MOD13Q1 产品中的归一化植被指数数据集,运用时间序列谐波分析法重构 NDVI时序曲线,并结合土地覆被数据,采用物候特征动态阈值法获取湖北省植被物候空间分布特征,分析不同土地覆被类型的物候指标。结果表明：(1)湖北省西部山区、东南部和东北部丘陵地区,多为自然植被覆盖,且植被状况良好,NDVI最大值达到0.75以上,大部分区域NDVI最小值在0.6以上。中部江汉平原和农作物区域NDVI变化受农业耕种方式影响较大,与自然植被NDVI变化特征有所差异。(2)不同土地覆被类型物候特征各异。湖北省大部分区域的植被在2月到3月进入生长季,11月到12月结束生长,襄阳地区呈现相反的特征。耕地、裸地、水体等受人类影响较大的土地覆被类型生长季长度较短,开始时间较晚,结束较早。森林、草地、灌丛等自然植被生长季长度较长,开始较早、结束较晚。(3)物候参数由于地形地貌、地表覆被类型、人类和自然因素的影响具有显著的差异,对区域植被生态状况、不同土地覆被类型物候空间分布特点的分析,结果对于植被生态保护、植被分类、农业区划等都具有参考意义。     

High-Resolution Vegetation Data for Mangrove Research as Obtained From Aerial Photography

In this methodological study, the applicability of aerial photographs for monitoring mangrove vegetation dynamics at high resolution was investigated. Vegetation maps of three mangrove forests in Sri Lanka (Galle, Rekawa and Pambala) were produced based on visual analysis of aerial photographs. The visual analysis was aided by applying an interpretation key constructed during a first fieldwork mission. Image attributes used for the identification of individual trees included: gray values, texture, form and size of the crowns and the presence or absence of a shaded side. For the identification of species assemblages, the vegetation structure (i.e. the distribution of individual trees) appeared to be an important attribute. The accuracy and reliability of the vegetation maps were investigated during a second fieldwork mission. The aerial photographs proved to be very useful for the production of genus-based vegetation maps. The error analysis showed that density estimations (quantitative identification) based on aerial photography was not sufficiently accurate for the objectives of the study, but that the overall identification of vegetation assemblages (qualitative identification) coincided most satisfactory with the ground-truth data. In addition to the applicability of aerial photography in monitoring mangroves, the importance of aerial photography in the management of the mangrove ecosystem is clearly highlighted.     

基于面向对象的石漠化山区植被信息提取及分布特征研究

重庆东北部地区是重庆岩溶石漠化重点治理区,该区地形复杂,山高坡陡,植被退化现象严重。了解该地区的植被分布特征,对该区环境的改善和石漠化治理具有十分重要的现实意义。基于Landsat OLI等数据,运用面向对象分类方法对研究区植被信息进行提取,然后对分类后的数据进行统计、制图和分析,并在空间布局上进行总结和探讨,旨在了解该区域植被的空间分布特征和规律。结果表明：（1）在eCognition 9.0软件中进行多尺度分割,再结合地物类型特征使用隶属度函数法进行分类,该方法符合山地地物类型的分布规律和特点,分类精度达到81.35%;（2）研究区属典型的中山地区,海拔在500~1 500 m之间的地区约占64.49%,林地和耕地是该区域主要的地物类型,所占总面积为8 872.22 km2,占研究区总面积的96.50%,各地物类型分布受地形地势的影响较大;（3）综合研究区地形因子(高程和坡度)与植被分布的相关性可知,耕地和草灌主要分布在高程为200~1 500 m且坡度等级在2~4级（5°~35°）之间,该区域人类活动频繁,故受人类活动影响较大,植被覆盖度低,群落生长不稳定,容易受到干扰。针阔混交林主要分布在高程>500 m且坡度等级在2~4级（5°~35°）之间。马尾松林、阔叶林和柏木林主要分布在高程大于500 m且坡度等级在2~5级（5°~45°）之间。 关键词： 多尺度分割;面向对象分类;地形因子;植被空间分布     

西南地区近14a植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系

基于1999~2012年NDVI数据,结合气温和降水资料,运用GIS和RS技术,分析了西南地区近14a植被覆盖的时空变化特征及与气温、降水的关系。结果表明:(1)该区植被生长良好,各植被类型NDVI均呈显著增加趋势。空间整体表现为改善状态,改善面积远大于退化面积,严重退化区仅占1.18%。退化区分布于横断山地北部、四川盆地东部以及云贵高原中部。(2)植被覆盖变化将以良性发展为主,但强持续性的退化区和弱持续性的改善区应值得关注;强持续性的退化区主要分布在横断山地中北部、云贵高原中西部、若尔盖高原中部、四川盆地与若尔盖高原相交区域;草原强持续性的退化面积最大,针阔混交林强持续性的改善面积最大。(3)NDVI与温度存在明显的正相关关系,而与降水及干旱指数变化的关系不太明显,温度是影响该区植被变化的主要自然因素。     

基于SPOT_NDVI的甘肃省植被覆盖变化及其与气候、地形因子的关系

植被覆盖时间序列特征体现了气候变化和人类活动对环境的影响,利用2000~2018年SPOT_NDVI并结合气象和地形数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析、地形面积修正等方法探究甘肃省植被覆盖的变化特征及与气候、地形的关系。研究表明：近19年来,甘肃省植被覆盖整体呈恢复状态,但低覆盖区面积仍为最大,空间分布总体呈现南高北低的状态。降水对省内植被生长总体起到促进作用,特别是黄土高原地区,植被覆盖度与降水有显著的正相关性;在南部湿润区和北部干旱区,气温对植被生长分别起到促进和抑制作用。就地形而言,海拔2 500~3 000 m、坡度大于25°的半阳坡地区最适宜植被生长。进行植被覆盖研究,有利于区域生态建设和持续性发展,同时对人地关系以及经济发展的统筹规划也有重要的理论与实际意义。     

川西亚高山植被恢复过程中的土壤和地被物水源涵养能力评价

运用以空间代替时间,以糙野青茅草地、柳树灌丛、白桦林、混交林、冷杉林为植物自然恢复的序列,采用环刀法和实地调查-水浸法研究了川西亚高山植被恢复过程中土壤和地被物的持水能力。结果表明：土壤容重随深度增加而加大、随植被恢复而降低;土壤持水能力随深度增加而降低、随植被恢复而增加,表现为混交林>冷杉林>柳树灌丛>白桦林>草地;地被物储量及其持水能力随植被恢复极显著增加,其组成由草地的凋落物为主到冷杉林时以苔藓为主;生态系统土壤和地被物的持水能力随着恢复而显著提高,表现为混交林>冷杉林>柳树灌丛>白桦林>草地。因此,亚高山植被自然恢复能显著增加区域生态系统的土壤和地被物持水,适度增加阔叶树亦有利于促进川西亚高山恢复植被的土壤持水     

The influence of socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors on municipality-scale land-cover change in Mexico

Land-cover change is the result of complex multi-scale interactions between socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. Demographic change, in particular, is thought to be a major driver of forest change. Most studies have evaluated these interactions at the regional or the national level, but few studies have evaluated these dynamics across multiple spatial scales within a country. In this study, we evaluated the effect of demographic, environmental, and socioeconomic variables on land-cover change between 2001 and 2010 for all Mexican municipalities (n?=?2,443) as well as by biome (n?=?4). We used a land-cover classification based on 250-m MODIS data to examine the change in cover classes (i.e., woody, mixed woody, and agriculture/herbaceous vegetation). We evaluated the trends of land-cover change and identified the major factors correlated with woody vegetation change in Mexico. At the national scale, the variation in woody vegetation was best explained by environmental variables, particularly precipitation; municipalities where woody cover increased tended to be in areas with low average annual precipitation (i.e., desert and dry forest biomes). Demographic variables did not contribute much to the model at the national scale. Elevation, temperature, and population density explained the change in woody cover when municipalities were grouped by biome (i.e., moist forest, dry forest, coniferous forest, and deserts). Land-cover change at the biome level showed two main trends: (1) the tropical moist biome lost woody vegetation to agriculture and herbaceous vegetation, and (2) the desert biome increased in woody vegetation within more open-canopy shrublands.     

卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖度变化及其对地形因子的响应

通过像元二分模型在NDVI数据基础上,估算了卧龙自然保护区2000和2015年的植被覆盖度,分析了这15年间研究区域植被覆盖的变化及空间分异特征,初步揭示了植被覆盖变化与地形因子的响应关系。结果表明：（1）2000~2015年间卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖度整体良好,以中高和高植被覆盖为主,空间格局上呈现东南高、西北低的总体趋势。（2）研究时段内高覆盖度面积明显减少,而其他覆盖等级面积存在不同程度的增加,植被覆盖度均值降低。（3）研究区域各海拔范围内均以植被稳定类型为主,低海拔和高海拔地区植被退化显著,在1 500~3 250 m的高程范围内植被稳定和植被改善相对显著。（4）研究区不同坡度间植被变化类型差异不明显;不同坡向上植被变化显著,其中阳坡的植被退化分布,阴坡的植被改善分布明显,随着坡向由阴坡转阳坡,植被退化增加,改善减少。其结论有助于揭示卧龙自然保护区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,对保护区生态环境评价和改进具有重要的参考价值,同时对保护区的管理和植被恢复有一定借鉴意义。     

Snow cover and vegetation greenness with leaf water content control the global land surface temperature

The land surface temperature (LST) and land use land cover (LULC) are the major components of climate- and environment-related studies. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of LST with remotely sensed LULC-derived vegetation indices during 2018 at the global, latitudinal and continental scales. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua daytime LST and eight LULC MODIS indices (NDVI, EVI, LAI, DSI, NDWI, albedo, NDSI, NDBI) were processed using Earth Engine Code Editor. The analysis was conducted using correlation coefficient and significance of the relationship of variables based on 2050 randomly selected points at the global scale. Based on the univariate and geographically weighted regression methods, the research confirmed that vegetation greenness (NDVI), leaf water content (NDWI) and snow cover (DSI) are the codominant drivers of decreasing LST at the global scale including Europe, Asia, South America and North America at the continental scale. Snow cover during winter and vegetation greenness in summer seasons control the global LST. Although albedo shows an inverse relationship, NDBI and NDSI displayed a positive relationship to LST at the global scale. In conclusion, temporal seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of LST in response to snow cover and vegetation properties (greenness, moisture) should be focused on understanding and regulating LST at varying scales.

     

Multi-scale land cover dynamics of semiarid scrubland in Baja California,Mexico

Land use and cover changes trigger multi-factorial responses with tangible and intangible effects. Driving forces governing changes are scale-, place- and time-dependent; because of their complexity, a multi-scalar analysis is required to determine conjoint causation. Studies using multi-scalar approach in semiarid scrubland ecosystems are scanty. This paper investigates land use changes on the largest semiarid scrubland ecosystem of Mexico, the Baja California Peninsula, using a multi-scalar analysis approach. It further provides insight into the likely underlying causes for land use trends. Multi-temporal databases were compiled for 1978, 1990, 2000 and 2003 from various sources; population was projected for the same years. Land cover processes were validated through intensive fieldwork. Map overlapping with the aid of geographic information systems allowed computation of land cover transformation rates. New algorithms were developed to better understand land cover trends. Multi-variate analysis was also performed to provide a synthetic statistical overview. Results showed that land cover change occurred at different times, at variable scales, due to distinct drivers. As a consequence, the current regional scenario has been shaped by distinguishable socio-economic changes. The semiarid scrubland ecosystems in the Baja California Peninsula experienced contrasting trends detectable only at site and local scales. Regionally, the replacement of original vegetation (scrubland) for other land cover category is following trends similar to those in the rest of Mexico and most semiarid ecosystems worldwide. These findings support the hypothesis that land use and cover changes must be analyzed at different times and scales to deeply understand underlying forces.     

近34年祁连山南坡植被覆盖变化与气象因子关系研究

基于1982~2015年GIMMS NDVI数据，通过趋势线法和相关性分析方法，对祁连山南坡植被覆盖变化及影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明：（1）祁连山南坡植被覆盖整体呈显著上升趋势，线性回归增速为0.99%/10 a；各季节平均NDVI依次为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季， NDVI变化斜率排序依次为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季； NDVI月变化趋势基本一致，夏季NDVI在2004~2015年最大。（2）近34年来，祁连山南坡大部分区域属于常绿区域，三时间阶段植被增加面积整体表现出增加-减少-增加趋势，且在2004~2015年之间植被增加面积最大，占比为92.66%，增加速度最快的区域在门源县境内。（3）在影响因素方面，研究区NDVI与气温的相关性（0.58）大于降雨的相关性（0.27），研究区生长季 (4~9月)植被覆盖受气温和降水共同影响。     

川中丘陵区植被遥感动态监测及其驱动力分析

川中丘陵区是长江上游重要的生态屏障,也是国家退耕还林还草和天然林资源保护工程重点实施区。近年来,由于气候变化与人类活动的影响,该区植被覆盖及生态发生了较大变化。利用该地区2000～2015年MODIS NDVI数据、气象和土地利用数据以及研究区统计数据,采用最大值合成法(MVC)、趋势分析法和相关系数法,分析了川中丘陵区经国家生态工程建设后的植被动态变化特征,并探讨了气候变化和人类活动对植被覆盖的影响。研究结果表明:近15年,川中丘陵区植被呈增加的趋势,增速为5. 84/10 a(P0. 01);31. 58%的区域植被NDVI显著增加,主要分布在嘉陵江中游和岷江中下游,2. 90%的区域植被NDVI显著减少,主要分布在城市中心及周边;研究区植被对降水的敏感性较气温更强,22. 08%的区域面积NDVI与降水是呈显著相关的,仅7. 69%区域面积NDVI与气温是显著的;森林、灌木和草地的NDVI增加明显,各自增加比例超过60%,而建设用地和湿地是NDVI减少最明显的土地利用类型;退耕还林还草和天然林资源保护工程的建设,对川中丘陵区植被覆盖的增长起到了积极作用。     

复合农林业的由来与兴起

由于人口的增长,人们对粮食、烧柴的需求与日俱增,致使森林面积减少,土壤等自然资源退化,生态环境恶化。对此于20世纪70年代提出了“复合农林业(Agroforestry)”,并发展成一门新兴的学科。它有意识地将多年生木本植物与农作物或家畜结合起来,在为农村提供烧柴、木材、饲料、粮食的同时,又可保持土壤肥力,达到持久农业的目的。它对我国大面积山丘地区自然资源的综合利用与保护有着重要的意义。