美国国家海洋自然保护区监测及其对我国的启示

着重介绍了美国国家海洋自然保护区的监测目标、理论基础、监测内容。监测是掌握海洋自然保护区状况与发展趋势的重要手段,是海洋自然保护区建设与管理的重要工作内容。美国国家海洋自然保护区的保护目的和所保护的资源类型同我国的海洋自然保护区相似。且监测水平与管理机制处于世界领先水平。了解研究美国的先进经验,对促进我国海洋自然保护区的监测工作具有很好的借鉴作用。     

中国南海海洋国土开发与管控研究展望

南海是中国最大的边缘海,也是目前海洋国土管控问题最多的区域。首先从海洋国土的概念、内涵和属性分析入手,归纳海洋国土开发与管控的特殊性和复杂性;同时溯及南海国土资源的开发历程,确定当前存在的主要国土空间安全问题。以此为基础,梳理南海国土开发与管控的相关议题,将其分为资源—生态维度和人文—制度维度两大问题群,并结合当前研究动态,对相关议题进行评述和讨论。本文认为：南海国土开发与管控的核心议题主要集中在三个方面,即南海开发与管控的基础理论研究、南海区域开发及规划的应用政策研究以及南海国土开发与管控问题的多尺度实证研究。希冀本文对厘清中国海洋国土开发与管控的研究课题,进一步完善中国海洋国土管控机制起到积极的参考作用。     

National laws and policies can enable or confound adaptive governance: Examples from South African national parks

There is growing appreciation that protected areas, like all social-ecological systems (SES), are inherently complex and face an unpredictable future under the influence of global environmental change. Adaptive management is the accepted approach for managing complex SES to ensure their resilience, but unless it is supported by a governance system that is itself adaptive it has little chance of success. Scholars have identified certain principles conducive to adaptive governance. Environmental legislation, an important component of the governance system, is often misaligned with these principles. In this paper we assess adaptive governance principles with regard to legislation governing South Africa’s national parks. This assessment indicates that, to enable adaptive governance and adaptive management, legislation should (1) be co-produced by policy-makers, policy implementers and users of protected area ecosystem services; (2) commit and empower management agencies to apply the principles of adaptive governance and adaptive management, particularly in the collaborative development of management plans; (3) commit agencies to review management plans and allow flexibility to adapt plans; (4) ensure that the temporal and spatial scales of the governance system match those of the SES being managed; (5) anticipate change and avoid assumptions of system stability and predictability; and (6) provide for flexible financing mechanisms, so that funds can be prioritised and timed to meet the unpredictable demands of complex systems.     

升级“环保管家”服务助力减污降碳协同增效

随着国家对碳达峰、碳中和（“双碳”）工作做出安排部署,我国生态环境治理进入减污与降碳全面融合、协同治理的新阶段。为了牵住降碳这个“牛鼻子”,需要全面升级“环保管家”服务模式,将“碳管家”作为“环保管家”升级的重要服务内容,助力实现减污降碳协同增效目标。在“环保管家”服务模式现状和问题分析的基础上,提出升级“环保管家”是推动减污降碳协同增效、助力碳达峰与碳中和的政策需求,是减少企业履约成本、推动企业减污降碳协同增效的现实需求,是提升节能环保技术、推动减污降碳协同增效的未来发展需求。建议从完善相关政策体系、拓宽融资渠道、推动绿色低碳技术自主研发、搭建科学化减污降碳管理平台、培养专业化碳资产管理师和开展创新试点工作这6个方面促进“双碳”目标下“环保管家”服务模式升级。

     

渤海湾海岸带生境退化诊断方法

海岸带是世界上生产力和生物多样性最高的生境类型之一. 海岸带生境退化诊断技术研究是保护生态系统和近海生物资源的现实需求,将为海岸带环境管理提供有力的技术支撑. 以渤海湾海岸带为研究区域,基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架模型,构建了渤海湾生境退化诊断的指标体系;采用层次分析法确定指标权重系数,对渤海湾海岸带生境退化进行了综合诊断和评价. 结果表明:相对于20世纪80年代,20多年来渤海湾海岸带的水质下降了1个等级,底质和滩涂栖息地下降了2个等级,入海物质对海岸带环境的压力提高了2个等级,海岸带生境的综合评价结果下降了1个等级.      

The governance of private residential land in cities and spatial effects on tree cover

Trees in cities supply ecosystem services, including cooling, storm water quality management, habitat, visual screening and softening of built form. There is an expanding interdisciplinary field encompassing biodiversity, ecosystem services, and stewardship networks in cities. However most of this work focuses on public greenspace. While much work has been done to demonstrate that trees on private land are an important complement to the public urban forest, and to understand the social drivers of such, less is known about the governance of private greenspace in cities. Private land contributes to a significant component of a city’s tree cover, particularly in cities characterised by low-density residential suburbs. It is important to understand the mechanisms that govern private tree cover, given the pace and scale of urbanisation globally. We combined policy and spatial analysis to examine the influence of larger and denser forms of residential development on suburban tree cover and the scope of contemporary governance measures. We interrogated tree cover patterns in the rapidly densifying and consolidating city of Brisbane, Australia, to show that private residential tree cover is explained by dwelling density, housing age, terrain slope, high school education, and household income. Results show significantly (30%) less tree cover in low-density residential suburbs developed since the early 1990s. We develop five governance principles for reversing the decline of urban trees on private residential property that may be transferable to other rapidly developing cities in around the world.     

Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo,Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities

Challenges in implementing water planning and management are common, and the effective implementation of integrated water policies is yet to occur. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo enacted a Water Act in 1991 to ensure water availability for current and future generations based on the principles of decentralization, participation and integration. This research addresses water policy implementation issues by conducting an exploratory case study in the state of São Paulo. Factors affecting the water policy implementation process were analyzed, together with some water resources management practices. The findings indicate four dimensions of key challenges: institutional and governance, political, financial and technical. The stakeholders believe the political and the institutional and governance challenges are more important than the technical and financial ones. Additionally, the results show different levels of involvement in the areas of water policy strategy, the planning and decision-making process, and implementation by the different stakeholders groups. Stakeholders external to the water sector and from local government were considered to be less involved in water-related issues, when compared with stakeholders from the water sector. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements in order to influence decisions and investments in different levels and sectors.     

渤海湾天津海域海洋环境污染防治策略探讨

从当前渤海湾天津海域的环境污染现状入手,分析了主要的污染物来源及污染类型,进而探讨了当前天津市海洋环境保护的相关法律、法规、政策并提出下一步管理方案,在此基础上针对现有成熟的修复技术探讨了适用于渤海湾天津海域的海洋环境修复方法。据此天津市环境保护部门制订相关法规并采取关停或整改等相应的措施进行管理,对企业的排放物实行环境容量和污染物总量控制;另一方面,天津市有关部门采用多种生态修复方法联合应用,如应用底栖动物和微生物以及海带、紫菜等藻类的养殖,使得天津海域的环境质量有了明显改善。     

黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物分布

根据第二次全国海洋污染基线凋查数据,确定黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物的含量、分布及其潜在的生态风险.结果表明,在35%以上的站点,物种体内石油烃含量超过国家海洋生物质量第一类标准(15 000 ng/g),大连湾附近海域贝类体内含量甚至高出第二类标准(50 000 ng/g).在威海、大连湾和胶州湾出现多环芳烃和酞酸酯少数相对高值站点(300 ng/g左右),而其它大多数站点贝类体内多环芳烃和酞酸酯的含量都较低.中、高环组分占优指示近岸海区的多环芳烃主要来源于热解过程;二丁基酞酸酯和2-乙基己基酞酸酯是酞酸酯的主要组分.在所有站点,底栖贝类体内PCBs的含量普遍很低(<10 ng/g).贝类体内DDTs含量超过第一类标准(10 ng/g)的站点大部分集中在南黄海沿岸,海州湾内一站点已超出第二类标准(100 ng/g),而组分以代谢产物DDD和DDE为主.在所有站点的贝类体内都有p,p'-DDT检出,尤其在北黄海的大连湾和蓬莱附近海区(比例高于50%),指示周边地区存在潜在的DDT输入源.据此,大连湾、威海、胶州湾沿岸贝类体内石油烃和多环芳烃含量较高,胶州湾、海州湾附近海域贝类体内DDTs含量较高,这些属于较高生态风险区,而大连湾、蓬莱近岸可能的DDT新输入对底栖环境构成一定威胁.     

美国军队环境管理体系研究

在介绍美国军队管理体系的发展历程、运行模式、总体结构和运行特点的基础上,对其执行过程中所遇到的问题进行了剖析,并提出了解决问题的途径,以期为我国军队环境管理体系的建立和完善提供借鉴.     

基于生态系统的海湾综合管理框架及调控策略

海湾是相对独立、完整的生态系统,具有优越的区位和资源优势,面临巨大的开发利用需求,开发与保护问题突出。基于生态系统的综合管理（ecosystem-based management,EBM）是当前国际资源与环境综合管理的主流范式,为解决生态环境危机提供了理论和方法支持。文章在分析海湾生态系统特征和面临的生态环境问题的基础上,根据EBM相关理论和实践,提出基于生态系统的海湾综合管理应该遵循的原则、目标、综合管理框架,以及开展陆海统筹的流域-海湾空间规划,开展基于陆域土地利用的流域-海湾污染物控制,维护海湾水动力条件和保护关键生境,开展流域-海岸-海湾尺度的生态修复,建立海湾综合管理体制机制等具体调控策略,以期为我国海湾综合开发与保护提供参考。     

长江三角洲海洋生态建设与区域海洋经济可持续发展

通过分析国家与地方海洋发展战略,总结我国区域海洋经济发展特点,对长江三角洲区域海洋经济发展及其对海洋生态的依赖性进行深刻剖析,并在长江三角洲两省一市共同和不同海洋生态现象的基础上,贯彻流域联动、区域联动和陆海统筹原则和以海洋生态工程解决海洋工程生态问题原则,提出长江三角洲海洋生态建设基本构架。最后,从社会效益、经济效益和生态效益三个方面系统阐述了海洋生态建设对长江三角洲区域海洋生态的积极贡献。     

天津市入海排污口监管体系研究

入海排污口监管是海洋生态环境保护管理制度的重要一环,也是陆海统筹、系统治理的重要措施。本文聚焦入海排污口监管体系设计,针对天津市入海排污口监管存在的主要问题,系统地提出了入海排污口长效化管理机制建设思路和保障措施建议,为全国推广开展入海排污口监管提供参考。     

粤港澳大湾区土壤污染问题计量及可视化分析

土壤污染问题已经成为粤港澳大湾区迈向国际一流湾区的桎梏,对标纽约、旧金山和东京三大世界一流湾区可以为应对大湾区土壤环境压力提供方向指引.以Web of Science核心数据库中相关文献为研究对象,运用文献共被引分析、关键词共现分析和关键词突现检测的文献计量定量分析方法,对世界三大湾区土壤污染领域的研究现状进行了分析.结果表明,目前世界湾区土壤污染的研究主题主要集中在土壤污染物来源、空间分布、修复处理研究,以及土壤污染的生物可利用度、对海洋生物的不利影响、海洋生物指标在土壤污染评估的作用;土壤污染物研究的热点集中在重金属污染和有机污染上,海洋生物关联研究则对土壤污染的毒性、引发的生物性畸变和生物标志物讨论较多.通过对比国内外湾区土壤污染研究状况,发现我国湾区土壤污染研究相比世界三大湾区起步较晚,且现有国内文献成果的研究区域和主题分布不均衡,特别是在湾区土壤污染的海洋生物关联研究方面热度较低.因此,开展粤港澳大湾区海陆一体化研究、扩展考察领域至土壤污染的相关海洋生物研究,对完善我国粤港澳大湾区土壤污染研究、应对大湾区土壤环境问题至关重要.     

浅析中国东海区海洋倾废管理现状与对策

实现对海洋倾废科学有效管理是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务。东海是我国海洋生产力最大的海区,近年来,随着海洋经济和沿海区域经济的发展,向海上倾倒废弃物的数量和规模不断增加,在实际倾倒过程中出现了倾倒区选划利用不合理、违规倾倒和执法监管不力等问题,影响东海海洋生态环境平衡与可持续发展。因此,文章在对东海区海洋倾废活动现状进行全面客观梳理的基础上,就主要存在的问题进行实证分析,结合东海区海洋倾倒的实际需求,为实现合理有效的管理提出对策。     

国内外海洋生态管理评估方法对海洋生态保护红线制度的借鉴

本文综合分析了国际上对海洋保护区(地)的管理评估指标体系和我国已有的海洋生态管理评估方法,比较了各自的特点和优劣,提取了对海洋生态保护红线管理评估的借鉴之处,建议设置生物与物理、社会、管理三大类指标及具体的指标体系,并设置约束性指标。     

东京湾水环境治理对深圳的启示

分析东京湾社会经济、水环境状况和治理历程,其水环境变化经历了先污染后治理的历程.近几十年东京湾环境管理内容纳入行政管理范围,环境对策、措施随着主要环境问题的变化也经历了诸多变化,促进东京湾水环境逐步改善和恢复.结合东京湾环境管理历程和深圳湾区水环境主要问题,分析深圳湾区水环境治理存在的差距及经验借鉴,可从制度建设、体制机制、投融资渠道和公众参与等方面进行完善,为深圳湾区水环境治理和改善提供参考.     

Making water policy work in the United Kingdom: A case study of practical approaches to strengthening complex,multi-tiered systems of water governance

We propose a suite of actions for strengthening water governance in contexts with complex, multi-tiered arrangements. In doing so, we focus on the collective water policies and approaches of the United Kingdom (UK), including those of devolved governments, which confront a host of serious water-related challenges—from massive flooding of urban areas and agricultural lands, to pressure on aquifers from rising water demand and drought. Further complexity in addressing these challenges has emerged in the wake of the June 2016 vote to leave the European Union (EU), so-called ‘Brexit’, and the ensuing ‘separation process’ with uncertainties for institutional and governance arrangements to follow. We make ten proposals for improving and reinvigorating water policy in complex, multi-layered situations, and comment specifically on their application in the UK setting. These are: put in place a system-wide water policy; fully embrace community-led nested river basin planning and management; fully fund river basin planning and management; re-focus the policy framing; use best-available data and information; create conversational spaces and become a more water-literate society; mobilise people; support and sustain core community networks; underpin river basin plans with regulatory provisions and effective monitoring and enforcement; and address systemic institutional amnesia. Individually and collectively, we contend that these actions will have a marked effect on transforming the planning and management of water resources. A system-wide water policy that maintains and builds on the substantive biophysical and socio-economic benefits delivered through implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive, together with the more recent Floods Directive, will galvanise stewardship of water in the UK. We urge more active engagement with and empowerment of the multiplicity of system ‘actors’, and highlight the role of non-government actors in a post-Brexit world as conduits for reaching out to and connecting directly with a wide range of water-related actors, especially across the EU. While attention to-date has focused on a plethora of specifically water-related projects, initiatives, plans and regulations, what is really needed is a systemic, long-term view of water resource management.     

中国环境行政执法能力建设现状调查与问题分析

环境行政执法能力建设正成为中国环境行政管理体制建设的一个重点.中国已建立起一个四级环境执法体系,最新成立的区域环境督查中心标志着中国环境行政执法体制建设又迈出了新的一步.对85个执法机构,162家企业就环境行政执法机构的人力投入、资金支持、技术保障、执法手段、执法产出、执法阻力、社会动员和企业激励8个方面进行了问卷和访谈形式的调查.从省、市、县三级执法角度全面分析了中国环境行政执法各方面存在的问题.研究认为,中国的环境行政执法总体而言已经建立起一个完备的框架,各地对环境执法日益重视,环境行政执法能力得到了提高;但是环境行政执法随着经济发展、公众环境意识的提高面临着越来越大的压力,承担的任务也更为繁重.为了应对挑战,环境法律、体制和各方面的投入以及执法理念都要进一步改进.     

Policy guidance for identifying and effectively managing perpetual environmental impacts from new hardrock mines

Perpetual environmental management at operating and proposed hardrock mines is a rapidly expanding global dilemma. While economies of scale have encouraged larger mines, improved models routinely predict long-term water quality degradation at sulfide metal mines. Technical causes include oxidation of sulfide minerals and seepage from waste rock, tailings, and pit wall rock. Perpetual treatment is usually less expensive than permanent stabilization, even using 2% “risk-free” investment return rate; but this option greatly increases the social and financial complexity. A few regulations address perpetual management, but specific requirements range from formal acceptance to complete prohibition. With vague regulations, predictions of long-term impacts often delay permitting as operators and regulators grapple with model uncertainty and regulatory ambiguity. Risk management tools (e.g., insurance, inflation-protected investments, etc.) can reduce but cannot eliminate risk, and their continued availability is uncertain. What regulators and mine operators need – but do not have – is a clear framework to guide them in developing perpetual management plans that balance risks (e.g., uncertainty in predictions, cost, finance, and governance) and ensure responsible environmental and social stewardship. This paper responds with a review of perpetual mine management issues, including technical causes, policy examples, investment tools, case studies, technical remedies, and principles for successful long-term management.