亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种幼苗功能性状差异研究

以湖南八大公山25 hm~2常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地中24个常见物种为研究对象,按照不同生长阶段(H_1:5≤H20 cm、H_2:20≤H40 cm、H_3:40≤H80 cm、H_4:80≤H130 cm、H_5:H≥130 cm且DBH1 cm)获取了826株幼苗并测量了叶片和茎干功能性状,分析了不同生长阶段、冠层和叶片习性幼苗功能性状变异,以及不同功能性状对幼苗存活的影响。结果表明:(1)幼苗功能性状在不同生长阶段差异显著,随着幼苗生长,比叶面积(SLA)、叶片碳氮比(C/N)呈现下降趋势,比茎密度(SSD)、叶柄长度(PL)、叶片氮磷比(N/P)和叶绿素含量(Chl)呈现升高趋势;(2)SLA在灌木层、亚乔木层和乔木层间无明显变化,叶片厚度(LT)、Chl和N/P在3个冠层间变化显著,SSD和PL均在灌木层和乔木层间无明显变化,C/N在灌木层和亚乔木层间无明显差异;(3)常绿树种幼苗具有较高的Chl和LT,落叶树种幼苗具有较高的SLA、叶片氮含量(LNC)、叶片磷含量(LPC)和PL;(4)个体大小对幼苗存活具有显著正效应,LPC促进落叶树种幼苗存活,抑制常绿树种幼苗存活。在植物生活史早期,不同功能群植物针对林下低光环境采取了不同生长适应策略,不同生长阶段幼苗也根据光环境的改变调整自身功能性状。另外,八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中幼苗的生长主要受氮素限制,且这种限制作用随着幼苗生长逐渐减弱。     

Effect of copper-tolerant rhizosphere bacteria on mobility of copper in soil and copper accumulation by Elsholtzia splendens

The role of rhizosphere bacteria in facilitating the solubility of copper (Cu) in contaminated soil and Cu accumulation in plant were studied. The bacteria strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of Elsholtzia splendens, a Cu accumulator growing on Tonglu Mountain copper mines. After the sandy soils containing 237 mg kg(-1) were incubated with the bacteria strains, it was indicated that rhizosphere microbes played an important role in influencing the availability of water-soluble Cu in soils. Soils had greater concentrations of water-extractable Cu compared with axenic soils inoculated with different bacterial strains. Further evidence for bacterial facilitation of increased solubility of Cu in the soil was obtained using the antibiotic ampicillin (0.1 mg g(-1)). There were 36% decreases in Cu concentration in the presence of bacterial strain MS12 and ampicillin together compared with bacterial inoculation alone. Different bacterial strains had different abilities on soil water-soluble Cu. To achieve the highest rates of plant Cu accumulation, it was necessary for bacteria to be present in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Inoculated plants supplied with 20 micromol L(-1) CuSO4 had significantly greater concentrations of Cu in shoots and roots than uninoculated plants and bacterial strain MS2 was the most effective strain in promoting plant Cu uptake. There were 2.2-fold and 2.5-fold increases in Cu accumulation in the shoots and roots of plants inoculated with strain MS2 compared to axenic controls. Furthermore, when ampicillin and the bacterial strains were added together to the nutrient solution, the Cu concentrations in roots and shoots of ampicillin-treated plants were lower than those in inoculated plants. When ampicillin was added to the nutrient solution, Cu accumulation was inhibited by about 24-44% in shoots and 20-44% in roots. The above results provided a new insight into the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soil.     

The influence of the development of temperate fruit tree species on the potential for their uptake of radionuclides

This paper reviews the published literature that describes the phenological development of above and below ground organs of temperate fruit trees (top fruit), particularly with respect to apple (Malus domestica). Critical information is presented which is considered appropriate in developing an understanding of the potential for top fruit species to take up radionuclide contaminants from the atmosphere and the soil. Information is cited on how climatic and edaphic factors influence the growth and development of temperate fruit trees, the phenological production of their leaf area and the development and growth of their fruit and hence the potential for foliar and fruit uptake of radionuclides from the atmosphere. The study also reports on the importance of the distribution and phenological development of roots in the soil and the potential for their uptake of radionuclides from the soil. The effects of above and below ground management procedures, within temperate fruit orchards, on potential radionuclide uptake are also considered. It is concluded that the potential for the uptake of radionuclides by temperate fruit tree species will depend on a number of phenological and physiological factors. For uptake from the soil these factors include; root distribution and density in the soil profile, seasonal changes in the production and distribution of roots, and the presence and amount of water in the soil. These factors are themselves influenced by rootstock type and its growth vigour, scion type and its growth vigour, tree age, spacing of trees in the orchard, orchard management practices (presence or absence of weeds or grass under the trees) and soil type and depth. Direct uptake by the shoot, however, will be influenced by the climatic conditions at the time of exposure and the presence of foliage. Deposition and uptake are likely to change with leaf area development and the ability of radionuclides to penetrate the cuticle of the leaf changes with seasonal development. Transport of radionuclides to the fruit may also depend on the time of season, as the importance of the xylem and phloem transport routes can change with the growth and development of the fruit.     

Biotic, temporal and spatial variability of tritium concentrations in transpirate samples collected in the vicinity of a near-surface low-level nuclear waste disposal site and nearby research reactor

The results of a 21 month sampling program measuring tritium in tree transpirate with respect to local sources are reported. The aim was to assess the potential of tree transpirate to indicate the presence of sub-surface seepage plumes.Transpirate gathered from trees near low-level nuclear waste disposal trenches contained activity concentrations of ³H that were significantly higher (up to ∼700 Bq L⁻¹) than local background levels (0-10 Bq L⁻¹). The effects of the waste source declined rapidly with distance to be at background levels within 10s of metres. A research reactor 1.6 km south of the site contributed significant (p < 0.01) local fallout ³H but its influence did not reach as far as the disposal trenches.The elevated ³H levels in transpirate were, however, substantially lower than groundwater concentrations measured across the site (ranging from 0 to 91% with a median of 2%). Temporal patterns of tree transpirate ³H, together with local meteorological observations, indicate that soil water within the active root zones comprised a mixture of seepage and rainfall infiltration. The degree of mixing was variable given that the soil water activity concentrations were heterogeneous at a scale equivalent to the effective rooting volume of the trees. In addition, water taken up by roots was not well mixed within the trees. Based on correlation modelling, net rainfall less evaporation (a surrogate for infiltration) over a period of from 2 to 3 weeks prior to sampling seems to be the optimum predictor of transpirate ³H variability for any sampled tree at this site.The results demonstrate successful use of ³H in transpirate from trees to indicate the presence and general extent of sub-surface contamination at a low-level nuclear waste site.     

Social and environmental trade-offs in tree species selection: a methodology for identifying niche incompatibilities in agroforestry

Natural resource degradation in highland regions is of increasing concern to the global community due to its role in aggravating poverty and the loss of environmental services to local and downstream users. The integration of trees into smallholder farming systems has been promoted as a means to enhance rural livelihoods while reversing the degradation of soil, water, biodiversity and related environmental services. Yet in addition to these benefits, negative impacts of trees on certain stakeholders or system components have also accompanied such efforts—suggesting that important trade-offs accompany afforestation. This paper presents a methodology for diagnosing problems stemming from cultivation of certain tree species in specific landscape niches. Data derived from the application of this methodology in two sites in the eastern African highlands are presented. Participatory diagnoses of landscape-level problems suggest that the negative impact of trees on water resource availability and crop yield are of critical concern to smallholder farmers. Ethnoecological data highlight the properties of different tree species that determine their suitability to specific farm and landscape niches. These data point to important opportunities for more socially- and environmentally-optimal integration of indigenous and exotic tree species into agricultural landscapes, and highlight the critical importance of local knowledge in forging solutions appropriate to contemporary realities.     

Communities of trees along a tropical forest restoration gradient

Increasing rates of deforestation in tropical forests have been linked to agriculturalists. A critical concern generating debate is how well communities of trees recover into a more species rich ecosystem after restoration planting. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of recovery of communities of tree, assess the influence of Acanthus pubescens, Lantana camara and Pennisetum purpureum, on the recovery as well as how restoration planting facilitates recruitment of other native tree seedlings along a gradient of forest restoration in Kibale National Park, Uganda after evictions of illegal settlers. We studied six restoration forests ranging in age from 3 to 16 years, naturally regenerating and three primary forests. Our results showed that recovery with natural regeneration was more effective than restoration planting although the latter enhanced recruitment of other native tree seedling. Tree recovery was generally correlated with age so that species density and diversity increased although at different rates. A reverse pattern was found for dominance but no clear pattern was found for tree density (individual/ha). Communities of tree showed directional patterns of change however community composition were still distinct among the different forests. A. pubescens, L. camara and P. purpureum negatively correlated with species density, tree density and diversity but a positive correlation was found for dominance. Restoration planting can reestablish forests with high species density, tree density and diversity, but this is dependent on age and the extent of the herbs, grasses and shrubs cover in tropical forests.     

空心莲子草对水分变化的形态适应研究

在人工栽培空心莲子草并控制其立地水分条件,使之形成相应三种生境类型——旱生型、挺水型、漂浮型的条件下,初步研究了空心莲子草对水因子变化的形态适应机理。对节间长度、不定根数、不定根长度、叶形指数、抽枝率、节间最大周长等六个形态学指标进行的单因素方差分析和因子分析的结果表明：水分条件的变化对全部形态参数都有极显著影响;旱生型空心莲子草以地上部迅速占有空间的生长为主,其次是地下部生长;与旱生型空心莲子草相比,漂浮型的生长趋势中茎的增粗生长和根的数量生长上升到重要位置,然后才是茎与根的伸长生长;挺水型的第一位生长具有旱生型与漂浮型的双重特点,第二位生长在一定程度上具有与漂浮型相同的特征。按旱生型—挺水型—漂浮型逐级过渡,节间长度、不定根数极显著增加;第一公共因子中不定根数的重要性逐步升高,而且抽枝率始终是重要参数,但其均值在漂浮型中最小。所以,对旱生型与挺水型空心莲子草的治理应以抑制其抽枝为主要手段,对于漂浮型则应以抑制其生根为主。后续的相关研究应该以寻找其根和茎的发育机理为主,并以此为突破口采用适当的方法治理该种的蔓延。     

Assessment of biological effects in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plantago major</Emphasis> L. Seed progeny in the zone of impact from a Copper Smelter

The quality of seed progeny was studied in Plantago major from populations growing for a long time in the gradient of chemical pollution around the Karabash Copper Smelter (KCS). The results showed that the range of variation in seed germination and seedling survival rates was wider in background than in impact populations. The lowest values of growth parameters (the number of seedlings with a true leaf and root length) were recorded in the sample from the most polluted plot. Challenging exposure to toxic elements (seed germination in soils from polluted plots) was found to stimulate, to different extents, the rate of leaf formation and suppress root growth in the seedlings. It cannot be stated from these results that the adaptive potential of plants grown in the zone of impact from the KCS is altered, compared to that in other samples. Evaluation of the prooxidant and antioxidant status of seedlings from this zone revealed a decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (to 60 and 33% of background values, respectively) and an increase in peroxidase activity (to 122%). The prooxidant status of seedlings in samples from the KCS zone was found to be increased, except for the sample from the most polluted plot.     

Rapid thermal method for early diagnosis of the physiological state of Scots pine trees

Trends in stem temperature of Scots pine trees in different life states are described. Any substantial disturbances of water flow in the roots, stem, or crown have an immediate effect on the stem temperature. This temperature shows a strong inverse correlation with the state of the tree, with the coefficient of determination ranging from 0.710 to 0.974. The method of assessing the physiological state of trees by temperature parameters allows early diagnosis of decline in the viability of conifers.     

Thorium uptake by wheat at different stages of plant growth

Data on biogeochemistry of thorium are rather limited. So far little is known about toxic effects of small amounts of the radionuclide on higher plants. In this study the uptake of thorium by wheat seedlings was measured by greenhouse experiments. Germination of wheat seeds for 6 days in the presence of thorium resulted in accumulation of the metal in all parts of the seedlings. When the Th-rich seedlings were transferred to normal soil and were grown there further for 7 days, Th concentrations in roots and leaves decreased significantly (in leaves the Th content decreased up to the level of Th in the control plants). In seeds, however, Th content remained unchanged. An increase of Th content in roots and seeds was also observed as a result of addition of thorium to soil but in this case the concentration of Th in leaves did not change. The accumulation of Th in plants affected the uptake of other elements including essential macro-nutrients. The most strongly affected part of the plants was leaf.     

Potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriaria nepalensis</Emphasis> for establishment of tree seedlings: Implication for restoration of degraded hill slopes of Central Himalaya

Seedling establishment in harsh environment was a rare and sporadic event due to the prevalent high temperatures and low moisture regimes. Also in response to harsh conditions seedlings establishment of many species appear to be more frequent under canopies of nurse plants. In these interactions the seedling benefit from the micro environment created by the adult nurse plants. In Himalaya some of the host plants are typically colonizer of nutrient-poor soils in habitats such as eroded soils and rocky surfaces. Many of the plants themselves do not yield economic goods, but they can promote the growth of more useful plants and have potential for reclamation of nutrient poor soils.     

The combined effect of uranium and gamma radiation on biological responses and oxidative stress induced in Arabidopsis thaliana

Uranium never occurs as a single pollutant in the environment, but always in combination with other stressors such as ionizing radiation. As effects induced by multiple contaminants can differ markedly from the effects induced by the individual stressors, this multiple pollution context should not be neglected. In this study, effects on growth, nutrient uptake and oxidative stress induced by the single stressors uranium and gamma radiation are compared with the effects induced by the combination of both stressors. By doing this, we aim to better understand the effects induced by the combined stressors but also to get more insight in stressor-specific response mechanisms. Eighteen-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were exposed for 3 days to 10 μM uranium and 3.5 Gy gamma radiation. Gamma radiation interfered with uranium uptake, resulting in decreased uranium concentrations in the roots, but with higher transport to the leaves. This resulted in a better root growth but increased leaf lipid peroxidation. For the other endpoints studied, effects under combined exposure were mostly determined by uranium presence and only limited influenced by gamma presence. Furthermore, an important role is suggested for CAT1/2/3 gene expression under uranium and mixed stressor conditions in the leaves.     

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

Atmospheric CO(2) is rising rapidly, and options for slowing the CO(2) rise are politically charged as they largely require reductions in industrial CO(2) emissions for most developed countries. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth's surface, account for some 70% of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), and are being bartered for carbon mitigation, it is critically important that we continue to reduce the uncertainties about the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest tree growth, productivity, and forest ecosystem function. In this paper, I review knowledge gaps and research needs on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest above- and below-ground growth and productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water relations, wood quality, phenology, community dynamics and biodiversity, antioxidants and stress tolerance, interactions with air pollutants, heterotrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Finally, I discuss research needs regarding modeling of the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forests.Even though there has been a tremendous amount of research done with elevated CO(2) and forest trees, it remains difficult to predict future forest growth and productivity under elevated atmospheric CO(2). Likewise, it is not easy to predict how forest ecosystem processes will respond to enriched CO(2). The more we study the impacts of increasing CO(2), the more we realize that tree and forest responses are yet largely uncertain due to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group, and the complex interactions of elevated atmospheric CO(2) with soil fertility, drought, pests, and co-occurring atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen deposition and O(3). Furthermore, it is impossible to predict ecosystem-level responses based on short-term studies of young trees grown without interacting stresses and in small spaces without the element of competition. Long-term studies using free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) technologies or forest stands around natural CO(2) vents are needed to increase the knowledge base on forest ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO(2). In addition, new experimental protocols need to continue to be developed that will allow for mature trees to be examined in natural ecosystems. These studies should be closely linked to modeling efforts so that the inference capacity from these expensive and long-term studies can be maximized.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas contribute to phytostabilization of uranium in uranium mining tailings

Uranium (U) tailings pose environmental risks and call for proper remediation. In this paper medic and ryegrass plants were used as host plants to examine whether inoculation with an AM fungus, Glomus intraradices, would help phytostabilization of U tailings. The need of amending with uncontaminated soil for supporting plant survival was also examined by mixing soil with U tailing at different mixing ratios. Soil amendment increased plant growth and P uptake. Ryegrass produced a more extensive root system and a greater biomass than medic plants at all mixing ratios. Medic roots were extensively colonized by G. intraradices whereas ryegrass were more sparsely colonized. Plant growth was not improved by mycorrhizas, which, however, improved P nutrition of medic plants. Medic plants contained higher U concentrations and showed higher specific U uptake efficiency compared to ryegrass. In the presence of U tailing, most U had been retained in plant roots, and this distribution pattern was further enhanced by mycorrhizal colonization. The results suggest a role for AM fungi in phytostabilization of U tailings.     

不同龄级南川木波罗幼苗生物量及分配格局

以不同龄级（1~5年生）南川木波罗幼苗为研究对象,研究其生物量及分配,并利用苗高（H）、基径（D）及HD2估测单株木及其器官生物量的适合模型。结果表明：（1）随着苗龄的增加,单株生物量及各器官生物量随之增加,其中枝生物量增加幅度最大;（2）地上部分各器官生物量分配率表现为：干生物量>叶生物量>枝生物量;（3）地下部分各龄级根系生物量分配以主根和粗根为主,表现为：主根>粗根>细根,地上部分生物量分配率高于地下部分,并最后趋于稳定;（4）以基径(D)作为自变量优于利用株高(H)和HD2建立生物量预测模型,并且多以幂函数为最佳,建立的生物量预测模型中,除细根生物量预测模型较差外,其它预测模型效果都较好,相关系数均达到极显著水平,表明利用本文建立的估测南川木波罗各器官生物量模型是可行的     

Ecological characteristics of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedling roots under different irrigation treatments

An trench profile method was used to study seasonal variation of root ecological characteristics of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings under different irrigation treatments. The results indicated the following: (1) Root morphology: under excellent soil moisture conditions, A. sparsifolia seedlings developed many horizontal roots and root sprouts to compete for light; but under poor soil moisture, the vertical root system expanded its resource space into deeper soil. Plasticity of root morphology is an important strategy to capture water and adapt to the hyperarid environment. (2) Root/shoot ratio: root/shoot ratio increased with declining soil moisture, and this trend was more obvious later in the growing season. Increase of root/shoot ratio is a strategy for adapting to drought. (3) Growth of root system: The seedlings prefer to develop roots in shallower surface layers with less water availability. The growth depth and vertical growth rate of roots increased with decreased soil moisture. (4) Accumulation of root biomass: biomass and surface area of the root system decreased with increased soil depth, with the roots distributed in an ??inverted pyramid?? in vertical section view. The formation of root biomass conformed to a logistic ??slow-quick-slow?? growth curve, and total biomass decreased with intensity of soil drought. The findings will provide data useful for effective restoration of A. sparsifolia and better utilization of water resources in hyperarid regions.     

Traditional management and conservation of shea trees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitellaria paradoxa</Emphasis> subspecies <Emphasis Type="Italic">nilotica</Emphasis>) in Uganda

Traditional practices are universally recognised as a basis for conservation of biodiversity. However, such practices are often not included in natural resource conservation policies. This study assessed local conservation practices of shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) within different farming systems in Uganda and developed conservation guidelines for the species. The assessment involved 300 respondents, 15 focus groups and 41 key informants. Content analysis was used to identify the most important management and conservation practices. Local uses were categorised on the basis of shea tree products while differences in conservation practices were analysed using the Friedman test. The results show that eight shea tree products are used for 36 different purposes. Respondents’ age significantly influenced their knowledge about the shea tree. Traditional conservation practices include on-farm retention during cultivation and the use of folklore (mainly taboos), customs and rituals. Traditional management practices include weeding, bush burning, pollarding and pruning. Based on the current management and traditional conservation practices, a framework for the conservation of shea trees is proposed for integration into conservation policy decisions.     

Assessment of the reproductive capacity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> trees growing under conditions of chronic exposure to radionuclides of uranium and thorium series

The reproductive capacity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been estimated in trees from the population growing in an area used to store tailings from uranium ore processing and radium production. Under such conditions, 12- to 15-year-old trees produce seeds of a quality inferior to that in areas with a normal background radiation level. As the weighted absorbed dose rate (at a weighting coefficient of 5) for generative organs increases from 0.002 ± 0.0003 to 0.344 ± 0.059 mGy/day, a proportional increase is observed in the proportion of empty seeds and the frequency of cytogenetic disturbances in the root meristem of seedlings, while the survival rate of seedlings decreases. The minimum absorbed dose rate leading to these changes in the pine population is 0.027 mGy/day, i.e., 12 times as high as the control value.     

Industrial pollution reduces the effect of trees on forming the patterns of heavy metal concentration fields in forest litter

An analysis is made of the effect of large spruce and birch trees on the spatial pattern of the fields of heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) and pH in the forest litter formed in tree stands exposed to long-term pollution with emissions from the copper smelter in Revda, Sverdlovsk oblast. The fields formed by trees growing in the background area have a regular spatial structure: the concentrations of elements decrease with increase in the distance from the tree trunk to the edge of canopy gap, with the position of sampling point relative to the trunk accounting for more than half of total variance. In polluted areas, the regular component of the field structure is very weakly expressed, and the main role is played by higher-order heterogeneity related to the mosaic pollution pattern on the scale of tens to hundreds of meters.     

博落回植物与肥料复合的杀螺效应及对水稻生长影响

探索一种杀螺施肥双效作用的新型杀螺剂。将博落回植物粉末分别与氮、磷、钾肥复合制成植物3种单肥复合杀螺剂(简称MPF),与3种肥料混合配成植物混合肥复合杀螺剂(简称MCF)。采用浸杀法进行杀螺试验, 同时检验该复合杀螺剂对水稻萌发及生长的影响。结果显示,3种MPF(博落回植物分别与氮、磷、钾肥复合杀螺剂)处理钉螺,48 h钉螺死亡率分别为100%、533%、667%;作用于水稻,能明显促进种子萌发和幼苗生长,如3种MPF使水稻种子萌发率分别为100%、80%和53%,分别比对照（40%）提高了60%、40%和13%;水稻幼苗分别增长了1268%、707%和605%。MCF随处理浓度增加及处理时间延长,钉螺死亡率上升,较低浓度（200 mg/L）处理48 h 和72 h,钉螺死亡率分别为733%和867%;较高浓度（400 mg/L）复合处理48 h和72 h,钉螺死亡率分别为833%、100%。然而,低浓度（200 mg/L）MCF对水稻萌发和生长有促进作用,如水稻幼苗比对照增长了876%,但高浓度（400 mg/L）则有一定抑制作用。因此,MPF对钉螺具有较好的杀螺活性,同时能促进水稻萌发和生长,其中植物氮肥复合杀螺剂效果最佳;MCF对钉螺均有杀螺活性,但低浓度对水稻有促进作用,而高浓度则有抑制作用