中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）的科学目标与近期方向

生态与环境是人类社会可持续发展的基础。进入20世纪90年代以来,生态学研究愈来愈受到广泛重视,已成为自然科学和社会科学共同关注的重点领域。近年,国际生态学联合会和美国生态学会都提出了相应的生态学研究计划和优先领域,其中全球变化、生物多样性和生态系统的可持续性被列为生态学的研究前沿。     

基于RWEQ模型的内蒙古高原土壤风蚀研究

土壤风蚀是评价气候变化与人类活动对生态系统服务功能影响的重要指标。应用RWEQ模型定量反演了20世纪90年代以来内蒙古高原土壤风蚀模数,揭示其时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)自20世纪90年代以来,土壤风蚀模数呈先升后降趋势,2000年以后下降趋势显著,下降速率为0.87 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1);(2)2000年以来,研究区87.85%的区域土壤风蚀模数呈下降态势,中度以上土壤风蚀发生面积减少4.73×104 km~2,西部区域土壤风蚀得到有效抑制,土壤风蚀模数从86.92 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1)下降至59.46 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1),中部土壤风蚀量明显减少,土壤风蚀模数降低了14.68 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1),东部空间变化不明显;(3)极端天气沙尘暴发生次数减少和年平均风速降低与土壤风蚀下降显著相关(P0.001),退耕还林灌草等土地利用、覆盖变化(LUCC)对降低土壤风蚀模数,提高区域防风固沙功能具有关键作用。研究成果对促进地区荒漠化防治和区域可持续发展具有一定的科学意义。     

黄土高原绿色建筑体系评价指标体系

阐述了绿色建筑体系是可持续发展的人类住区,介绍了可持续发展人类住区和可持续发展评价指标体系国内外研究状况,提出了建立绿色建筑体系评价指标体系的原则,提出了黄土高原县,乡,镇层次上的绿色建筑体系评价指标体系框架,以及指标量化的方法。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果 ,依据系统分析原理 ,从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度 6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中 ,对延安市宝塔区近 8a(1 992— 1 999年 )区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明 :宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势 ,但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段 ,区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态     

生态敏感性评估研究进展评述

生态敏感性评估是对区域生态系统的生态环境问题、生态潜在风险进行的预测与分析,是区域生态安全评价和生态保护的重要依据。以“生态敏感性”和“ecological sensitivity”为关键词进行文献检索,采用CiteSpace软件进行分析,系统梳理了生态敏感性评估研究进展和应用案例总结,讨论现阶段研究存在的问题与不足,并对未来生态敏感性研究提出展望。结果表明：生态敏感性从20世纪90年代提出以来,已形成了较成熟的生态敏感性评价指标体系,并在不同尺度生态敏感性评估与时空演变格局2方面取得较大进展;生态敏感性被广泛应用到生态安全格局构建、生态区划、生态修复、城市开发边界划定等规划设计与生态保护实践。未来研究需重点加强生态敏感性影响因子遴选、不同尺度评价方法以及敏感性分区阈值方法的研究。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果，依据系统分析原理，从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中，对延安市宝塔区近8a(1992—1999年)区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明：宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势，但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段，区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态。     

社会学习理论对可持续发展行为的启示

当代美国新行为主义心理学家A﹒班杜拉于20世纪60、70年代提出了新的行为理论----社会学习理论。作为人类行为特别是人类学习行为的指导思想,社会学习理论对人类正在探索和追求的可持续发展的实践具有重要的启迪意义。本文通过对社会学习理论及可持续发展行为的相关性的分析,来探求普遍行为理论指导可持续发展下行为的实施策略,进而为丰富和完善可持续发展的理论与实践提供新的参考思路。     

战略环境影响评价有效性概念解析及评估方法研究

在系统回顾国内外战略环境影响评价(SEA)有效性研究的基础上,探讨了战略环境评价有效性的内涵,提出了包括执行过程有效性和发挥作用有效性的SEA有效性概念模型,尝试性地构建了SEA有效性评估的指标体系,并运用规范的模糊综合评判法对天津滨海新区战略环境影响评价的有效性进行评价,从而为SEA有效性评估提供思路,并期望对我国SEA的建设有所裨益。     

城市化进程对南京市区域气温变化的影响

20 世纪90 年代以来中国进入城市化快速发展阶段,城市规模迅速扩张,这在一定程度上对大气热环境产生了影响,如产生了城市热岛效应.文章基于南京气象站点观测数据、南京市统计年鉴以及landsat TM 影像数据,选取人口密度、废气排放量、运营车辆、用电量、绿地覆盖面积、建成区面积6 项指标构建城市化因子群,运用灰色关联度分析法对影响南京气温变化的因子群进行贡献度分析.首先,基于以往研究及南京市统计年鉴选取人口密度、废气排放量、运营车辆、用电量、绿地覆盖面积、建成区面积6 项指标构建城市化因子群;其次,基于landsat TM 影像数据利用监督分类方法提取建成区面积;最后,基于灰色关联度分析方法,定量计算出人口密度、废气排放量、运营车辆、用电量、绿地覆盖面积、建成区面积6 项城市化因子分别对年均温、年最高温、年最低温、季均温、月均温以及不同时期温度均值的影响.研究发现,（1）1983-2011 年期间,南京市气温呈明显递增趋势,20 世纪90 年代后期增温更为明显,1999-2007 年年均温增长了1.50 ℃.（2）发现对于同-参考数列（年均温、月均温等）而言,其影响因子关联度整体排序是一致的：人口密度〉建成区面积〉废气排放量〉运营车辆〉用电量〉绿地覆盖面积.（3）同一城市化因子对年均温变化、年最高温变化、年最低温变化的影响是不相同的.例如,人口密度对1983-2011 年年均温变化影响最大,关联度达到了0.95;用电量、废气排放量和运营车辆对1983-2011 年年最低温变化影响最大,其关联度分别为0.68、0.74、0.73.（4）同一城市化因子对不同月份气温变化的影响是不相同的,如人口密度与2 月月均温之间的关联度最小,关联度为0.78;与3 月月均温之间的关联度最大,关联度为0.93.（5）不同城市化因子随着时间的推移,对区域气温变化的     

北京市大气颗粒物中PAHs健康风险评估

目前,国内外学者多用具有强致癌作用的苯并(a)芘(BaP)作为代表物对PAHs进行健康风险评估.20世纪90年代起,人们提出了用毒性等效因子(TEFs)来评价多种PAHs对人类健康威胁的辅助作用,并得到了较广泛的认可.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).