Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Micro/Nanofibrils from Douglas Fir

Cellulose micro/nanofibrils were successfully extracted from softwood Douglas fir in three distinct stages. Initially raw Douglas fir wood chips were subjected to a hot water extraction (HWE) treatment. Then HWE treated cellulosic fibers underwent a bleaching process followed by a mild ultrasonication. Chemical composition analysis according to ASTM standards confirmed that most of hemicelluloses and nearly all lignin were removed during the first two stages, respectively. Microscopy studies showed formation of nanofibrils during the ultrasonication process, and increasing ultrasonication time led to generation of greater percentage of nanofibrils. With the removal of the matrix materials, the crystallinity of the cellulosic fibers was increased, whereas thermal stability was maintained. HWE opened up the cell wall structure, thereby facilitating the subsequent fractionation into micro/nanofibrils. The obtained cellulose micro/nanofibrils could serve as reinforcing material in composite products or raw material for other applications, such as filtration membrane.     

Oxygen Permeability and Biodegradability of Polyuronic Acids Prepared from Polysaccharides by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation

Polyuronic acids, i.e., amylouronic acid, cellouronic acid and chitouronic acid, were prepared from starch, cellulose and chitin, respectively, by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, and their gas-barrier properties and biodegradability were studied in consideration to use the polyuronic acids as flexible packaging films or coating materials. Cellouronic acid and amylouronic acid had excellent oxygen-barrier properties similar to that of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), while chitouronic acid did not. The regular chemical structures of the former two polyuronic acids with no bulky substituents or adducts may have brought about such high oxygen-barrier levels. An oxidized product prepared form fine microcrystalline cellulose by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation was not completely dissolved in water, but became a paste. However, this paste also formed sufficiently smooth films by coating, and had good gas-barrier property. All polyuronic acids prepared were biodegradable; cellouronic acid and chitouronic acid had high degrees of biodegradability, while amylouronic acid had quite low value. These various characteristics are significant for end use of these new polyuronic acids as gas-barrier materials for biodegradable packaging.     

TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Norway Spruce and Eucalyptus Pulps: Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibers and Nanofiber Dispersions

This study deals with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation of cellulose. Softwood and hardwood pulp fibers were suspended in water and oxidized to various extents at pH 10 and 22 °C using sodium hypochlorite in the presence of TEMPO radical and sodium bromide. This reaction system is known to be the most efficient one for the introduction of both surface carboxyl and aldehyde groups. Important relationships between formation of these functional groups and the fibrillation yield, light transmittance of the water dispersions and degree of polymerization of the oxidized softwood and hardwood pulps were established in the present study. A birefringence test confirmed the presence of nanofibers which according to atomic force microscopy analyses had diameters in the 1.6–3.8 nm range.     

Rheological Studies of Microfibrillar Cellulose Water Dispersions

The rheological behaviour of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) water dispersions has been investigated. For the first time a detailed study of shear dependent viscosity at low and high shear rate is presented. A peculiar time dependent behaviour measured in the area between 0 and 1000 s⁻¹ was identified. The study shows a hysteresis loop in the shear rate–viscosity relationship at low shear rate. Additional time dependent shear rate measurements were performed, and a hypothesis for a mechanism of interaction and formation of a fibrils network was suggested. Higher temperature caused lower viscosity values, and this difference was increased at higher shear rate values. Oscillatory measurements showed how the closeness of the fibrils helps network creations. Data obtained from high shear measurements showed that 1% MFC water dispersions had a dilatant behaviour at ultra high shear rates with values increasing from 120 to 300 Pa s in the area between 180,000 and 330,000 s⁻¹ .     

废水中氨氮湿式空气氧化和超临界水氧化研究进展

湿式空气氧化法(WAO)和超临界水氧化法（SCWO)废水处理技术近年已有广泛研究。当催化剂存在于氧化体系时,不仅能降低反应温度、压力,而且可提高废水中有害物质的降解效率。介绍了氨的湿式空气氧化和超临界水氧化催化剂应用的研究进展、各种催化剂在超临界水中的稳定性能及氨的催化超临界水氧化情况。     

超临界水氧化法水处理技术进展

介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法水处理技术的原理与工艺流程;着重论述了催化剂在超临界水氧化法中的应用,以及在超临界状态下材料的腐蚀研究现状;展望了这一新型水处理技术的发展前景。     

Use of Industrial Hemp Fibers to Reinforce Wheat Gluten Plastics

The next generation of manufactured products must be sustainable and industrially eco-efficient, making materials derived from plants an alternative of particular interest. Wheat gluten (WG) is an interesting plant material to be used for production of plastic similar materials due to its film-forming properties. For usage of plastics in a wider range of applications, composite materials with improved mechanical properties are demanded. The present study investigates the possibilities of reinforcing WG plastics with hemp fibers. Samples were manufactured using compression molding (130 °C, 1600 bar, 5 min). Variation in fiber length, content (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) and quality (poor, standard, good) were evaluated. Mechanical properties and structure of materials were examined using tensile testing, light and scanning electron microscopy. Hemp fiber reinforcement of gluten plastics significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the material. Short hemp fibers processed in a high speed grinder were more homogenously spread in the material than long unprocessed fibers. Fiber content in the material showed a significant positive correlation with tensile strength and Young’s modulus, and a negative correlation with fracture strain and strain at maximum stress. Quality of the hemp fibers did not play any significant role for tensile strength and strain, but the Young’s modulus was significantly and positively correlated with hemp fiber quality. Despite the use of short hemp fibers, the reinforced gluten material still showed uneven mechanical properties within the material, a result from clustering of the fibers and too poor bonding between fibers and gluten material. Both these problems have to be resolved before reinforcement of gluten plastics by industrial hemp fibers is applicable on an industrial scale.     

超临界水氧化技术发展现状及展望

介绍了超临界水氧化法的研究现状与进展，阐述了其原理、特点、工艺流程及反应器，并对其应用领域做了重点描述，指出了其应用中存在的主要问题及今后的研究方向。     

超临界水氧化法处理造纸黑液

采用自制的超临界水氧化反应装置,对造纸工业排放的黑液进行处理。考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间、过氧量(初始反应时所加氧气的量与废水完全氧化所需氧气的理论量的比,%)等对黑液中COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,处理黑液的最佳反应条件为:反应温度500℃,压力26M Pa,过氧量500%,反应时间120s。在此最佳条件下处理COD为85 000m g/L的造纸黑液,COD去除率可达99.9%。     

超临界水氧化法处理有机污染物

介绍了超临界水氧化法处理有机污染物的基本原理,工艺流程和应用实例及使用范围,对比分析了超临界水氧化法与焚烧法处理有机污染物的技术特点,经济实用性,指明了超临界水氧化法作为一种有效的有机污染物处理方法,在化工环保等领域将具有广阔的应用前景。     

国外超临界水氧化法在有机危险废物处理上的应用

介绍了以超临界水为反应介质的超临界水氧化法的特点及其在处理多氯联苯、二恶英等有机危险废物中的应用。     

光助Fenton氧化法降解水中的活性艳蓝KN-R

采用光助Fenton氧化法降解水中的活性艳蓝KN-R染料.实验结果表明,在溶液pH为3,Fe2+、过氧化氢、草酸质量浓度分别为5,75,2 mg/L,反应时间为60 min时,色度、COD和TOC的去除率分别达到99%,80%和51%以上.水中阴离子对降解反应有阻碍或抑制作用,阴离子对COD去除率的影响从大到小为:NO-3＞Cl-＞HCO-3＞BrO-3＞HPO2-4:对TOC去除率的影响从大到小为:NO-3＞HPO2-4＞Cl-＞Hco-3＞BrO-3.     

超声强化高级氧化技术降解水中有机污染物的研究进展

介绍了用于降解水中有机污染物的超声强化技术,分析了超声与臭氧氧化、Fenton试剂氧化和光催化氧化等高级氧化技术联用的机理,综述了这些联用技术在降解有机污染物方面的研究进展,并展望了超声强化高级氧化技术的发展前景。     

超临界水氧化法处理固体废物的研究进展

超临界水氧化法作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景,该方法在处理固体废物方面具有独特的优势。介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法的反应机理及超临界水氧化法在固体废物处理方面的应用现状,提出了该方法要达到工业化应用亟待解决的理论和实际问题,对超临界水氧化法的发展方向进行了展望。     

超临界水氧化处理高浓度丙烯酸废水

采用超临界水氧化（SCWO）技术在连续蒸发壁式反应器内处理高浓度丙烯酸废水。实验结果表明：SCWO能有效地处理丙烯酸废水,废水COD和TOC去除率分别达到99％左右,且反应时间短;反应温度、反应压力和氧化剂加入量的增加有利于COD和TOC去除率的提高。实验得出的废水处理最佳工艺条件：反应温度693K、反应压力24～26MPa、氧化剂加入量1．0～1．5倍。对反应器出口试样进行色谱-质谱联用分析结果表明,小分子醇、醚类以及CO2和CO是主要的液相产物和气相产物。针对腐蚀和盐沉积问题,提出了预防措施。     

超临界水氧化偏二甲肼废水的研究

用超临界水氧化法对偏二甲肼废水进行了试验研究,结果表明：以02为氧化剂采用该法能有效地氧化分解废水中的偏二甲肼。反应温度、压力和停留时间是影响废水中偏二甲肼分解去除的主要因素,升高温度、压力和延长停留时间都会显著地提高偏二甲肼的去除率。在氧气过量的情况下,改变氧气浓度对废水的COD去除率没有明显影响。当反应温度为550℃、反应压力为30MPa、反应时间大于90 s时,废水的COD去除率高达99．8％。     

从炭黑废水中提取导电炭黑

从炭黑废水中提取的炭黑，经干燥，其质量可符合导电炭黑的要求。重点介绍了提取导电炭黑过程中物料的传递及干燥工艺，并对试车中出现的问题进行了分析。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.