生活垃圾填埋场黄土覆盖层的甲烷氧化能力现场测试和评估

采用静态箱和激光甲烷检测仪等设备开展了50组地表甲烷通量测试,分析了不同龄期垃圾堆体上部土质覆盖层的甲烷氧化能力,并修正了评估现场土质覆盖层甲烷氧化速率和甲烷氧化率的计算方法.结果表明:80%测试点的地表甲烷通量低于澳大利亚CFI(澳洲碳农业倡议)规定限值60g/(m²·d),导气竖井附近20m范围内存在甲烷通量超过CFI规定的排放热点.填埋龄期3～7a堆体的地表甲烷通量从1.13g/(m²·d)下降到0.53g/(m²·d),7～10a的地表甲烷通量基本保持稳定.甲烷氧化速率和覆盖层底部甲烷通量具有正相关性,现场测得的土质覆盖层最高甲烷氧化速率为63.30g/(m²·d),对应的底部甲烷通量为75.95g/(m²·d).每一龄期堆体上部黄土覆盖层的平均甲烷氧化率均超过90%.     

调水调沙对黄河口及邻近海域溶存甲烷的影响

于黄河第9次调水调沙期间在黄河下游垦利站开展调查,分析了调水调沙对黄河溶存甲烷浓度分布及黄河甲烷年入海通量的影响.于2009年6~7月黄河调水调沙前、中、后期对黄河口及邻近海域开展调查,探讨了调水调沙对黄河口甲烷分布的影响.结果表明:调水调沙期间黄河垦利站甲烷浓度变化范围为9.89~205.34nmol/L,与径流量和悬沙含量呈正相关,表明甲烷主要来源于河床底层浮泥的释放.调水调沙期间黄河向渤海输送的甲烷约为2.2×105mol,约占2009年黄河向渤海输送甲烷总量的50%,调水调沙对甲烷输送通量在年内的分配有较大影响.黄河口及其邻近海域的三次调查结果显示甲烷浓度范围为3.71~37.77nmol/L,受黄河冲淡水影响较大.据估算黄河口甲烷的饱和度为(649.7±292.1)%,黄河口及其邻近海域是大气甲烷的净源.     

危险化学品安全卫生数据介绍--甲烷

第一部分标识中文名称 :甲烷 ;沼气英文名称 :methane;marshgas第二部分成分/组成信息纯品浓度 :>98?SNo.74-82-8第三部分危险性概述危险性类别 :第2.1类易燃气体侵入途径 :吸入健康危害 :甲烷对人基本无毒 ,但浓度过高时 ,使空气中氧含量明显降低 ,使人窒息。当空气中甲烷达     

生物炭填埋场土壤覆盖层的甲烷减排性能和生物特征

覆盖土的组分与甲烷生物氧化潜力效率密切相关.将水稻秸秆生物炭与填埋场覆盖层土壤以一定的比例混合后填充入覆盖层模拟柱,形成生物炭土壤覆盖层模拟柱(RB),同时设置土壤覆盖层模拟柱(RS)为对照组,考察生物炭的添加对覆盖层的甲烷减排性能和生物特征的影响.结果表明:RB的甲烷减排性能提升较快,第81d时进气中99%的甲烷已被去除,RS在第95d时才达到99.16%的甲烷减排率;RS上、中、下3层的优势甲烷氧化细菌(MOB)为Methylocaldum,而RB的上层和中层为Methylobacter,下层则为Methylocaldum.至试验末期时,RS在上、中、下3层的总MOB相对丰度分别为9.05%、5.95%和42.12%,RB则分别为50.81%、42.67%和31.41%.同时在RS和RB中均检测出厌氧甲烷氧化古菌.由此表明生物炭的添加改变了填埋场土壤覆盖层的菌属分布,促进了MOB的生长,提高了甲烷减排性能.     

源分类生物有机垃圾及其各组分甲烷潜能实验研究

研究了一种实验室范围内源分类生物有机垃圾制取甲烷潜能的方法.37℃条件下,添加20 g新鲜物料和300 mL来自于沈阳市污水处理厂接种体.于3个平行反应器中进行为期50 d的厌氧消化实验,通过气相色谱定期检测甲烷气体的浓度.在37℃条件下,BMW及其各组分厌氧消化产气速率为:淀粉>BMW>蛋白质>食用油>脂肪>纸,BMW、淀粉、蛋白质、食用油、脂肪和纸最终甲烷化潜能(CH4/VS)分别为:218.15、209.11、194.20、238.86、257.82和131.41 mL/g,其厌氧生物降解率分别为:67.73%、72.88%、65.84%、78.38%、74.11%和47.98%.     

环境化学

2参18X 1 3 9401903COZ催化氢化研究一REY负载双金属催化剂的催化作用/银小龙(太原工业大学应用化学系)…/l’环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.1993,14(5)一19一23环情X一5 用高压釜实验评价了用离子交换法制备的负载于REY和ZSMS分子筛上的多种过渡金属对CO:加氢合成醇和甲烷化的催化活性。实验结果表明,双金属催化剂的活性按下列顺序降低,CoZ甲烷:Ru>NIRu> Nipd>NIIr;合成醇:NICu>Ni>NIMn>NICo。用2%Ru/REY催化剂,在473K、39MPa、C02/HZ二l/5、反应时间Zoh条件下,760,0的CO:转化为甲烷。反应温度、压力和溶剂等条件对…     

C/N对城镇固体废物厌氧消化产甲烷性能的影响

为了探究C/N对城镇固体废物(TSW)厌氧消化的影响,建立了半连续流反应器,通过向TSW中添加不同量餐厨垃圾来调节C/N(19. 1、24. 6、31. 2、41. 8)并探究了对应的TSW产甲烷特性。结果表明:当C/N由19. 1提高至24. 6时,甲烷产量由328. 2 mL/g增加至374. 6 mL/g,然而进一步提高C/N至41. 8时,甲烷产量下降至253. 9 mL/g。TSW厌氧消化产甲烷的最佳C/N为24. 6,此时日甲烷产量也最大,pH在6. 9～7. 0波动,体系中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量为923～977 mg/L,这主要与产甲烷菌消耗有关。且C/N为24. 6时,厌氧消化过程中体系内的蛋白酶、滤纸酶、CMC酶的活性最强。     

氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响

为探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响，采用固定水力停留时间（HRT，20d），提高进料总固体浓度（TS，5%、7.5%和10%）的方式增加氨氮浓度，通过265d的长期甲烷发酵试验，比较了不同氨氮浓度条件下鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵效果和污泥的比产甲烷活性.结果显示，TS由5%增至10%，中高温反应器中氨氮浓度由2.1~2.5g/L增至6.1~6.5g/L，对应的比产甲烷活性分别降低了44%和100%，中温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至7.6g/L，甲烷产率由253mL/gTS降至203mL/gTS；高温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至26.1g/L，甲烷产率由181mL/gTS降至18mL/gTS.氨氮浓度对高温甲烷发酵系统的抑制作用更加明显.     

饮用水源中三卤甲烷含量及与遗传毒性的相关性研究

通过对某市饮用水源中不同点位的三卤甲烷浓度测试,同时采用SOS/ Umu 试验对水体进行生物遗传毒性分析,结果表明:采用液氯消毒工艺的地表水厂在消毒后水样和用户端水样中检出的三卤甲烷含量较高,而采用二氧化氯消毒的地下水厂的出水中挥发性有机物仅略有上升;进行三卤甲烷浓度和生物遗传毒性之间的相关性分析得知,三卤甲烷和间接遗传毒性的相关性较好.     

氢气和氮气对厌氧甲烷降解过程及微生物多样性的影响

针对厌氧甲烷氧化过程,考察了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质(H₂、N₂)的影响,阐明了微生物群落结构的响应。结果表明:在N₂氛围下,存在甲烷氧化、固氮、硝化、反硝化的循环过程;通入H₂对于厌氧甲烷降解过程有一定影响,CH₄含量呈先下降后升高再降低的趋势,CO₂含量则呈先升高后降低趋势,表明H₂可将CO₂还原为CH₄。经过N₂和H₂长期驯化后,土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著变化,放线菌门中具有硝化、反硝化及固氮作用的菌群增加,出现了具有甲烷氧化功能的Methylococcale菌群。好氧菌(如甲烷氧化菌、硝化菌)对O₂的消耗有利于反硝化和厌氧甲烷氧化的进行,为反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化的发生提供了有利条件。研究揭示了填埋场稳定化过程中气态物质影响厌氧甲烷氧化的过程。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.