Parental risk perceptions of childhood pedestrian road safety

Problem: Pedestrian injury is a major hazard to the health of children in most developed countries, including Australia. In a previous study it was found that parental road risk perception is a significant factor associated with their modeling of safe behavior as pedestrians. This study aimed to investigate factors that affect parental road risk perception. Method: This cross-sectional population-based randomized telephone survey aimed to study factors associated with risk perception on pedestrian road safety among parents with young children aged 4–12 years. Results: Five factors were found to be significantly associated with parental risk perception. They included age of child, sex of parent, employment of parent, living environment, and previous injury experience. The results suggested that the age of the child contributed greatest to the variance explained by the regression model. However, other factors remained significant even after adjusting for each other. Discussion: Results were discussed in light of the design and development of childhood pedestrian road safety campaigns. Impact on industry: Parental risk perceptions determine their safe road modeling behavior. In this study, significant factors that affect parental road risk perception have been identified. The information obtained can be used in the design of road safety programs that aim at changing the road risk perception of parents.     

Psychosocial factors in unintentional childhood injuries: Results from a longitudinal study

Relationships between several family, behavioral, and developmental factors and injuries in mid-childhood were investigated. The sample consisted of 781 children from a longitudinal study of health and development in Dunedin, New Zealand. Self-reported injury data were obtained when the children were 9 and 11 years of age, and a wide range of family, behavioral, and developmental factors were measured when the children were 7, 9, and 11 years of age. The principal form of statistical analysis was multivariate analysis of variance with a repeated measures design. The results showed that none of the family, behavioral, and developmental variables had a significant association with injury scores. Sex was the only significant factor in predicting injury experience, with males having significantly higher injury rates than females. The findings were compared with other studies. In addition, the practical implications of this type of research and future directions of childhood injury research were discussed.     

Mandatory child restraint laws: Impact on childhood injuries due to traffic crashes

Research has indicated that laws requiring use of restraint devices for young children traveling in automobiles have had significant effects in increasing restraint use and reducing crash-related childhood injuries. This study examined dimensions along which the effectiveness of Michigan's April 1982 mandatory child restraint law varied. All children involved in motor vehicle crashes in Michigan from January 1978 through December 1982 were analyzed using multivariate intervention analysis methods. Research revealed that the effectiveness of the law in reducing childhood injuries was primarily due to reductions in less severe injuries occurring in crashed vehicles experiencing low to moderate levels of damage. Furthermore, the mechanism for the law's effects was not simply an increase in restraint use. In addition, the number of children riding in the more dangerous front-seat and cargo-area positions apparently decreased following implementation of the law, with children increasingly riding in the safer rear-seat position.     

Parental risk perceptions of childhood pedestrian road safety: a cross cultural comparison

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional community-based randomized telephone survey, aimed to compare the parental risk perceptions on childhood pedestrian road safety among three different major community language speaking groups and the mainstream English speaking Australians in Sydney, Australia. METHOD: This was a community-based telephone survey with subjects randomly selected from the population of specific cultural languages in Sydney. RESULTS: Results indicated that Chinese and Arabic speaking parents or caregivers perceived the road environments as significantly less hazardous for their 4-12 year old children as pedestrians when compared with Vietnamese and English speaking parents. This was true even after adjusting for the age of child, socioeconomic status, and the living environments of respondents. CONCLUSION: The implication of the results was discussed in light of possible application to childhood safety behavior across different cultures. IMPACT TO THE INDUSTRY: The results obtained have highlighted the importance of cultural factors in risk perceptions, and safety behaviors. Cultural differences in risk perceptions should be taken into consideration in the design of safety education programs.     

Special Report from the CDC: Strengthening social connections to prevent suicide and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Actions and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: During this time ofintensified hardship and disruption due to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, communities, practitioners, and state and local governments have had to rapidly implement and adapt strategies that support mental health and wellbeing during a global pandemic. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, suicide was the 10th leading cause of death in the United States, and at least half of the top 10 leading causes of death have been associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). A number of established risk factors for suicide and ACEs may have been exacerbated by the pandemic, including loneliness and lack of connectedness. Method: This article briefly considers the effects of COVID-19 on social connection and outlines the importance of adapting and developing programming and resources that address suicide and ACEs prevention during a time of infrastructure disruption. Practical Applications: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the ways that many individuals are able to safely interact and socially connect due to public health prevention strategies implemented to slow the spread of COVID-19. Local, city, and state government, community organizations, and public health and medical practitioners should consider the adaptation and development of existing and new programming, resources, and activities that support and strengthen social connection. In addition to implementing programs, policies may help address systemic and structural barriers to social connection, such as access to parks and open space, public transportation, or digital connectivity.     

The development of an instrument measuring unintentional injuries in young children in low-income settings to serve as an evaluation tool for a childhood home injury prevention program

PROBLEM: Responding to the lack of standardized instrumentation, especially as applied in low-income contexts, the researchers decided that an instrument should be developed to serve as an evaluation tool for a childhood (unintentional) injury prevention program as well as a tool from which injury risks (poisonings, burns and falls) could be identified within households. METHODS: Cross-sectional samples of 521 households in four low-income sites in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa, participated in the three phases of the study. The generation of an item pool based on a table of specifications, subsequent scientific item reduction procedures, reviews from experts and pilot tests were used to develop the scales for measuring the injury risks. RESULTS: The developed instrument complies with all the requirements for a valid and reliable measurement instrument. CONCLUSION: The instrument allows valid comparison of risks between communities, as well as before and after comparisons for an intervention program. IMPACT: The provision of this instrument may bring enormous benefits to research studies. It can also provide proactive, rather than reactive, information about injury risks before they develop into injuries and thus allows focusing of safety efforts for improvement of problematic areas in the households.     

不同螯合剂对花生富集污染土壤中Co的影响

采用模拟Co污染土壤的方法,分别投加2.5 mmol/kg、5.0mmol/kg、7.5 mmol/kg的EDDS、NTA、CA和OA,研究了其对花生生长与吸收土壤重金属Co,以及对土壤中Co的活化能力的影响.结果表明:整合剂处理使花生的生物量降低,在高浓度整合剂处理时,降幅最大;EDDS的添加比NTA、CA和OA更显著地增加了土壤Co的有效态质量比,同时明显提高了花生的富集系数和转运能力;在螯合剂处理下,花生的转运系数最高达到0.916,具备了修复土壤重金属污染的能力;根系和地上部富集Co能力最强时分别达到58.64 mg/kg和46.33mg/kg,是对照组的1.29和3.63倍;各处理花生根系中的Co质量比要高于茎叶中的质量比,花生植株Co质量比与土壤有效态Co质量比呈显著(p＜0.05)或极显著相关(p＜0.01);综合来看,螯合剂的投加能有效活化土壤溶液中的Co,促进植物吸收、转运重金属.     

软质聚氨酯泡沫阴燃前期热解特性研究

采用DSC-TGA(差示扫描量热-热重分析)同步热分析仪对软质聚氨酯泡沫(聚氨酯软泡)在不同氧气体积分数(0、10％、30％、50％)和不同加热速率(10 K/min、20 K/min、50 K/min)下热解到800℃的过程及其对阴燃的影响进行了研究.结果表明,当氧气体积分数介于10％ ～ 50％时,聚氨酯软泡热失重DTG曲线只有1个峰;当氧气体积分数降低到10％时,DTG曲线开始逐渐分离为2个峰;当氧气体积分数降为0(即氮气气氛)时,DTG曲线已经明显分为2个峰.这表明氧气体积分数对聚氨酯软泡热解特性具有重要作用.氧气体积分数和加热速率降低均对聚氨酯软泡的热解有抑制作用,均能减小阴燃传播速率和向明火转化的可能性.加热速率降低主要是延长了聚氨酯软泡的热解周期,从而减小了热解可燃气体积分数和放热速率.氧气体积分数降低对聚氨酯软泡热解的影响相对复杂的多:当氧气体积分数从10％降低到0时,主要提高了聚氨酯软泡的分解温度,而对热解速率影响不大;当氧气体积分数介于10％～50％时,氧气体积分数减小主要会降低聚氨酯软泡的热解速率、放热速率和放热量而对热解温度影响相对不大.氧气体积分数和加热速率降低抑制了多元醇的分解,而多元醇是聚氨酯软泡维持阴燃或向明火转化的主要物质及能量来源.     

基于模糊层次分析法的编队内碰撞风险评价模型研究

编队内碰撞是编队飞行最大的安全威胁。为解决编队飞行灵活性与编队飞行安全的矛盾,建立了编队内各机碰撞风险评价模型指标体系,使用模糊互补判断矩阵确定了各指标的碰撞权重,实现了编队内各机碰撞的风险评估。以空军航空兵某部一架机型G与一架机型H混合双机编队为例进行了实证研究,结果表明,该模型简便易操作,可提高编队飞行训练效率。     

物流企业员工安全参与行为演化路径研究

为确定影响物流企业员工安全参与行为的因素与演化路径,推动对物流企业员工的安全监管,在员工和物流企业具有有限理性的前提下,从物流企业与员工之间的博弈机理出发,构建了员工安全参与行为的演化博弈模型。采用系统动力学方法分析模型的演化趋势,通过数值仿真分析物流企业员工安全参与行为及演化路径。结果表明,奖励力度、惩罚力度等参数影响着员工策略的变化,物流企业可加大对员工不积极参与安全行为的处罚力度,并适当提高奖励力度,从而提高员工的参与安全活动的积极性;物流企业还应建立奖励与惩戒相结合的管理制度,同时通过技术创新降低监督成本,实现对员工安全的有效监管。     

基于模糊可拓层次分析法的在役混凝土桥梁耐久性评估

对在役混凝土桥梁的耐久性研究是目前学术界的热点问题。使用科学的方法对其耐久性进行合理的评估,是解决该问题的关键。考虑到在役混凝土桥梁耐久性评估中的不确定性,利用改进的三标度层次分析法及模糊可拓理论,建立了基于模糊可拓层次分析法的在役混凝土桥梁耐久性评估模型。首先,根据桥梁的结构及所处环境的特点,建立了在役混凝土桥梁耐久性评估指标体系。其次,运用改进的三标度层次分析法确定指标权重。然后,使用模糊可拓理论确定耐久性等级。最后,通过具体的实例分析,证明了该评估方法的科学性和有效性。     

排烟口设计对排烟效果影响的模拟研究

通过FDS模拟计算,考察烟气稳定性、烟气溢流厚度、烟气溢流量和机械排烟效率等参数研究排烟口高度的变化和排烟速率的变化对排烟效果的影响.研究结果表明:排烟效果随着排烟口位置的升高而逐渐变好,排烟口与蓄烟池下沿的垂直高度在0.8 m以上效果最好;排烟速率宜适中,过大容易导致烟气层紊乱,过小则控制烟气溢流效果不好并且排烟效率不高.     

SOR理论框架下施工人员安全行为研究——情绪智力与具身认知视角

将SOR理论引入个体安全行为研究领域,探讨了情绪智力与具身认知对施工人员安全行为的影响机制和效应.分别从企业、组织及领导者3个层面选取安全氛围、非权变惩罚及道德领导作为外在刺激变量,以情绪智力及具身认知为中介变量,对来自建筑业施工人员的357份问卷进行分析.结果表明:安全氛围和道德领导对施工人员情绪智力与具身认知有显著的正向影响作用,非权变惩罚则有显著的负向影响作用;施工人员情绪智力与具身认知对其安全行为有显著的正向影响作用,两者在SOR模型中发挥着完全中介作用.研究结果不仅证实了 SOR理论是一种行之有效的行为预测理论,还弥补了以往研究中忽视个体情绪与认知双重作用对施工人员安全行为影响的缺陷,进而为施工企业提出了具有针对性的人员安全管理建议.     

Y型通风沿空留巷巷道围岩活动规律研究

为掌握沿空留巷围岩活动规律,以谢桥矿12418工作面轨道顺槽为工程背景,采用多点位移计及钻孔窥视仪等设备进行实测研究,并结合数值模拟对其进行分析.结果表明:沿空留巷巷道表面围岩变形具有典型的近场效应,留巷前距工作面60 m以外的巷道基本无表面位移,随工作面的推进,巷道表面位移逐渐增大,距工作面10～15m范围内,表面位移变化速率显著增加,留巷后巷道表面位移与留巷前变形趋势类似,但表面位移量较留巷前有明显增加;从顶板钻孔窥视结果可以看出,留巷前仅在孔深2 m处发育单一离层裂隙,留巷后在孔深1.2m、2.4 m、3.8m和5.3m处发育多层离层裂隙,且随滞后工作面距离增加裂隙逐渐增大;尾巷充填体应力在充填材料固结后逐渐升高,并一直维持较高应力状态,因此,巷旁充填体既要确保有一定的强度和刚度,又要有一定的适应变形能力.     

基于QPSO的多因素影响下系统故障概率变化程度研究

为适应快速系统故障分析,在多因素影响下了解系统故障变化程度范围,预先判断故障变化速度趋势,在空间故障树(Space Fault Tree,SFT)理论框架下提出了一种基于量子粒子群优化算法(Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization,QPSO)的分析方法.论述了 QPSO的基本模型和步骤,在SFT中给出了描述系统故障概率变化的表达式,进而提出了多因素影响下系统故障概率变化程度范围的确定方法.方法适合于连续因素组成的连续空间中系统故障概率分布的优化,可实现单因素和多因素联合影响下的故障变化程度范围确定.使用经典算例进行分析,结果表明,算法得到的结果虽精度降低,但与传统解析结果相似,同时提高了分析速度.因此方法有利于系统故障的应急分析、预测和判断.     

基于链式中介效应的自恋型领导与矿工安全绩效关系研究

为明晰自恋型领导、沉默行为和心智游移对安全绩效的作用机理,在文献研究和开放式访谈的基础上,建立四者关系的假设模型.采用自恋型领导量表、沉默行为量表、心智游移量表和安全绩效量表对436名矿工进行调查,通过SPSS和AMOS进行相关分析和中介效应检验验证假设模型.结果 表明:自恋型领导、沉默行为和心智游移两两之间均呈显著正相关,而自恋型领导、沉默行为和心智游移三者均与安全绩效呈显著负相关;自恋型领导不仅可以直接影响安全绩效,还可以通过心智游移的独立中介作用及沉默行为与心智游移的链式中介作用两条路径间接影响安全绩效.有效干预自恋型领导、沉默行为和心智游移,可提升安全绩效水平,减少人因失误.     

基于弹性理论的软弱顺层岩质边坡受采动影响研究

在有软弱顺层边坡地形中进行采矿通常会引起边坡稳定性变化,因而研究此类边坡在受采动沉陷的影响在地质问题中是尤为重要的。首先利用关键层理论概念分析得到,在含有软弱结构层的岩质斜坡受到采动或开挖影响时,软弱结构层将和关键层同步变形而与上部岩质斜坡产生离层,形成悬臂结构。再根据弹性力学理论计算出岩质斜坡的极限悬臂长度以及断裂长度。最后利用实际矿山地质进行稳定性判断。结果表明,随着工作面的不断推进,采动影响下的离层距离变大,岩质坡体最大拉应力将沿着坡表面向前移动并且逐渐增高,最大拉应力点与发生离层点的距离X_(max)却急速减小,当离层距离达到l_(max)时,最大拉应力达将到坡体抗拉强度,岩质坡体断裂,此时岩体断裂长度达到l_(max)+X_(max);通过实际矿山工程算例得到,当坡顶上离层距离达到6.88 m时,若下方采空区继续推进增加,则上方坡体将产生断裂形成滑坡。     

基于贝叶斯网络的化工企业人员应急疏散研究

在化工行业事故中,应急疏散是减少人员伤亡的重要屏障.为分析化工企业火灾事故情景下人员应急疏散成功概率,首先运用鱼骨图对影响人员应急疏散的因素进行定性分析,在此基础上构建贝叶斯网络模型.基于该模型,通过资料数据统计、现场调研和文献查阅得到先验概率,通过三角模糊计算条件概率,进而运用Netic软件定量分析方法计算得到人员应急疏散成功概率及失败后各影响因素发生概率.在此基础上运用动态贝叶斯网络的理念分析人员应急疏散的后验概率.最后,通过敏感性分析得出影响人员应急疏散的薄弱环节,为提高人员应急疏散成功率提供依据.结果 表明,人员自身的应急能力对应急疏散影响较大,应急演练是提高应急成功率的主要措施,同时,提高人员应急疏散成功率需要时常更新应急疏散的硬件和软件.     

基于QSPR方法的烃类物质苯胺点预测

烃类物质在石油工业中有着非常广泛的应用.在石油工业中常用苯胺点来衡量有机溶剂的溶解性能.基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)原理,根据分子结构计算反映分子结构信息的结构参数,应用遗传函数算法从大量结构参数中优化筛选出与烃类物质苯胺点最为密切相关的结构参数作为表征相应化合物结构特征的分子描述符,采用多元线性回归方法对分子描述符与苯胺点之间的定量函数关系进行关联,建立了预测烃类物质苯胺点的理论模型.最后,对模型进行了内部及外部验证来检验模型的可靠性.在此基础上,对所建立的预测模型进行机理解释,分析了影响烃类物质苯胺点的主要结构因素及其影响规律.研究表明,所建模型具有较高的稳定性和预测能力.     

采空区上覆火成岩断裂致灾机理研究

为了解释采空区影响下火成岩断裂破坏诱发地表裂缝的形成原因,通过建立两种采动影响下的火成岩断裂物理力学模型,推导出采动影响下火成岩初次断裂和周期性断裂判据。结合铁法晓南矿开采出现的地表裂缝,分析了火成岩断裂破坏机理,并对火成岩断裂破坏进行了预测。通过与现场实测地表裂缝位置加以验证,证明了所建力学模型的可靠性,并给出了后续生产中关于地表裂缝的规避性建议。